评拉克劳和墨菲对葛兰西的“hegemony”的改造

葛兰西赋予"hegemony"以特殊的意义,而拉克劳和墨菲又对这个概念进行了后现代意义上的改造。他们把"hegemony"与"articulation"以及"hegemonic universality"联系起来,用差异要素的链接来说明普遍性,并认为这种普遍性是随时可以被颠覆了的普遍性。因此,"hegemony"这种社会主义策略不过是要把差异的人们临时集合起来而抗议社会不平等的社会运动。这种社会主义策略中包括了诸多困难和矛盾。

“Hegemony(领导权)”究竟是怎样的社会主义策略——拉克劳和墨菲的社会主义策略评介

实现人和人之间的平等是社会主义的核心价值之一。共运史中关于实现这种平等的路线之争历史久远,主要有列宁主义与第二国际的议会主义。第二国际的议会主义早已被列宁主义所否定,而列宁主义又由于苏东解体而饱受质疑。在这种历史境遇中,拉克劳和墨菲提出"Hegemony(领导权)"的社会主义新策略,这对当今的社会主义运动具有新的文化启迪意义。

Critical emancipatory reflection on a practice-based issue in relation to the working relationship between doctors and nurses in China

Objective: Reflection is viewed as the most significant skill and should be advocated for lifelong learning. In order to grasp the process of reflection and embrace the reflective skill, one of the authors of this paper reflects on a practice-based issue in relation to the communication between doctors and nurses, to gain new understanding and thus improve the authors' clinical practice.Methods: Smyth's framework with four stages is utilized as an ideal framework to guide the author's reflection on the practice-based issue to free the author from her entrenched assumptions and the oppressive forces that limit her practice.Results: The espoused and enacted theory, together with the critical reflection theory, are used to explore the values and beliefs that essentially govern the author's practice and how these are distinct from the author's worldviews. Following this, critical emancipatory reflection is undertaken to explore the dominant power structures within the author's workplace. Furthermore, given the hegemonic and chaotic working context of this issue, hegemony and symbolic interaction theory are applied to unearth the various hidden constraining and oppressive forces. Additionally, socialization theory is utilized to help the author achieve professional identity.Conclusions: Reconstructing the practice-based issue empowers the author to realize that in the future, she should act as a reflective practitioner, creating a daily habit, staying alert to practice, seeing things freshly, finding support systems, improving communication skills, conducting reflective research, and reifying reflective practice. Ultimately, the author will be sufficiently equipped to be able to transform her practice and change its outcomes.

The Imagined Other——Image of China in Kubla Khan

Said's Orientalism points out that the Occident is the interpreter and the Orient is the interpreted. The Occident has the privilege to interpret at will the history, culture, character and tradition of the Orient, in which the Occident finds its legitimate excuse in dominating and seizing the Orient. The paper presents an analysis of Coleridge's Kubla Khan in which China has been constructed as the 'Other'. In addition, it also demonstrates that cultural hegemony participates in the process of colonizing the world.

Fighting Against Heterosexual Hegemony:Queerness in Nightwood

Djuna Barnes, an American writer, is most associated with the development of English modernist writing of the twentieth century. Barnes's reputation as a writer was made when her second novel Nightwood was published in 1936 with an enthusiastic introduction by T.S. Eliot. Grounded mainly on queer theory, this paper analyzes Nightwood with its focus on the breakdown of the only two heterosexual marriages of the novel and intends to demonstrate that one of many aspects of the novel reflect the very core of queer theory.

Shifting Great Power Relations: Toward Consolidation of US Hegemony

The series of unilateral foreign policies taken by US President Donald Trump has worsened relations between the US and other powers including China, Russia, the EU and Japan, prompting their officials to turn to seeking bilateral arrangements when need arises. Though among these countries there is willingness to cooperate, the US seeks to consolidate hegemony. The US focus is to contain China and sanction Russia in economic and trade fields. In geopolitics and security, the EU and Japan are heavily dependent on the US and follow the US lead.

The Dilemma Between the Heterodox-the Orthodox Economics and Its Ideology

Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars of social classes. But no concept can describe sharp contrast in economics better than the two opponent concepts in economics： ＂orthodox＂ and ＂heterodox＂ economics. In this article, the reason why neo-classic economics, also called as orthodox economics, has a serious place in economic literature while the opponent＇s economic movements, named heterodox economics, do not defend only one ＂truth＂ and are not as important as orthodox economics will be examined. While doing this examination, Louis Althusser＇s ＂ideology＂ and Antonio Gramsci＇s ＂hegemony＂ will help us as these two concepts are quite instructive in understanding the irreplaceable significance of orthodox economics. As a result, by discussing alternative point of views about economics, positive emphasis of multivocality in economics literature will be revealed. On the other hand, every heterodox economics cannot criticize orthodox economics in the same way. In this study, institutional economics, which is accepted to be part of heterodox economics, will be discussed thoroughly. Institutional economics had a serious attitude against orthodox economics. In this study, generally the points in orthodox economics that institutional economics opposes will be emphasized, and although both economics approaches＇ ideological attitude will be attempted to be discussed generally, it will become easy to discuss the reason why heterodox economics developed an opposing ideology against the ideology of orthodox economics.

General Aspects of Financial Law

The aim of this article is to outline the general parts of the legal branch called financial law. It is intended as the first part of a series of articles outlineing the topic in detail. The aim of the submitted contribution is to demonstrate that the financial and legal aspects created the basis of economic development of the regions from the early beginnings of human society. Social relations constituting the subject-matter of the financial law had been developing, changing, and had become established before the financial law itself has been constituted. These relations seem to have been present from the very beginning of the existence of the human society. Regulatory acts associated with regulation of these relationships embodied solidarity and methodological specificities. The specificity of the subject-matter of regulation, solidarity and methodological specificities of the financial, and legal standards sufficiently define superstructure with a natural law character. The superstructure is based on constitutional system of national states after the EU integration has been completed on the EU law. As we can evaluate retrospectively, the transfer of fmanciallaw competencies in Brussels was a failiure. Since the political union was established through the Lisbon treaty in 2009 the European sovereign debt crisis emerged and ravaged the EU until today.

The Black Suits of Mayday:The Turkish Cypriot Opposition in a Period of Siege

The present article analyzes the emergence of the Turkish Cypriot state of exception in the period of intercommunal riots in Cyprus on two main levels.The first level identifies its structures and ideological aspects.The enclaves of the 1964-1974 period in Cyprus are treated as areas of exclusion and siege of the Turkish Cypriots.Therefore,they are studied as spaces that produce certain political activity against the“other”community,the Greek Cypriot community.The creation of the enclaves resulted from the armed violence of this decade;it was a direct response to an emergency situation which contributed,to a certain degree,and to the territorial and political partition of the two communities.Therefore,this article aims to describe the aspects of the nationalist hegemony and the efforts to reproduce its power through the activation of the threat.On a second level,the article studies the dynamics that led to the emergence of opposition forces and which eventually became an important aspect of the development of the Turkish Cypriot community.On this level,the paper examines the space where the Turkish Cypriots lived for a decade as areas where state power sovereignty,or the dominance of the nationalist elite,met with alternative forms of existence and with other notions of belonging that opposed the dominant ones.

Subalternity vs. Hegemony in the Development of Science in Cuba After the Revolution

Every developing country has to meet the challenge of overcoming a condition of subalterrnity. After the victory of the Revolution in 1959, Cuba tackled this challenge in a very original way, prioritizing the development of scientific and technical know-how and of an advanced scientific system. Moreover, it pursued this goal with an extremely open attitude, using characteristic Cuban resourcefulness while at the same time taking advantage of every possible support and collaboration. While the country was increasingly integrated into the Soviet system and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance （COMECON）, and therefore benefited from a close collaboration with the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries＇ higher education and scientific systems, nevertheless it constantly sought collaboration with scientists and institutions in other countries as well, in particular in the Western world. The most meaningful instance of this collaboration is the development since the 1980s of an advanced biotechnological and biomedical system, which was created independently by the Soviet Union. Quite remarkably, when the socialist system collapsed, though Cuba faced a critical situation, the strategic choice was made not to cut support to this scientific sector, but rather to reinforce it. At present Cuba produces and exports advanced and in some cases unique vaccines and drugs, and this sector ranks as third in the country＇s source of current hard currency.

A New Security Concept： Liquid Security

International institutions and understanding of security formed after the Second World War is increasingly becoming inefficient to deal with the necessities of security in our time. Moreover, the increase of the non-state actors and their influence on security led the way to new arguments that highlight individual security instead of state security such as ＂right of retention＂ which is a dispute between the Westphalia system and the liberal order. The possibility to provide security in all national or international levels with the understanding and the institutions of the past is diminishing. We now face a variety of challenges, both old and new, as well as a variety of opportunities to help shape conditions and events that will work both for us and for others. In essence, we have a ＂paradigm gap＂ and we recognize that the nature of international politics is a complex for the exercise of power and influence. In a world of continuing diversity, mistrust, and uncertainty, it is likely that the search for a more cooperative global society is likely to remain in conflict with the powerful pressures which exist for state and other political communities, to look after what they perceive to be their own sectional, national, or regional security against threats form without and within. Whether and how greater international and global security can be achieved, still remains the hardest nut of international politics to crack. Within this study, by introducing the concept of ＂liquid security＂ for the first time in terms of finding security solutions to the scope and variety of the 21st century, it is focused on the fundamental basis of the probable new international order and security understanding. Fundamental principle as the basis of liquid security is to ensure a cooperative global society in a standard and fair security system.

An Occupational Perspective of Occupational Therapy and the Medical Hegemony System in Malaysia—Exploration for Further Research

Occupational Therapy is critically underdeveloped in many developing countries in Asia. There are many internal and external barriers to the growth of the profession, including lack of willpower and lack of professional representation in the government. This article aims to communicate the postulations for its stagnation across developing countries in Asia. An analytical reflection and historical review of the barriers to the growth of occupational therapy in Malaysia was conducted. Leaders in the field who met the inclusion criteria, collaborated to shape the reconstructions using an occupational reconstruction approach. The reconstruction guided key critical reflections on the roots of daily experiences to relive the cooperative action to problem solve the issues encountered by the profession in Malaysia. Medical hegemony was found as the active suppressor of the health professions, and can be seen as being beyond reproach in the Asian’s medical model that created occupational injustices. These occupational injustices hinder the growth of Occupational Therapy, do not serve the patients, science or the overall healthcare system. Autocratic governance has a debilitating impact on health sciences and its workforce especially around badly oppressed Asian countries. A greater systematic approach is needed to examine the extent, effect, problem solve and remediate the magnitude of injustices over the last decade—to make way for an inclusive and affordable care system.

Rohingya Crisis: An Analysis Through a Theoretical Perspective

The large scale exodus of Rohingyas to Bangladesh,Indonesia,Malaysia,and Thailand as a consequence of relentless persecution by the Myanmar state has gained worldwide attention.UN Secretary General,Guterres called it“ethnic cleansing”and the“humanitarian situation as catastrophic”.This catastrophic situation can be traced back to the systemic and structural violence perpetrated by the state and the society wherein the Burmans and Buddhism are taken as the central rallying force of the narrative of the nation-state.This paper tries to analyze the Rohingya discourse situating it in the theoretical precepts of securitization,structural violence,and ethnic identity.The historical antecedents and particular circumstances and happenings were construed selectively and systematically to highlight the ethnic,racial,cultural,and linguistic identity of Rohingyas to exclude them from the“national imagination”of the state.This culture of pervasive prejudice prevailing in Myanmar finds manifestation in the legal provisions whereby certain peripheral minorities including Rohingyas have been denied basic civil and political rights.This legal-juridical disjunction to seal the historical ethnic divide has institutionalized and structuralized the inherent prejudice leveraging the religious-cultural hegemony.The newly instated democratic form of government,by its very virtue of the call of the majority,has also been contributed to reinforce this schism.The armed attacks by ARSA has provided the tangible spur to the already nuanced systemic violence in Myanmar and the Rohingyas are caught in a vicious cycle of politicization of ethnic identity,structural violence,and securitization.

The Power of Money in FS. Fitzgerald＇s The Great Gatsby

The topic of this paper is the pursuit of cultural studies focusing on cultural hegemony, introduces the notion of the dominant groups＇ power to control society. It will also raise the issue of how hegemonic classes live in 1920s. The objective is to analyze, using cultural studies, Antonio Gramsci＇s Hegemony, Scott Fitzgerald＇s The Great Gatsby in order to come to some conclusions about depictions of aristocratic classes and powers in order to dominate powerless groups. Specifically, the research focuses on Jay Gatsby＇s struggles to face the hegemony of aristocratic groups, whose affluent supremacy. In the story, the new moneyed group, represented by Jay Gatsby, lives in West Egg while the aristocratic group, represented by Tom Buchanan, lives in East Egg. Tom is always the winner because he comes from the aristocratic groups, whose prestigious family. Therefore, Gatsby always loses compete against Tom no matter how hard Gatsby tries. By learning Gatsby＇s struggle in this novel, we gain a better understanding of how other powerless groups, not only in American society, but also other society in the world, who also struggle to compete with the aristocratic groups.

State-Company Institutional Complementarities on Biomedical R & D in the US and Its Global Consequences

Financial accumulation and technological dominance by transnational biopharmaceutical companies-and its global consequences-have been an important research topic at innovation economics,institutional economics,and interational political economy literature.The United States is a privileged field for investigation,as it is home both for the companies that control the core of this industry and for the highest State-led investments on biomedical research and development(R&D).New analytical approaches that focus on State-Company interactions identify dysfiunctional relations on risks and rewards.However,a neglected angle on this debate is the geopolitical dynamics surrounding market concentration,knowledge control,and technological asymmetry in the biopharmaceutical sector.This paper combines a qualitative analysis of State-Company institutional complementarities in the biopharmaceutical sector,comprised by analysis of selected official documents,review of empirical data and a case study,with a theoretical investigation inspired on the institutional thought of Torstein Veblen,the structuralism of Susan Strange and the realistic approach to intemnational political economy of Jose Luis Fiori.We propose a new analytical framework in which State-Company interactions in the US are seen as symbiotic,taken under the systemic fiunctioning of a"medical-technological-financial-complex",what suggests"biopharmaceutical geopolitics"as an important feld for future studies.

Impacts of Globalization： Hegemonic Threats of English in Taiwan

With the spread of globalization and information technology, the status of English as a lingua franca worldwide is undisputable. Consequently, the impact of globalization on ELT （English language teaching） is phenomenal. In responding to the impact of global competitors and internationalization, English teaching is often regarded as a principal issue in education. English education is treated as a tool to keep up with the rapid globalization of the world economy. Discussing ELT in Taiwan as an example, this paper aims to raise caution among the periphery educators that under the impact of globalization, the imposition of western culture and language via ELT could be potentially hegemonic and harmful to the local culture and language. This paper will be organized into three parts. Firstly, the impact of globalization on the dominance of English will be discussed. Secondly, the potential threats of linguistic hegemony via ELT will be analyzed. Thirdly, proactive solutions to the hegemonic threats of ELT are proposed as the key to ride out the wave of globalization.

Global Governance and International Relations in the New Millennium

Undoubtedly,the first and second decades of the 21st century proved to be a time of unbelievable changes that history rarely contains.At the beginning of the new Millennium,the achievement of the United States,as the sole and hegemonic superpower,was followed by the 9/11 attack,one of the most audacious in history.The“war on terror”of President George W.Bush was put shortly out of control and provoked more broadly a new wave of terror and war all over the world.Later,the 2007/2008 financial crisis erupting in Wall Street and spreading to Europe jeopardize the role of the European Union as a pillar of peace and contributor to global governance,together with the United Nations.Moreover,its manu military alliance with the United States,through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO),in their offensive to dominate the Middle East,provoked a huge refugee crisis and the rise of populism in Europe.Is there a need for the European Union to change and disregard the American struggle to maintain its hegemonic position undermined by China and other rivals?Through the Theory of International Relations,this is to be uncovered and the consequence of weakened global governance,along with the European Union’s impoverished policies towards its most fragile European member states.

Capitalism, Internationalism, and Socialism in Times of Globalization

This paper will mention Marxist propositions, presented since the mid-19th century, about capitalism, socialism, and internationalism. According to Marx, socialism would replace capitalism and internationalism would occur through the dissolution of nation states. Later, Marxist circles presented a historical arrow in the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 socialism 〉 internationalism. Taking into account recent steps of globalization and measures imposed by national governments in the face of the deep financial crisis of 2008, it is interesting to compare the above theory with some historical events that have happened since the 19th century. Much has happened that Marx did not predict. Considering the world trajectory since the Second World War, it seems that the historical arrow has the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 internationalism 〉 hybridism of capitalism and socialism 〉？

Municipal Creativity:Approaches to Pluralistic Curatorship in the Israeli Art Scene

This study stems from the understanding of a particular difference between art in ancient times and contemporary art,for while ancient and traditional art were an integral part of one’s daily life,contemporary art is detached and viewing and responding to it is a matter of choice.Another difference lies in the alienation that can exist in contemporary art,which is often not understood by those who do not engage in art as a profession or are not versed in the field of art.As a result,a situation has arisen in today’s modern world in which art tends to be the property of a limited public only,and the curatorial work is ostensibly directed at them.This study seeks to change this situation through a method defined here as“pluralistic curatorship”,based on the principle of pluralism in Israeli society.A pluralistic approach already exists to some extent on the Israeli art scene,but pluralistic curatorship still requires a defined,cohesive,and structured outline.This study presents five approaches to achieving such pluralistic curatorship,with the first three sections discussing the theoretical aspects and the last two sections discussing its practical implementation.