Research on ground fissure origins and mechanisms in Hebei Plain,P.R.China

Ground fissure hazards frequently emerge in Hebei Plain, which damage roads, dams, buildings and farmland. The paper reviews and analyses current state of knowledge and research into ground fissure and geological environment in Hebei Plain. It is shown that the level of research and investigation is in some aspects insufficient. Knowledge is lacking in the use of corresponding geological concept models for specific ground fissures, three-dimensional numerical simulations of ground fissures caused by pumping through soil with pre-existing fractures, numerical simulations of ground fissures caused by dislocation in intersection faults, and the failure criterion and the constitutive relationship of rock and soil. Furthermore, we put forward geological concept models for ground fissure formation following the dislocation of a buried intersection fault, over-exploitation of groundwater and its compound origin mechanisms in order to provide scientific evidence for the quantitative analysis.

The upper and middle crustal velocity structure of the northern part of Hebei plain inferred from short period surface wave dispersion

Based on short period Rayleigh wave data recorded by Beliing Seismic Telemetered Network, the dispersion curves of Raleigh wave phase velocity, with period from 2 s to 1 8 s, are calculated by means of two-station method, for 5 paths across the earthquake zone located in the Beijing graben and the Hebei plain. According to the dispersion features, the upper and middle crustal S wave velocity structures are respectively obtained for the northern segment of Beijing graben and the northern part of Hebei plain. The results show that there is an obvious interface at the depth of g kin in the Beijing graben, the velocity varies little with depth in the middle crust, and there is a low-velocity-zone, with a thickness of 5 km and a buried depth of 14.6 km, in the middle crust of the Hebei plain.

Analysis of phreatic evaporation law and influence factors of typical lithology in Hebei Plain

Based on three typical mediums(sandy loam, loam and sandy clay loam) in Hebei Plain, this paper designs phreatic evaporation experiments under different lithology and phreatic depth. Based on the analysis of experimental data, the phreatic evaporation law and influencing factors of three mediums were studied. The results showed that:(1) The shallower the phreatic depth, the larger the phreatic evaporation.(2) Sandy clay loam has the biggest response to the increase of the phreatic depth, sandy loam is the second and loam is the smallest.(3) The limit depth of phreatic evaporation of sandy clay loam is about 3 m and that of loam and sandy loam is about 2 m and 3 m, seperately.(4) By fitting the daily evaporation of phreatic water and phreatic depth, the results showed that sandy loam and sandy clay loam are exponential functions and loam is power functions.

Terrestrial water storage variation in Hebei plain area of China,based on ground surface gravimetry

Variation of terrestrial water storage in the Hebei plain area from March 2010 to June 2014 was studied using ground gravimetry combined with vertical displacement data from the Global Navigation Satellite System.Results show that observed gravity variation in this area increased continuously,basically reflecting a trend toward land subsidence.With the effect of this subsidence removed,a dominantnegative change in gravity variation was evident,reflecting an average rate of decrease in terrestrial water in this area of 0.10±0.053 m/y,and this is equivalent to a volume of 81.5±43.2×108 m^(3)and is consistent with the spatial distribution of groundwater change from measured hydrologic data.These results can be an essential reference and supplement for the study of terrestrial water variation in the Hebei plain area,and indicate that ground surface gravimetry can be used as an important mean for studying changes in terrestrial water.

Distribution and evolution features of salinized soil in Hebei Plain

In order to study the distribution and evolution features of saline soil, the correlations between the groundwater depth, salinity and salinization of soil are examined through analyzing the hydrometeorological data and distribution maps of saline soil, groundwater depth and salinity in 1957 and 2005. The results show that the area of salinization has generally decreased. The area of salinization decreases with the increasing groundwater depth, and the dynamic evolution characteristics appeared between the groundwater depth and area of salinization. The area of heavy salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is > 5 g/L, the area of moderate salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is between 2-5 g/L, the area of light salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is 1-2 g/L and the area of non-salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is <1 g/L. The area of heavy salinization was characterized with groundwater depth <2.5 m and salinity >1.8 g/L. The area of non-salinization was characterized with groundwater depth >4.0 m and salinity 0.2-1.5 g/L.

Genesis of Sr Isotopes in Groundwater of Hebei Plain

To analyze the genesis of Sr isotopes in groundwater of Hebei plain, time-accumulative effect of ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio was studied. It is shown that ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio increases with the increasing age and depth of groundwater and has a positive correlation to 4Heexc and a negative correlation to δ^18O and δD.The groundwater is divided into three groups to discuss the relation between ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio and Sr^2＋ content： ① moderate Sr^2＋ content and higher ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio （water Ⅰ）; ② lower Sr^2＋ content and higher ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio （water Ⅱ）; and ③ higher Sr^2＋ content and lower ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio （water Ⅲ）, that is hot water. On the basis of integrated analysis, it was considered that ① the radiogenic Sr in the Quaternary groundwater （Q4-Q1） originates from weathering of silicate rich in Na and Rb, mainly from plagioclase; ② the radiogenic Sr of hot water in Huanghua port is attributed to carbonate dissolution, with lower ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio and higher Sr/Na ratio; ③ the recharge area is laterally recharged by the groundwater flowing through igneous and metamorphic rocks, with moderate ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio. However, the formation mechanism of Sr isotopes in Tertiary groundwater needs further studies.

Impact of the shrinking winter wheat sown area on agricultural water consumption in the Hebei Plain

This study firstly analyzed the shrinkage of winter wheat and the changes of crop- ping systems in the Hebei Plain from 1998 to 2010 based on the agricultural statistic data of 11 cities and meteorological data, including daily temperature, precipitation, water vapor, wind speed and minimum relative humidity data from 22 meteorological stations, and then calcu- lated the water deficit and irrigation water resources required by different cropping systems, as well as the irrigation water resources conserved as a result of cropping system changes, using crop coefficient method and every ten-day effective precipitation estimation method. The results are as follows. 1） The sown areas of winter wheat in the 11 cities in the Hebei Plain all shrunk during the study period. The shrinkage rate was 16.07% and the total shrinkage area amounted to 49.62×10^4 ha. The shrinkage was most serious in the Bei- jing-Tianjin-Tangshan metropolitan agglomerate, with a shrinkage rate of 47.23%. 2） The precipitation fill rate of winter wheat was only 20%-30%, while those of spring maize and summer maize both exceeded 50%. The irrigation water resources demanded by the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system ranged from 400 mm to 530 mm, while those demanded by the spring maize single cropping system ranged only from 160 mm to 210 ram. 3） The water resources conserved as a result of the winter wheat sown area shrinkage during the study period were about 15.96×10^8 m^3/a, accounting for 27.85% of those provided for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei by the first phase of the Mid-Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.

Wavelet analysis of rainfall variation in the Hebei Plain

Based on the monthly and annual rainfall data of 1955―2000,the multi-time scales characteristics of seasonal and annual rainfall in the past 45 years in the Hebei Plain have been analyzed using Mexican Hat wavelet analysis in this article.The periodic oscillation of rainfall variation and the points of abrupt change at different time scales along the time series are dis-covered.According to the main periods,the trend of rainfall variation in the future has also been estimated.The results indicate that there are obvious periodic oscillations of 8―12 years and 4―6 years for the seasonal and annual rainfalls variation.The variation trend of the summer rainfall is in agreement with that of the annual rainfall and both of them have the main periods of 1 year and 12 years.It is estimated,based on the main period of 1 year,that the amount of rainfall will be relatively small around 2003 and abundant around 2004―2007 in the Hebei Plain.

Experimental Evidence for Hyperfiltration of Saline Water through Compacted Clay Aquitard in the Hebei Plain

It becomes an increasing concern that groundwater quality in exploited deep confined aquifer may deteriorate due to brackish water leakage from its overlying saline aquifer in Hebei Plain. However, the monitoring data show that the TDS does not significantly change in the exploited aquifer. Some physics or chemistry processes must have taken place in aquitards during brackish leakage. The semi-permeable membrane function of clay aquitard during the process of hyperfiltration（reverse osmosis） should be one of the most important processes. To confirm and test this hyperfiltration mechanism, a series of experiments were performed in which Na Cl solutions were hydraulically forced through different clay sampled from aquitard. The solution 7 g/L in NaC l was forced through at 20 °C by a fluid pressure of 0.5 kN. The results show that hyperfiltration indeed happens in caly aquitard. Semi-permeability is quantified by the reflection coefficient σ. The mean rejection coefficients（σ） for clay samples #1, #2 and #3 were estimated to be 0.063, 0.164 and 0.040, respectively. This behavior of clay was well explained with the theory of the diffuse double layer. The hyperfiltration effect is to the great extent responsible for the chemical process in the aquitard.

Using EARTH Model to Estimate Groundwater Recharge at Five Representative Zones in the Hebei Plain, China

Accurate estimation of groundwater recharge is essential for efficient and sustainable groundwater management in many semi-arid regions. In this paper, a lumped parameter model（EARTH） was established to simulate the recharge rate and recharge process in typical areas by the observation datum of weather, soil water and groundwater synthetically, and the spatial and temporal variation law of groundwater recharge in the Hebei Plain was revealed. The mean annual recharge rates at LQ, LC, HS, DZ and CZ representative zones are 220.1, 196.7, 34.1, 141.0 and 188.0 mm/a and the recharge coefficients are 26.5%, 22.3%, 7.2%, 20.4%, and 22.0%, respectively. Recharge rate and recharge coefficient are gradually reduced from piedmont plain to coastal plain. Groundwater recharge appears as only yearly waves, with higher frequency components of the input series filtered by the deep complicated unsaturated zone（such as LC）. While at other zones, groundwater recharge series strongly dependent on the daily rainfall and irrigation because of the shallow water table or coarse lithology.

Evolution of Groundwater Major Components in the Hebei Plain: Evidences from 30-Year Monitoring Data

Groundwater is the main water source in the Hebei Plain. Evolution of groundwater chemistry can not only provide scientific data for sustainable usage of groundwater resources, but also help us in better understanding hydrogeochemical processes in aquifers. Spatial distribution and temporal evolution were analyzed on basis of monitoring data between 1975 and 2005. Results showed that major components in groundwater had increasing trends since 1970s. Major components in shallow groundwater increased more than those in deep one. In shallow groundwater of piedmont alluvial fan-recharge zone, concentrations of Na＋, Ca2＋, SO42- had great increasing trends, while other major components increased by less than 30%. There were great increasing trends in Na＋, Cl-, SO42- concentrations in deep groundwater of central alluvial plain-intermediate zone, while other major components increased by no more than 20%. Deep groundwater from coast plain-discharge zone and piedmont alluvial fan-recharge zone showed no significant variations in major ion concentrations. In shallow groundwater, dissolution, evaporation and human activities played a major role in the increase in major components. However, groundwater mixture resulting from deep groundwater exploitation was believed to be the major factors for the increases in major components in deep groundwater of central alluvial plain-intermediate zone.

Experimental study on unsaturated soil water diffusivity in different soils in Hebei Piedmont Plain

Horizontal soil column method was used to determine the horizontal diffusion rate of sandy loam, loam and clay loam under the same bulk density. The results showed that the migration rates of different lithological wet fronts were different. The sandy loam had the fastest migration rate, the loam followed, and the clay loam was the slowest, but the law of change is the same among the three lithologies. The volumetric water content affects the change of Boltzmann parameter λ. When the volumetric water content is between 0.35-0.45 cm^3/cm^3,λ approaches stability. When the volumetric water content is less than 0.35 cm^3/cm^3, the λ value decreases rapidly with the decrease of water content. The water diffusion rate is related to the volumetric water content and particle size. The greater the moisture content is, the greater the diffusion rate will be. The larger the particle size, the larger the diffusion rate. The diffusivity of sandy loam is 10-30 times larger than that of loam and clay loam. The relationship between water content and diffusion rate is in accordance with the exponential function .

A study of ^(36)Cl age in Quaternary groundwater of Hebei plain,China

Chlorine-36 has various advantages as a dating tool for old groundwater. In this paper, 36CI of Quaternary groundwater in the Hebei plain of North China has been measured using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Ages calculated from the 36CI/CI ratio show that ion filtration, which is responsible for the CI- concentration increasing with depth and along flow paths in Hebei plain groundwater. It is concluded that 36CI age of the groundwater in the 3rd Group of the Quaternary (Q2) in the Cangzhou area is 250ka, and that of the 4th Group(Q1) is 300ka.

京津冀平原非常规水资源利用前景分析及其生态环境效应

[研究目的]京津冀平原水资源严重短缺,供需矛盾十分突出,加大非常规水资源利用力度,形成多元供水格局,可有效缓解水资源供需矛盾,对支撑京津冀协同发展区社会经济协调发展和推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。[研究方法]文章系统开展非常规水资源供水方向、开发利用模式和供水规模分类数据统计,依据各省(直辖市)非常规水资源供水规划及配置目标,分析其开发利用前景及其生态环境效应。[研究结果]该区非常规水资源主要包括微咸水、再生水、淡化海水、雨洪水,其中微咸水主要分布于中东部平原的天津、沧州、衡水等地,供水前景为5.43×10^(8)m^(3);再生水利用以北京、天津等大中型及工业城市为主,供水前景为34.22×10^(8)m^(3);淡化海水利用以天津等滨海城市为主,供水前景为4.19×10^(8)m^(3);雨洪水利用较分散。[结论](1)微咸水用于农业灌溉存在土壤盐渍化风险,需加强水盐调控。(2)再生水用于河流生态补水,沿线地表水富营养化,地下水体未受到明显污染;地下水浅埋区开展再生水灌溉,会增加硝酸盐污染风险;建议将高风险的新兴污染物纳入再生水利用监控体系。(3)海水淡化尾液浓盐水、冷却热水可能改变天然海洋生态系统的分布、构成与多样性,应予以关注。(4)雨洪水利用可降低污水入河的水质风险,但过度利用可能影响区域生态系统的稳定性,建议城市区适度扩大利用。

京津冀平原浅层地下水漏斗演变规律与影响因素

为研究华北地区河湖生态补水对地下水漏斗演变的影响,以京津冀平原浅层地下水漏斗2003年至2022年的相对变化作为识别目标,从气象因素、地形因素、人为因素和含水层水力学特性4个方面进行考虑,选取8个具体指标构建特征变量数据集,使用逻辑回归(logistic regression, LR)、支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)和随机森林(random forest, RF)方法建立漏斗演变识别模型,并利用敏感度、特异度和决定系数R^(2)对拟合效果进行对比评价,结果显示随机森林为最优模型。进而利用模型分析研究区地下水漏斗演变规律,阐明具体因素对漏斗演变的影响作用。研究表明:京津冀平原区浅层地下水漏斗在2010年之前整体呈扩张趋势,之后在部分地区呈现缩减和消失的态势。河湖补水前,地下水漏斗发展主要受开采影响,其重要度约50%;2018年后河湖补水对抑制漏斗扩张发挥了较为明显的作用,重要度达16%。从发展过程来看,地下水开采依然是控制京津冀平原浅层地下水漏斗变化最重要的因素。对比宁柏隆和高蠡清两个典型浅层地下水漏斗的发展变化可知,河道生态补水对宁柏隆漏斗变化的贡献率接近10%,而对高蠡清漏斗变化影响的重要度仅为1%,因此持续的河流生态补水对宁柏隆漏斗水位恢复会产生积极影响,而对于高蠡清漏斗则需要以水源置换压减农业灌溉地下水量为关键手段实现水位恢复。

冀南平原“7·27”局地大暴雨中尺度特征分析

利用FY-4A气象卫星及天气雷达遥感产品,并借助地面及探空资料,对2019年7月27日冀南平原一次局地大暴雨过程进行中尺度时空演化特征分析。结果表明,本次过程是在副热带高压外围,受高空槽以及低层切变线影响生成的局地大暴雨天气。降水系统内的对流组织主要经历了“新生发展—合并加强—降水维持—移出消散”的演化过程。本次冀南平原地区大暴雨的成因主要包括:两个初期发展的对流系统的合并加强,前期外围对流活动提供了充沛的水汽环境,强对流系统形成了低层旋转辐合、高层辐散的中尺度垂直环流结构,中低层辐合中心空间位置基本一致,有利于水汽供应并维持云中液滴的高效增长。研究结果对冀南平原局地强降水的临近预报预警提供了科学依据。

河北平原北部蓟州区西南头营剖面地层沉积特征与沉积环境研究

笔者等通过详细测量河北平原北部天津市蓟州区西南部桑梓镇头营剖面,结合粒度分析数据、孢粉分析数据、^(14)C和光释光测年数据,系统分析了该剖面地层形成年龄和沉积特征。实测剖面显示地层可以划分为18层,沉积物以黏土质粉砂、粉砂质黏土、黏土为主。^(14)C和光释光测年数据显示该剖面沉积物主要为晚更新世晚期以来沉积。粒度分析结果显示14个粒度样品频率分布曲线均为不对称的单峰态,表明沉积物成分单一,为相对稳定的水能条件下形成;概率累积曲线以细粒型为主,样品主要由跃移总体和悬浮总体组成。根据孢粉组合特征,可将剖面划分为3个孢粉带,孢粉带Ⅰ:气候温和湿润;孢粉带Ⅱ:气候寒冷干旱;孢粉带Ⅲ:气候温暖湿润。实测剖面测年结果与古里雅冰芯氧同位素曲线作对比可知,剖面形成时代对应MIS3~MIS1阶段,头营剖面经历了暖—冷—暖的气候变化,与孢粉组合反映的气候特征一致。综上可知,头营剖面晚更新世以来沉积物应属漫滩或洼地相沉积,整体处于相对稳定的低水流条件,沉积环境稳定。

河北平原蒙古栎斑衣蜡蝉的发生及防治

蒙古栎具有较高的生态、经济、社会价值,在河北平原培育蒙古栎具有重要的意义。但斑衣蜡蝉对蒙古栎危害日趋严重。为促进蒙古栎健康生长和生产推广,本文调查记录了斑衣蜡蝉的危害特点、形态特征、发生规律、生活习性、发生因素,结合斑衣蜡蝉的生物学特性和以往防治经验,从农业防治、物理防治、化学防治、生物防治、植物检疫和加强防虫宣传等方面总结了科学防治蒙古栎上斑衣蜡蝉的有效措施,以期为有效防治斑衣蜡蝉和促进蒙古栎健康生长提供参考。

河北省平原区2018—2021年地下水动态变化研究

为了科学推进地下水超采治理,掌握河北省平原区地下水动态变化情况,以河北省平原区地下水自动监测站监测数据为基础,时间段为2018—2021年,以14个地市行政区浅、深层地下水动态变化和地下水超采为研究内容,分析了地下水位变化影响的因素,提出了缓解河北省平原区地下水水位下降的建议,为河北省平原区地下水综合治理提供支撑。

南水北调工程运行对河北省地下水位变化的影响研究

为探讨南水北调工程对河北省平原区地下水位变化的影响,收集和分析不同时期的地下水位数据。研究结果显示:南水北调工程投入运行后,河北省地下水埋深整体呈现先下降后上升的趋势;不同地区和不同水文条件下的地下水位变化与南水北调工程之间存在显著差异。综上所述,南水北调工程对河北省地下水位的影响是复杂而多样化的,确定南水北调工程对河北地下水位的恢复是积极的,研究结果对合理管理和保护河北省地下水资源具有重要意义。