Highly Efficient Heavy-Metal-Ion Removal from Shellfish Processing Liquid with Low Protein and Polysaccharide Loss by Hybrid Mesoporous Silica Diol-APDC-SBA15

Heavy metal ions in shellfish products are harmful to human health,and their removal with low nutrient loss remains challenging.Herein,a new type of mesoporous silica(SBA15),modified internally with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(APDC)and externally with alkyl-diol groups,which was named as Diol-APDC-SBA15,was successfully developed and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction patterns,nitrogen adsorption,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The solutions with lead,chromium,cadmium,and copper were used to investigate the adsorption capacity of Diol-APDC-SBA15.Diol-APDC-SBA15 was adopted to remove heavy metals from cooking liquids of clams(Ruditapes philippinarum),hydrolysate liquids of oysters(Ostrea gigas Thunberg),and polysaccharide solution from the cooking liquid of R.philippinarum.The efficiencies of removing heavy metal ions and the loss rates of proteins and polysaccharides were examined.The results showed that the adsorption capacities of Diol-APDCSBA15 for Pb,Cr,Cd,and Cu in standard heavy-metal solutions were 161.4,166.1,29.6,and 60.2mgg^(−1),respectively.The removal efficiency of Diol-APDC-SBA15 for Pb in the three shellfish processing liquids ranged from 60.5%to 99.6%.The Cr removal efficiency was above 99.9%in the oyster hydrolysate liquid.Meanwhile,the percentages of polysaccharide loss were 5.5%and 3.7%in the cooking liquid of clam and polysaccharide solution,respectively,and the protein loss was 1.2%in the oyster hydrolysate liquid.Therefore,the Diol-APDC-SBA15 material exhibits a great potential application in the removal of heavy metals from shellfish processing liquids with low losses of proteins and polysaccharides.

关于hyperaccumulator中文译名的探讨

植物修复技术是环境科学与技术的热点和前沿领域,hyperaccumulator作为植物修复技术的核心和关键而受到广泛关注.近年来,我国涉及hyperaccumulator内容的文献也增长迅速,但从已发表的文献来看,国内对“hyperaccumulator”的中文翻译很不统一.这种“一词多译”的现象很不利于学术交流.为了规范和统一hyperaccumulator的中文译名,本文从hyperaccumulator的定义和科学内涵探讨其中文译名的准确性.

Zn Accumulation and Subcellular Distribution in the Zn Hyperaccumulator Sedurn alfredii Hance

Zn accumulation and subcellular distribution in leaves of the hyperaccumulating ecotype （HE） and non-hyperaccumulating ecotype （NHE） of Sedum alfredii Hance were studied using radiotracer and gradient centrifugation techniques. Leaf Zn accumulation in the HE of S. alfredii was 18.5-26.7 times greater than that in the NHE when the plants were grown at 1-500μmol Zn L-1. Leaf section uptake of 65Zn was highly dependent on external Zn levels. Greater 65Zn uptake in HE was noted only at external Zn levels 〉 100μmol L-1. Zinc subcellular distribution in the leaves of the two ecotypes of S. alfredii was： cell wall 〉 soluble fraction 〉 cell organelle. However, more Zn was distributed to the leaf cell wall and soluble fractions for HE than for NHE. In the leaf of HE, 91%-94% of the Zn was found in the cell walls and the soluble fraction and only 6%-9% Zn was distributed in the cell organelle fraction. For NHE, about 20%-26% Zn was recovered in the cell organelle fraction. In stems, Zn distribution to the ceil wail fraction was approximately two fold greater in the HE than that in the NHE. For the hyperaccumulating ecotype of S. alfredii, the cell wall and the vacuole played a very important role in Zn tolerance and hyperaccumulation.

Commelina communis L.: Copper Hyperaccumulator Found in Anhui Province of China

Commelina communis L. growing over some new copper mining wastelands at Bijiashan, Tongling City of Anhui Province, China, was found to be a copper hyperaccumulator. Its copper concentrations were 2707-6159 (4439±2434) mg kg-1, 369-831 (731±142) mg kg-1, and 429-587 (547±57) mg kg-1, respectively, in the roots, stems, and leaves. The soils supporting the growth of the species had a copper concentration ranging from 4620 to 5020 mg kg-1 and averaging 4835±262 mg kg-1, suggesting that the species could not only grow on heavily copper-contaminated soils but also accumulate extraordinarily high concentration of copper. Thus, it shows great potential in the phytoremediation of copper-contaminated soils,the restoration of mined land, geochemical prospecting, and the study of environmental pollution changes.

Research Trends in Rare Earth Element Hyperaccumulator

A brief introduce to environmental and ecological characteristics, hyperaccumulators of rare earth elements （REEs）, as well as the scientific significance of REE hyperaccumulators were presented. Based on this introduce, the achievements in REE hyperaccumulator research, which were ： （ 1 ） The species and regional distribution of REE hyperaccumulators,

Zinc removal from hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance biomass

Leaching of heavy metals from Sedum alfredii Hance biomass was studied with ammonia-ammonium chloride solution as leaching agent.The research was carried out in two phases:1)a leaching study to determine the zinc extraction efficiency of this leaching agent,and 2)a thermodynamic analysis to identify the likely reactions and stable Zn(Ⅱ)species formed in the leaching systems.Taguchi orthogonal experiment,with four variable parameters,leaching temperature,molar ratio of NH4Cl to NH3,leaching time and solid-to-liquid(L/S)ratio,and each at three levels,was used to optimize the experiment parameters by the analysis of variances.The results indicate that leaching temperature has the most dominant effect on metal extraction performance,followed by molar ratio of NH4Cl to NH3,solid-to-liquid ratio and leaching time.The optimum condition was obtained as follows:temperature of 60℃,molecular ratio of NH4Cl to NH3 of 0.6,leaching time of 2 h and solid-to-liquid ratio of 5-1.The total zinc leaching efficiency under optimum conditions reaches 97.95%.The thermodynamic study indicates that the dominant species produced by the leaching process should be the soluble Zn(NH3)4 2+.

Reactive oxygen species metabolism during the cadmium hyperaccumulation of a new hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii (Crassulaceae)

Sedum alfredii Hance, a newly discovered hyperaccumulator, could serve as a good material for phytoremediation of Cd polluted sites. Malondialdehyde （MDA）, reactive oxygen species （ROS） and antioxidases （catalase （CAT）; superoxide dismutase （SOD）; peroxidase （POD）） in the leaf were determined when S. alfredii was treated for 15 d with various CdC12 concentrations ranging from 0 to 800 μmol/L. The results showed that the production rate of 2＇,7＇-dichlorofluorescein （DCF）, which is an indicator of ROS level, reached up to the maximum at 400 μmol/L CdCl2 and then declined with the increase of CdCl2 concentration, while MDA accumulation tended to increase. CAT activity was significantly inhibited at all tested CdCl2 concentrations and SOD activity was sharply suppressed at 800 μmol/L CdCl2. However, the enhancement of POD activity was observed when CdCl2 concentration was higher than 400 μmol/L. In addition, its activity increased when treated with 600 μmol/L CdCl2 for more than 5 d. When sodium benzoate, a free radical scavenger, was added, S. alfredii was a little more sensitive to Cd toxicity than that exposed to Cd alone, and the Cd accumulation tended to decline with the increase of sodium benzoate concentration. It came to the conclusions that POD played an important role during Cd hyperaccumulation, and the accumulation of ROS induced by Cd treatment might be involved in Cd hyperaccumulation.

THE CORRESPONDING ANALYSIS OF HEAVY-METAL POLLUTION OF SOIL IN ZHUZHOU CITY

ＴＨＥ ＣＯＲＲＥＳＰＯＮＤＩＮＧ ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳ ＯＦ ＨＥＡＶＹ－ＭＥＴＡＬ ＰＯＬＬＵＴＩＯＮ ＯＦ ＳＯＩＬ ＩＮ ＺＨＵＺＨＯＵ ＣＩＴＹ ＳｈａｎｇＪｉｎｃｈｅｎｇ（尚金城）；ＬｏｎｇＡｉｍｉｎ（龙爱民）ＬｉＢｉｎ（李斌）；ＪｉａｎｇＪ...

Tissue culture tools for selenium hyperaccumulator Neptunia amplexicaulis for development in phytoextraction

Neptunia amplexicaulis is an herbaceous legume endemic to the Richmond area in central Queensland,Australia and is one of the strongest known Selenium hyperaccumulators on earth,showing significant potential to be utilised in Se phytoextraction applications.Here a protocol was established for in vitro micropropagation of Se hyperaccumula-tor N.amplexicaulis using nodal segments from in vitro-germinated seedlings.Shoot multiplication was achieved on Murashige and Skoog(MS)basal media supplemented with various concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine(BA)(1.0,2.0,3.0 mg L^(−1))alone or in combination with low levels of Naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA)(0.1,0.2,0.3 mg L^(−1)),with 2.0 mg L^(−1) BA+0.2 mg L^(−1) NAA found to be most effective.Elongated shoots were rooted in vitro using NAA,with highest root induction rate of 30%observed at 0.2 mg L^(−1) NAA.About 95%of the in vitro rooted shoots survived acclimatization.Clonally propagated plantlets were dosed with selenate/selenite solution and assessed for Se tissue concentrations using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy(ICP-AES)and found to retain their ability to hyperaccumulate.The protocol developed for this study has potential to be optimised for generating clonal plants of N.amplexicaulis for use in research and phytoextraction industry applications.

硫铅处理下伴矿景天对铅的耐受性与积累性研究

【目的】探明土壤在硫(S)铅(Pb)处理下,伴矿景天生长性状变化情况及对重金属Pb的耐受性与积累性,为Pb污染土壤植物修复提供依据。【方法】以伴矿景天为研究对象,采用随机区组试验,研究不同Pb浓度[Pb(CH_(3)COO)_(2)为0 mg、200 mg、400 mg、800 mg、1600 mg]和S浓度(Na_(2)SO_(4)为0 mg、50 mg、100 mg)对伴矿景天的株高、叶长、叶宽、根长、地上干重、根干重和Pb含量的影响及Pb耐受性和富集性的响应。【结果】在相同Pb浓度处理下,随S浓度增加,伴矿景天株高、叶长和根长整体呈增高趋势,在Pb 0 mg/kg、S 100 mg/kg处理下,根长最长,达6.50 cm。地上部干重以Pb 1600 mg/kg、S 50 mg/kg处理最小,根干重以Pb 1600 mg/kg、S 100 mg/kg处理最小。地上部Pb含量以Pb 1600 mg/kg、S 50 mg/kg处理最大,为1654.88 mg/kg;根系Pb含量以Pb 800 mg/kg、S 50 mg/kg处理最大,为1070.42 mg/kg。伴矿景天地上部干重与根干重呈极显著正相关关系,叶长与叶宽呈极显著正相关关系。伴矿景天的Pb富集系数在相同S浓度下,随Pb浓度增加而减小,转运系数、转运量系数总体随Pb浓度增加而减小;在相同Pb浓度处理下,富集系数随S浓度增高而增加,富集系数、转运系数和转运量系数、迁移率最高分别为11.04、2.88、30.64和74.24%。【结论】伴矿景天在铅胁迫下外施硫可缓解地上部、根生物量和株高的减少,并提高植株对铅的富集系数,外施硫是促进伴矿景天吸收重金属的有力措施。

苏南地区汞污染农田土壤植物套作修复模式的筛选

为探究不同作物-超富集植物套作模式对修复汞污染农田土壤的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,以小麦、大豆、油菜等作物为研究对象,将其分别与野艾蒿、乳浆大戟、悬钩子等汞富集植物搭配套作,研究不同套种体系修复汞污染农田土壤的效果。结果表明:与富集植物进行套作时,作物根、茎、叶和籽粒的汞含量有不同程度的下降,其中根部汞含量下降最明显,作物与富集植物套作可以降低作物体内汞含量。与小麦单作相比,野艾蒿、悬钩子与小麦套作可以增加小麦地上部生物量,增加幅度分别为49.37%和42.45%。小麦/野艾蒿套作和小麦/悬钩子套作富集植物中汞的转移系数(Transfer factors,TF)接近,但野艾蒿汞的生物富集系数(Bioconcentration factor,BCF)显著高于悬钩子,是其的2.59倍;大豆的两种套作模式下,乳浆大戟的TF、BCF值皆高于野艾蒿,分别是其的1.41倍和1.50倍;油菜的两种套作模式下,悬钩子和野艾蒿的TF值接近。结果分析显示野艾蒿适合与小麦套作,乳浆大戟适合与大豆套作。综上所述,小麦/野艾蒿、大豆/乳浆大戟套作模式可以降低作物体内汞含量,并在一定程度上提高小麦和大豆产量。

镍的植物采矿农艺管理强化措施及其实践

全球广泛分布着大量富含镍等重金属但缺乏氮和磷等营养元素的超基性岩风化土壤,如何有效利用这类高风险、低生产力的土地是现阶段的一大难题。在此背景下,有研究者提出了利用超富集植物富集土壤中的镍,随后将其收获并冶炼提纯的植物采矿技术。该技术既可以有效利用镍污染土壤产出经济价值,也可以缓解镍供应风险,并已经在北美、欧洲和东南亚等地区相继开展。受到超富集植物长势偏慢、生物量不足等限制,建立针对性的农艺管理措施是提高植物采镍效率和经济价值的有效方法。本文重点综述了土壤改良措施(调节土壤pH值、施加活化剂等)以及耕作管理措施(施肥、除草、种植模式等)对超富集植物生长及富集镍含量的影响,并总结了我国植物采矿农艺管理研究的主要进展,以期为后续的植物采镍研究提供借鉴和参考。

我国南方镭污染区优势植物及根际微生物分析

为探索我国南方中低水平镭污染土壤环境中优势植物对226Ra的富集规律及其根际微生物特征,对属于中亚热带湿润型季风气候区的南方典型铀矿区进行了野外实地样方调查,采集该地区优势植物和土壤,分析物种优势度、土壤镭污染水平、植物对226Ra的转移和富集特征、植物根际微生物特征。结果表明,现场共筛选出15种优势草本植物,以苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)的生物量最大,富集系数和转运系数分别为0.17、0.45;采样区226Ra的平均浓度为211 Bq·kg^(-1);土壤中存在大量的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)等微生物,且不同的植物根际有特定的微生物类群富集,在放射性环境治理和修复、形成植物-微生物联合修复组合方面具有应用潜力。本研究结果为后期筛选原位治理土壤放射性污染的植物-微生物联合修复技术提供了依据。

东南景天内生菌对小麦锌吸收转运的影响

为探究超积累植物特异内生菌对非宿主作物锌(Zn)营养的调控作用,采用水稻土(Paddy soil,PS)和潮土(Fluvo-aquic soil,FAS)开展盆栽试验,设置10种不同内生细菌灌根处理,以探究内生菌对小麦幼苗Zn吸收转运的影响。结果表明:在Zn含量较为充足的PS中,接种SaPS1使地上部生物量增加了158.48%,接种SaPA1使地上部Zn含量提高了108.83%,而在Zn含量较为缺乏的FAS中,接种SaVA1使地上部生物量增加了60.16%,接种SaZR8和SaBR2使根部Zn含量提高了74.17%和73.02%。实时荧光定量分析结果显示,在PS中地上部TaZIP3、TaZIP6、TaZIP7和TaZIP10的表达水平在接种SaPA1和SaPS1后提高超过100%,而在FAS中,接种SaBR2后地上部和根部这4个基因的表达量均极显著增加。根际微生物群落16S rDNA测序结果发现,虽然SaPA1和SaPS1灌根处理对根际微生物群落多样性无显著影响,但改变了部分功能微生物的丰度。这些研究结果表明,在Zn含量不同的土壤中,东南景天特异内生菌可以调节小麦对Zn的吸收转运,可作为新型生物制剂用于小麦Zn营养生物强化。

土壤类型对超积累植物东南景天叶际微生物群落结构和功能的影响

叶际微生物在促进植物生长、抵御生物和非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用。然而,目前对重金属超积累植物叶际微生物的群落结构和功能缺乏了解。本试验采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序,研究了红壤、紫色土、水稻土、青紫泥4种不同土壤类型对镉超积累生态型和非超积累生态型东南景天叶际微生物群落结构和功能的影响。结果表明:在青紫泥和水稻土中,东南景天叶际放线菌门和诺卡菌属微生物的相对丰度更高,而在红壤和紫色土中,东南景天叶际变形菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门微生物的相对丰度更高;在不同土壤中,超积累生态型东南景天叶际诺卡菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和甲基杆菌属微生物的相对丰度均高于非超积累生态型。土壤类型和生态型显著影响东南景天叶际微生物的群落结构,且土壤类型的影响更大,解释了28.17%的群落变异。与青紫泥和紫色土相比,水稻土和红壤中叶际微生物的共存网络更为复杂;而所有土壤中超积累生态型叶际微生物的共存网络比非超积累生态型更为复杂。基于PICRUSt2软件的功能预测结果表明,土壤类型显著影响东南景天叶际微生物的谷胱甘肽代谢、D-谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸代谢、细菌趋化等通路的相对丰度(p<0.01),而在不同土壤中,超积累生态型叶际微生物的碳水化合物代谢(柠檬酸循环)、氨基酸代谢(谷胱甘肽代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢)通路的相对丰度显著高于非超积累生态型(p<0.01)。综上所述,土壤类型显著影响东南景天叶际微生物的群落结构和功能,且超积累生态型叶际微生物比非超积累生态型具有更强的镉胁迫抵抗能力。

镉污染土壤的植物修复研究进展

工业发展中产生的重金属污染土壤是环境污染中的一个重要问题。对Cd含量超标的土壤进行植物修复是一种环境友好、无二次污染和修复比较彻底的优势策略。由于土壤重金属污染源的特异性和复杂性,以及受到周围生态环境和物种的限制,在制定植物修复策略时需要多方面综合考虑。文章以植物修复为主,按植物功能分为观赏植物、经济植物、能源植物、药用植物、粮食作物和蔬菜植物等,比较分析富集能力,并联合动物修复和微生物修复对Cd污染土壤的修复展开论述,分析利弊,以期为植物修复Cd污染土壤提供策略,并为合理制定修复方案提供参考。

土壤-超积累植物体系中稀土元素的空间富集-分异特征与富集机理

离子吸附型稀土矿是我国南方特色的优质稀土资源,但由于落后的采矿方式和无节制的开采,大量稀土元素(稀土元素+Y,简称稀土元素)被带入环境中,导致稀土矿区周边出现许多环境污染和植被退化问题。乌毛蕨是一种对稀土元素具有较强耐受性和超强富集能力的蕨类超积累植物,能被用于稀土污染土壤或尾矿的生态修复。本研究以离子吸附型矿区表生土壤上生长的稀土超积累植物乌毛蕨及其根际土为研究对象,通过化学消解和ICP-MS方法测定根际土、根表、根部、叶柄、叶片中稀土元素的含量,分析土壤–植物体系中稀土元素的空间分布、富集与分异特征;采用顺序提取法测定土壤中不同化学形态的稀土元素含量,同时利用微区X射线荧光光谱(μ-XRF)与扫描电镜能谱分析技术(SEM-EDS),阐明乌毛蕨对稀土元素的吸收与富集机理。化学测试结果表明,乌毛蕨对稀土元素有较强的富集和地上转运能力,富集系数(BF)和转移系数(TF)分别为2.61和2.85;植物器官富集能力顺序为:叶片(1750μg/g)>根部(512μg/g)>叶柄(56.5μg/g);植株整体稀土元素配分模式具有与根际土相似的富轻土元素和Ce负异常特征,不同的是,植株整体Eu无异常(根际土δEu=0.51);根际土壤中富集离子交换态的轻稀土离子(34%~64%,(La/Yb)N=2.36),与根系表面呈轻微富轻稀土元素((La/Yb)N=1.29)的现象暗示根际大部分轻稀土元素能以离子形式被根系吸收,重稀土元素与有机配体络合而被吸附在根系表面;稀土元素在向上迁移过程中,(La/Yb)N值下降(叶柄=27.63,叶片=17.17),揭示木质部伤流液的重稀土元素可能比轻稀土元素更容易向上迁移;μ-XRF与SEM-EDS结果显示,乌毛蕨地上部的超富集器官(叶片)将稀土元素主要储存在叶缘的表皮层细胞,且能将大部分非生理需要的稀土元素有效区室化。上述认识揭示了在离子吸附型稀土矿区表生环境中,稀土元素从土壤向植物体内迁移并在地上部富集与分异的过程、规律和主要原因,为今后利用稀土超积累植物实现植物采矿或稀土尾矿生态修复提供科学认知基础。

Lead, Zinc and Iron Pollutants Load Assessment in Selected Rivers in Southern Nigeria: Implications for Domestic Uses

The aim of the study is to comparatively assess the concentrations of lead, zinc and iron in Rivers Ase, Warri and Ethiope, in Nigeria. Monthly water samples were collected from six randomly selected sites along the rivers course. 72 water samples were collected from each river at 0 - 15 cm depths. Samples were analysed based on the standard methods recommended by the WHO for testing lead, zinc and iron. The assessment of the water quality was done using the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME-WQI). While hypotheses were tested using ANOVA. Findings indicated that CCME-WQI values were 47.3, 66.52 and 78.7. This meant that the water quality of River Ase is impaired and departed from desirable levels, while that of Warri and Ethiope were considered to occasionally be impaired and depart from desirable levels. The ANOVA model showed that there is a significant variation in heavy metal load in the selected rivers at P < 0.05. River water was put to domestic uses such as drinking (20.5%) preparing food (17.8%), bathing (19.8%), washing clothes and dishes (21.3%), brushing teeth (13.3%), and catering for domestic animals (7.5%). Poverty (49.5%) was the major reason for the use of river water for domestic purposes. The locals highlighted that they usually suffer from cholera (26.8%), diarrhoea (25.8%), dysentery (24%) and typhoid (23.5%) as a result of using the river water. The study recommended routine monitoring of anthropogenic and geologic activities, testing of the water regularly amongst others.

Phytoremediation Strategies for Heavy Metal Contamination: A Review on Sustainable Approach for Environmental Restoration

Current globalization trends and important breakthroughs globally need a complete study of heavy metal contamination, its causes, its impacts on human and environmental health, and different remediation strategies. Heavy metal pollution is mostly produced by urbanization and industry, which threatens ecosystems and human health. Herein, we discuss a sustainable environmental restoration strategy employing phytoremediation for heavy metal pollution, the carcinogenic, mutagenic, and cytotoxic effects of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, mercury, selenium, zinc, arsenic, chromium, lead, nickel, and silver, which may be fatal. Phytoremediation, which was prioritized, uses plants to remove, accumulate, and depollute pollutants. This eco-friendly method may safely collect, accumulate, and detoxify toxins using plants, making it popular. This study covers phytostabilization, phytodegradation, rhizodegradation, phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, and rhizofiltration. A phytoremediation process’s efficiency in varied environmental circumstances depends on these components’ complex interplay. This paper also introduces developing phytoremediation approaches including microbe-assisted, chemical-assisted, and organic or bio-char use. These advancements attempt to overcome conventional phytoremediation’s limitations, such as limited suitable plant species, location problems, and sluggish remediation. Current research includes machine learning techniques and computer modeling, biostimulation, genetic engineering, bioaugmentation, and hybrid remediation. These front-line solutions show that phytoremediation research is developing towards transdisciplinary efficiency enhancement. We acknowledge phytoremediation’s promise but also its drawbacks, such as site-specific variables, biomass buildup, and sluggish remediation, as well as ongoing research to address them. In conclusion, heavy metal pollution threatens the ecology and public health and must be reduced. Phytoremediation treats heavy metal pollution in different ways. Over time, phytoremediation systems have developed unique ways that improve efficiency. Despite difficulties like site-specificity, sluggish remediation, and biomass buildup potential, phytoremediation is still a vital tool for environmental sustainability.