Comparative Analyses of Height Growth Velocities of School Boys in South Korea and Japan in the Past 50 Years

The paper compares the height growth velocities of male schoolchildren in South Korea and Japan over the period 1961-2018. Growth in height was measured with the same birth cohorts, not by comparing mean height of ascending ages in the same year. Starting from a lower economic base and mean height in the 1960s, high school males aged 17 in South Korea became 3 cm taller in mean height than their Japanese peers in the mid-2000s versus 2 - 3 cm shorter in the 1960s through 1970s. Children in Japan ceased to grow taller by the end of the 1980s, not because they quit taking more animal-sourced foods, meat and milk, but because they had drastically steered away from fruit and vegetables in their diets since the end of the 1970s. Having largely converged economically with Japan, South Korean children ceased to grow any taller in the mid-2000s. More importantly, it was discovered in this study that successive cohorts in South Korea started to fall gradually but steadily in height growth velocity from 1st graders in middle school, aged 12 years to 3rd graders in high school, and aged 17 years, to be once again 3 cm below their Japanese peers in the early-2010s. Analysis of Korea Household Expenditure Surveys classified by age groups of household head, decomposed by the author, revealed that children under 20 years of age in South Korea began to steer away from fruit and, particularly, vegetables in their at-home consumption in the mid-1990s, to average only 15% of the level of older adults in their 50s in the mid-2010s. These results lend supports to the importance of fruit and vegetables as determinants in height and its growth velocities in two genetically similar nations over time and stages of economic growth.

Study of the Effects of Glucocorticoid on Growth and Adult Final Height in Children with Primary Nephrotic Syndrome

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of growth, as well as factors associated with growth retardation in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), and to investigate the effect of glucocorticoid (GC) use duration on growth retardation in these children. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data of 353 PNS children treated at our hospital from July 2014 to June 2015 were collected through the medical record management system. Height, weight, and GC usage were recorded. Follow-up assessments were conducted in August 2022 for the original group, recording height, weight, and GC usage. Height and weight were evaluated using standard deviation scores (SDS). Categorical data were analyzed using chi-square test while continuous measurement data were analyzed using t-test or rank-sum test. Linear regression was used to assess the association between two single independent variables, and logistic regression analysis was used to screen for risk factors related to growth retardation in children with PNS. Results: Among the 353 PNS children enrolled in this study, male-to-female ratio of 2.64:1 (256 males vs 97 females). A total of 119 children exhibited growth retardation, incidence rate of 33.71%. The duration of GC usage among those with growth retardation was significantly longer compared to those without it (762.81 ± 934.50 days vs 263.77 ± 420.49 days;p Conclusion: PNS children treated with GC have a high incidence of growth retardation, and a high proportion of short stature in adulthood, especially in children with growth retardation in childhood, most of them have short stature after grown up. Time of GC usage is a risk factor for growth retardation in children with PNS.

Response of photosynthesis,growth,and acorn mass of pedunculate oak to diff erent levels of nitrogen in wet and dry growing seasons

The objective was to examine the effects of optimal leaf nitrogen levels>2.0%and suboptimal levels<2.0%,nitrogen nutrition on net photo synthetic rate,stem diameter increment,height growth increment and acorn mass of pedunculate oak during 2010 in the absence of drought stress and during 2011 under the impact of moderate drought stress.According to the results,moderate drought stress significantly reduced net photo synthetic rate,stem diameter increment and height growth increment,while acorn mass was not affected.Suboptimal nitrogen nutrition significantly reduced the net photo synthetic rate and stem diameter increment only in the wet year,acorn mass in both wet and dry years,while height growth increment was not significantly reduced by suboptimal nitrogen nutrition in either year.The results indicate that optimal nitrogen levels can stimulate photo synthetic rate and stem diameter increment of pedunculate oak only in the absence of moderate drought stress.Moreover,the results show that moderate drought stress is a more dominant stressor for photosynthesis and growth of pedunculate oak than suboptimal nitrogen nutrition,while for acorn development,it is the more dominant stressor.

Height/Length and Weight Growth Curves and Growth References of Children Aged 0 - 7 in Chongqing by GAMLSS

Aim: Using the generalised additive model for location, the scale and shape (GAMLSS), the standard of height (length), weight and percentage curve of children were formulated to understand the growth law in Chongqing and to provide a reference for clinical and preventive health care work of paediatrics in West China. Methods: Data were collected from the health clinic dataset of children aged 0 - 7 years in the Department of Child Health Care of a Third-Class A hospital in Chongqing from 2010 to 2017. By applying the GAMLSS technology and taking D(μ, σ, ν, τ) as the specific distribution form, BCT as the link function, P-spline function and cubic splines function as the smoothing function, the unit value of age-specific standard deviation of height (length) and weight were obtained, and the percentile map was drawn. Results: Based on the principle of minimum AIC and SBC values, BCT distribution was chosen as the model of the link function. Fitting results of height (length) and weight parameters of boys and girls, standard deviation tables of age and percentile curves were obtained. Conclusions: This study was an exploration of using GAMLSS method to establish a reference value range in the field of children’s growth and development in China. It could supplement the relevant data of Chongqing area for Reference standard for growth and development of children under 7 years of age in China, and also provide a reference for the rational diagnosis of children’s short stature and malnutrition in Chongqing.

关于改善中枢性性早熟患儿身高获益的思考

随着遗传和环境等多种因素的改变,儿童性早熟的发病率逐渐增加,以改善身高为目的的性早熟治疗是临床关注的重点问题之一。目前,促性腺激素释放激素类似物(gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs,GnRHa)仍是首选治疗药物,但其对身高的改善作用受多种因素影响,可能导致身高获益低于预期。联合重组人生长激素(recombinant human growth hormone,rhGH)治疗是提高GnRHa疗效的可选治疗策略,然而联用时机等尚无明确推荐。基于性早熟治疗现状,重新审视单用GnRHa及联合rhGH治疗对身高的改善作用至关重要。该文探索了联合治疗适应证等策略,以期指导临床用药,帮助性早熟患儿实现更理想的身高获益。

升温情境中叶损对树木幼苗生长的影响

为探究升温能否在一定程度上抵消虫害叶损造成的负面影响,该研究采用控制变量法比较不同叶损程度下落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、红松(Pinus koraiensis)和冷杉(Abies fabri)幼苗当年的高生长以及来年不同温度下的萌芽情况。结果表明,当叶损程度达到50%时,落叶松幼苗当年的高生长会受到显著影响;而红松和冷杉在叶损程度达到75%时才会受到显著影响。室温下(13℃~18℃)落叶松来年的萌芽物候比20℃和25℃提前且高生长情况较好;红松和冷杉在室温下叶损75%会导致萌芽物候推迟且高生长受到影响,在20℃或25℃时,叶损造成的不利影响则会被削弱。因此,在未来变暖的情境中,推测红松和冷杉因虫害叶损造成的不利影响在一定程度上会被抵消,且对于虫害的抵抗和恢复亦明显高于落叶松。

中西医结合综合治疗特发性矮小症的临床价值分析

目的探讨分析对特发性矮小症患儿采用中西医结合综合治疗的临床疗效。方法90例特发性矮小症患儿开展本次研究,将所有患儿根据数字表法分为观察组与对照组,各45例。单独给予西医治疗的为对照组,采用中西医结合综合治疗的为观察组。比较两组的身高标准差及预测成年身高,消化系统及呼吸系统疾病的发生情况,生长因子水平。结果观察组身高标准差(-1.6±0.5)cm、预测成年身高(163.4±6.9)cm均优于对照组的(-1.9±0.7)、(156.7±5.4)cm(P<0.05)。观察组消化系统疾病发生率4.44%、呼吸系统疾病发生率8.89%均低于对照组的22.22%、28.89%(P<0.05)。观察组的胰岛素样生长因子-1为(195.5±25.8)ng/ml,胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3为(4.4±0.8)μg/ml;对照组的胰岛素样生长因子-1为(104.5±16.8)ng/ml,胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3为(2.4±0.4)μg/ml。观察组胰岛素样生长因子-1、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3均高于对照组(t=19.828、15.000,P=0.000、0.000<0.05)。结论对特发性矮小症患儿采用中西医结合综合治疗的临床疗效更为确切,可以使患儿的身高大幅增长,并提高患儿的自身免疫力,有必要在临床上大力推广。

Effect of first thinning and pruning on the individual growth of Pinus patula tree species

The effect of first thinning and pruning on height, diameter at breast height （DBH）, and volume growth was studied in individual trees of Pinus patula Schiede and Deppe in Chongoni Plantation, using four plots for thinning trials. Each of the plots was 0.5 ha and subjected to one of the fol- lowing silvicultural treatments： first thinning and pruning, first thinning and no pruning, pruning and no thinning, and control （no pruning and no thinning）. The silvicultural treatments were randomized in four replicates. Fourteen years after planting, the following parameters were measured including total height, DBH, and volume. The highest DBH and volume growth was observed in thinning and pruning, while the highest growth in height was observed where there was pruning and no thinning. Clearly, both thinning and pruning are an important manage- ment option in pine species plantations in Malawi to maximize the increase in volume productivity.

Growth and ecophysiology of seedlings of Podocarpus falcatus in plantations of exotic species and in a natural montane forest in Ethiopia

The potential role of exotic tree plantations in facilitating successional processes on degraded areas was evaluated in southern Ethiopia by comparing seedling characteristics, transpiration and photosynthetic performance of Podocarpus falcatus seedlings in Eucalyptus plantation, Pinus plantation, adjacent natural forest and clear-felled plantation site. P. falcatus seedlings exhibited differences in architecture between Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations. They had higher leaf area, shorter internode length and greater number of lateral branches in Eucalyptus plantation. At similar vapor pressure deficit （VPD）, P. falcatus transpired much less than E. saligna, especially at higher VPDs. Analysis of fluorescence parameters in the leaves showed no significant differences in the level of dark-adapted and light-adapted fluorescence yield （Fv/Fm and ΔF/Fm′, respectively）, electron transport rate （ETR） and nonphotochemical quenching （NPQ） among seedlings grown inside plantations and adjacent natural forest, indicating similar photosynthetic performance. Nevertheless, there was evidence of photoinhibition in P. falcatus in the clear-felled site which had low fluorescence yield but high values of NPQ as protection from photoamage. The light response curves of ETR, NPQ and ΔF/Fm′ showed similar light saturation behavior among the seedlings grown inside plantations and natural forest and suggested a sequence of light-adapted to shade-adapted behavior in Natural forest 〉 Eucalyptus plantation 〉 Pinus plantation. The results show the structural flexibility, better water-use and adaptability of P. falcatus in its use of the understory environment of plantation species.

1985—2019年中国18个少数民族17岁学生身高长期趋势分析

目的:分析1985—2019年我国18个少数民族17岁学生身高生长长期变化趋势。方法:提取7次中国学生体质与健康调研报告(除1991年)中蒙古族、回族、维吾尔族、壮族、朝鲜族、藏族、苗族、布依族、侗族、白族、土家族、哈尼族、傣族、傈僳族、佤族、纳西族、土族、羌族等18个少数民族学生身高均值进行研究。结果:34年间各少数民族男生17岁身高均值显著增长(P<0.05)。2019年18个少数民族17岁男学生中,回族男生身高均值最高(173.09 cm),苗族男生身高均值最低(162.66 cm),每10年身高增长>1 cm的民族有侗族(1.96 cm/10年)、白族(1.96 cm/10年)、土家族(1.95 cm/10年)、羌族(1.80 cm/10年)、回族(1.80 cm/10年)、蒙古族(1.79 cm/10年)、土族(1.72 cm/10年)、维吾尔族(1.63 cm/10年)、藏族(1.61 cm/10年)、布依族(1.55 cm/10年)、纳西族(1.52 cm/10年)、傣族(1.35 cm/10年)、傈僳族(1.29 cm/10年)、哈尼族(1.25 cm/10年)、壮族(1.16 cm/10年)、佤族(1.06 cm/10年);每10年身高增长<1 cm的民族是苗族(0.95 cm/10年)。2019年,18个少数民族17岁女学生中,回族女生身高均值最高(161.71 cm),布依族女生身高均值最低(151.63 cm),每10年身高增长>1 cm的民族分别是土家族(1.80 cm/10年)、回族(1.52 cm/10年)、土族(1.25 cm/10年)、白族(1.23 cm/10年)、侗族(1.18 cm/10年)、朝鲜族(1.12 cm/10年)、羌族(1.04 cm/10年);34年间除维吾尔族、苗族女生外,其余少数民族女生身高增长显著(P<0.05)。结论:我国少数民族男生均出现了较为明显的生长长期趋势,大部分少数民族女生出现了较为明显的生长长期趋势,各民族男女生身高增长不平衡,证明我国不同地区、不同少数民族学生生长潜力得以发挥,对于身高增长较慢的民族需要给予更高的关注,而对于那些身高增长较快的民族也要预防其带来的负面效应。

GROWTH OF MONGOLIAN OAK

The height fast growing period of oak seedling (Quercus mongolica) was between 25 to 30 years old but the diameter varied greatly. The maximum diurnal height increment of the investigated oak tree reached 3. 3 cm, but at daytime it was much greater than at night. The oak trees usually sprouted twice and even treble in the growing season. In natural oak stands. the volume rarely exceeded 200 m3/hm2 and the mean volume increment was only about 2 m3/hm2

“天潜沔”地区杨树人工林胸径-树高生长模型研究

以天门、潜江、仙桃地区杨树人工林为研究对象,通过2022年在该地区选取48块样地进行每木检尺,共测量731株杨树的生长量情况,作为建模数据。利用R软件对胸径-树高模型进行拟合,选用9个常用的胸径-树高模型。根据决定系数(R^(2))、均方根误差(RMSE)、残差平均和(SSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均相对误差(MRE)和Akaike信息量准则(AIC)6个评价指标来确定最优模型,同时以天门、潜江、仙桃地区2021年立地条件、初植密度基本一致的10个杨树人工林固定样地的胸径、树高数据为检验数据,检验最优模型的预测能力。结果表明:在1~9号模型中,4号拟合效果最佳,其模型表达式为H=1.0410D-0.0122D^(2),可以作为天门、潜江、仙桃地区杨树人工林胸径-树高基础模型。

南方典型红壤侵蚀区马尾松林立木生物量无人机遥感估测

以南方典型红壤侵蚀区长汀县河田镇为例,结合无人机与激光雷达产生的点云数据优势,通过局部最大值和分水岭算法反演单木树高(H)和冠层半径(R_(c)),拟合以H和R_(c)为变量组合的异速生长方程,得到以新冠层参数为底的马尾松立木生物量模型。结果表明:提取树高的决定系数(R^(2))和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.93和0.49 m;计算冠层半径的R2和RMSE分别为0.88和0.64 m;估算立木生物量的R^(2)和RMSE分别为0.89和3.37 kg。本研究通过无人机遥感影像定量参数并构建的异速生长方程中,以组合(H+R_(c))为底的异速生长方程估测马尾松林立木生物量的精度较高,可以有效估测马尾松林立木生物量,可为南方典型红壤侵蚀区马尾松林立木生物量准确估测提供参考。

自制生长贴联合rhGH治疗儿童特发性矮身材的临床疗效观察

目的探讨自制生长贴联合重组人生长激素(rhGH)对儿童特发性矮身材(ISS)的临床疗效。方法选取2022年1月至12月在襄阳市中医医院就诊的90例ISS患儿,随机分为对照组1、对照组2和实验组,每组30例。对照组1予以rhGH治疗,对照组2予以自制生长贴治疗,实验组予以生长贴联合rhGH治疗,疗程均为12个月,比较三组治疗前、后身高和骨龄的变化情况。结果与治疗前相比,三组治疗后的身高值和骨龄均有明显增长(P<0.05);组间比较,三组的治疗效果相当(P>0.05)。治疗后实验组的生长速率明显快于两组对照组(P<0.05)。结论自制生长贴联合rhGH治疗儿童ISS能显著增高患儿身高,值得临床推广应用。

根施不同植物生长调节剂对盆栽无花果株高和观赏性的影响

【目的】降低盆栽无花果株高并提高其观赏性。【方法】以无花果波姬红为试材,萌芽展叶后根施不同浓度的多效唑、烯效唑和矮壮素溶液,研究不同处理对叶片生长、结果能力和嫩梢生长的影响。【结果】结果表明,根施3种植物生长调节剂后,均降低了盆栽无花果叶长、叶宽、株高和冠幅,提高了叶绿素含量、单株结果数、单果质量、可溶性固形物质量分数和新梢基部粗度。【结论】不同处理中萌芽展叶后根施浓度40 mg/L烯效唑的综合效果最佳,建议在无花果盆景制作中参考应用。

碳酸钙D_(3)联合重组人生长激素对身材矮小症患儿生长发育的影响

目的探究碳酸钙D_(3)联合重组人生长激素对身材矮小症患儿生长发育的影响。方法选取2018年6月至2021年11月于西部战区总医院就诊的身材矮小症患儿114例。采用随机信封法分为对照组和观察组,各57例。对照组给予重组人生长激素注射液皮下注射治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联合碳酸钙D_(3)片口服治疗。2组患儿均连续治疗12个月。比较2组患儿治疗前后生长发育情况、骨代谢指标、生长因子水平及甲状腺功能,比较2组治疗期间不良反应总发生率。结果治疗后2组患儿身高、骨龄指数、骨龄年龄差水平均明显高于治疗前,且观察组明显高于对照组[(122±7)cm比(118±7)cm、(0.98±0.02)比(0.97±0.03)、(-0.36±0.05)比(-0.40±0.08)],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。治疗后观察组骨碱性磷酸酶、Ⅰ型原胶原氨基端前肽、25-羟基维生素D、胰岛素样生长因子1、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3水平均明显高于对照组,食欲刺激素水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。治疗后2组患儿促甲状腺激素、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸、游离甲状腺素水平差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。2组患儿不良反应总发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论碳酸钙D_(3)联合重组人生长激素可有效改善各类生长因子分泌水平,提升患儿骨质代谢水平,进而促进患儿生长发育,且对患儿甲状腺功能无明显影响,具有较好的安全性。

Crohn's disease and growth deficiency in children and adolescents

Nutritional concerns, linear growth deficiency, and delayed puberty are currently detected in up to 85% of patients with Crohn's disease(CD) diagnosed at childhood. To provide advice on how to assess and manage nutritional concerns in these patients, a Medline search was conducted using "pediatric inflammatory bowel disease", "pediatric Crohn's disease", "linear growth","pubertal growth", "bone health", and "vitamin D" as key words. Clinical trials, systematic reviews, and metaanalyses published between 2008 and 2013 were selected to produce this narrative review. Studies referring to earlier periods were also considered if the data was relevant to our review. Although current treatment strategies for CD that include anti-tumor necrosis factor-αtherapy have been shown to improve patients' growth rate, linear growth deficiencies are still common. In pediatric CD patients, prolonged diagnostic delay, high initial activity index, and stricturing/penetrating typeof behavior may cause growth deficiencies(in weight and height) and delayed puberty, with several studies reporting that these patients may not reach an optimal bone mass. Glucocorticoids and inflammation inhibit bone formation, though their impact on skeletal modeling remains unclear. Long-term control of active inflammation and an adequate intake of nutrients are both fundamental in promoting normal puberty. Recent evidence suggests that recombinant growth factor therapy is effective in improving short-term linear growth in selected patients, but is of limited benefit for ameliorating mucosal disease and reducing clinical disease activity. The authors conclude that an intense initial treatment(taking a "top-down" approach, with the early introduction of immunomodulatory treatment) may be justified to induce and maintain remission so that the growth of children with CD can catch up, ideally before puberty. Exclusive enteral nutrition has a key role in inducing remission and improving patients' nutritional status.