Analytical computation of magnetic field in coil-dominated superconducting quadrupole magnets based on racetrack coils

Currently,three types of superconducting quadrupole magnets are used in particle accelerators:cos 2θ,CCT,and serpentine.However,all three coil configurations have complex spatial geometries,which make magnet manufacturing and strain-sensitive superconductor applications difficult.Compared with the three existing quadrupole coils,the racetrack quadrupole coil has a simple shape and manufacturing process,but there have been few theoretical studies.In this paper,the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analytical expressions for the magnetic field in coil-dominated racetrack superconducting quadrupole magnets are presented.The analytical expressions of the field harmonics and gradient are fully resolved and depend only on the geometric parameters of the coil and current density.Then,a genetic algorithm is applied to obtain a solution for the coil geometry parameters with field harmonics on the order of 10^(-4).Finally,considering the practical engineering needs of the accelerator interaction region,electromagnetic design examples of racetrack quadrupole magnets with high gradients,large apertures,and small apertures are described,and the application prospects of racetrack quadrupole coils are analyzed.

变截面消声管道耦合Helmholtz腔结构的声学性能

基于局域共振理论与管道消声理论,设计了一种变截面消声管道耦合Helmholtz谐振腔的声学超材料结构,并运用COMSOL软件进行仿真研究.在此基础上,探讨了变截面声学超材料结构的几何参数对吸声系数峰值的影响,运用声学试验测试了该声学超材料结构的声学性能.结果表明:该变截面声学超材料结构在低频范围(200~600 Hz)内可实现良好的吸声效果;通过改变管道小孔的截面半径,可以实现声学超材料结构固有频率的定向调节;与普通Helmholtz腔相比,该声学超材料结构的吸声系数峰可在一定低频范围内移动,提高了结构在低频范围内的吸声效果,拓宽了吸声系数峰值对应频率的范围;声学超材料结构的几何参数得到了优化,具有良好的吸声效果.

内插缝Helmholtz共振腔吸声超结构的机理分析与优化设计

低频噪声一直是噪声控制领域比较棘手的问题,近年来吸声超结构的蓬勃发展为低频噪声控制提供了新理念.本文提出了一种内插缝Helmholtz共振腔吸声超结构,建立了其吸声特性计算的理论解析方法,并与数值计算方法对比,验证了解析方法的有效性.随后,从吸声曲线、简化等效模型、归一化声阻抗、声压云图与质点速度分布等多角度对吸声特性及吸声机理进行了深入分析.进一步,采用差分优化算法开展了多元胞并联耦合宽带优化设计,优化后典型超结构实现了90 mm厚度下在170—380 Hz低频段内平均吸声系数达到0.86的优异吸声效果.最后,制备了若干样件,开展吸声测试,实验结果与理论结果符合良好,验证了解析建模与优化设计方法的准确性.本文提出的内插缝Helmholtz共振腔吸声超结构具有结构简单、低频吸声性能好,且易于加工制造等特点,在低频噪声控制领域具有广阔的应用前景.

An efficient calibration method for SQUID measurement system using three orthogonal Helmholtz coils

For a practical superconducting quantum interference device（SQUID） based measurement system,the Tesla/volt coefficient must be accurately calibrated.In this paper,we propose a highly efficient method of calibrating a SQUID magnetometer system using three orthogonal Helmholtz coils.The Tesla/volt coefficient is regarded as the magnitude of a vector pointing to the normal direction of the pickup coil.By applying magnetic fields through a three-dimensional Helmholtz coil,the Tesla/volt coefficient can be directly calculated from magnetometer responses to the three orthogonally applied magnetic fields.Calibration with alternating current（AC） field is normally used for better signal-to-noise ratio in noisy urban environments and the results are compared with the direct current（DC） calibration to avoid possible effects due to eddy current.In our experiment,a calibration relative error of about 6.89 × 10-4is obtained,and the error is mainly caused by the non-orthogonality of three axes of the Helmholtz coils.The method does not need precise alignment of the magnetometer inside the Helmholtz coil.It can be used for the multichannel magnetometer system calibration effectively and accurately.

折叠特征的低频Helmholtz共振器的数值计算与实验研究

Helmholtz共振器可有效抑制共振频率处噪声。提出一种具备折叠特征的Helmholtz共振器。基于有限元分析,计算共振器在100至800 Hz频带内传输损失曲线,并根据传递函数法进行实验,验证数值计算的准确性。结果表明,在等体积条件下,具备折叠特征Helmholtz共振器有效频率更低,且在共振频率处传递损失达35 dB。使用响应面法对该共振器结构参数进行相关性分析,并获取结构参数对声学特征的影响。研究表明具备折叠特征的Helmholtz共振器能够有效降低共振频率,在低频降噪控制工程领域中具有广阔应用前景。

数值求解Helmholtz方程问题的超弱-傅里叶贝塞尔算法

应用超弱变分算法数值求解一类Helmholtz方程定解问题,算法使用傅里叶-贝塞尔函数进行逼近,改进了原有算法的数值模拟过程,使得数值计算过程更为简单,数值收敛速度更快,数值实验验证了算法的有效性。

Janus-Helmholtz换能器的振动模态谐振频率理论分析研究

Janus-Helmholtz换能器利用驱动振子纵向谐振与Helmholtz谐振腔的液腔谐振耦合,具有大功率、宽带声发射特性.传统观点认为导纳曲线中低频谐振峰对应液腔谐振频率,而高频谐振峰对应纵振动谐振频率,然而大量的实验研究发现该结论存疑.本文结合一只Janus-Helmholtz换能器实验样机的实验结果,运用等效电路法结合有限元法分析并求解了驱动振子纵向模态的谐振频率,使用有限元法分析并求解了Helmholtz谐振腔的液腔谐振频率.研究结果表明,与传统观点相反,导纳曲线中第1个谐振峰为驱动振子的纵向谐振,第2个谐振峰为Helmholtz谐振腔的液腔谐振;Janus换能器4个大尺寸辐射面带来的可观辐射质量是造成纵向振动谐振频率在水中大幅度下降的原因;Janus-Helmholtz换能器中存在两个等体积的Helmholtz共振腔而非传统认为的仅存在一个共振腔.这些结论对于正确认识Janus-Helmholtz换能器的结构及性能特性起到了正本清源的作用,也为优化创新该换能器的结构、改善换能器的声发射特性提供了技术支撑.

Design of new resonant magnetic perturbation coils on the J-TEXT tokamak

The resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP)system is a powerful auxiliary system on tokamaks.On the J-TEXT tokamak,a set of new in-vessel coils is designed to enhance the amplitude of the RMP.The new coils are designed to be two-turn saddle coils.These two-turn saddle coils have been optimized in terms of their structure,support,and protection components to overcome the limitations of the narrow in-vessel space,resulting in a compact coil module that can be accommodated in the vessel.To verify the feasibility of this design,an electromagnetic simulation is performed to investigate the electrical parameters and the generated field of the coils.A multi-field coupled simulation is performed to investigate the capacity of heat dissipation.As a result of these efforts,the new RMP coils have been successfully installed on the J-TEXT tokamak.It has significantly enhanced the RMP amplitude and been widely applied in experiments.

Gradient coil design with enhanced shielding constraint for a cryogen-free superconducting MRI system

The relatively fragile low-temperature stability of cryogen-free superconducting magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)magnets requires the careful management of exogenous heat sources.A strongly shielded gradient magnetic field is important for the optimal operation of cryogen-free MRI systems.In this study,we present an enhanced shielding method incorporating a regionalized stray field constraining strategy.By optimizing the constraint parameters,we could develop engineering-feasible gradient coil schemes without increasing system complexity but with the stray field intensity reduced by half.In real measurement in an integrated MRI system,the developed gradient assembly demonstrated good performance and supported to output images of excellent quality.Our findings suggested that the proposed method could potentially form a useful design paradigm for cryogen-free MRI magnets.

Effect of coil and chamber structure on plasma radial uniformity in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma

Enhancing plasma uniformity can be achieved by modifying coil and chamber structures in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma(ICP)to meet the demand for large-area and uniformly distributed plasma in industrial manufacturing.This study utilized a two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model to investigate how different coil configurations and chamber aspect ratios affect the radial uniformity of plasma in radio frequency ICP.The findings indicate that optimizing the radial spacing of the coil enhances plasma uniformity but with a reduction in electron density.Furthermore,optimizing the coil within the ICP reactor,using the interior point method in the Interior Point Optimizer significantly enhances plasma uniformity,elevating it from 56%to 96%within the range of the model sizes.Additionally,when the chamber aspect ratio k changes from 2.8 to 4.7,the plasma distribution changes from a center-high to a saddleshaped distribution.Moreover,the plasma uniformity becomes worse.Finally,adjusting process parameters,such as increasing source power and gas pressure,can enhance plasma uniformity.These findings contribute to optimizing the etching process by improving plasma radial uniformity.

Fuzzy Proportional Integral Derivative control of a voice coil actuator system for adaptive deformable mirrors

Research on adaptive deformable mirror technology for voice coil actuators(VCAs)is an important trend in the development of large ground-based telescopes.A voice coil adaptive deformable mirror contains a large number of actuators,and there are problems with structural coupling and large temperature increases in their internal coils.Additionally,parameters of the traditional proportional integral derivative(PID)control cannot be adjusted in real-time to adapt to system changes.These problems can be addressed by introducing fuzzy control methods.A table lookup method is adopted to replace real-time calculations of the regular fuzzy controller during the control process,and a prototype platform has been established to verify the effectiveness and robustness of this process.Experimental tests compare the control performance of traditional and fuzzy proportional integral derivative(Fuzzy-PID)controllers,showing that,in system step response tests,the fuzzy control system reduces rise time by 20.25%,decreases overshoot by 78.24%,and shortens settling time by 67.59%.In disturbance rejection experiments,fuzzy control achieves a 46.09%reduction in the maximum deviation,indicating stronger robustness.The Fuzzy-PID controller,based on table lookup,outperforms the standard controller significantly,showing excellent potential for enhancing the dynamic performance and disturbance rejection capability of the voice coil motor actuator system.

Mathematical Modelling and Design of Helical Coil Heat Exchanger for Production of Hot Air for Fluidized Bed Dryer

In global industrialization, efforts have been made to increase the rate of heat transfer in heat exchanger, minimizing the size of heat exchanger to reduce cost as well as increasing the effectiveness. Helical coil heat exchanger (HCHE) has been proven to be effective in improving heat transfer due to its large surface area. In this study, HCHE was designed to provide hot air needed for fluidized bed drying processes. The HCHE design model was fabricated and evaluated to study the efficiency of the hot air output for a laboratory fluidized bed dryer. The mathematical model for estimation of the final (output) temperature of air, Taf, passing through the HCHE was developed and validated experimentally. The drying of bitter kola particulates was carried out with a drying temperature of 50C 3C and a bed height-to-bed diameter ratio (H/D) of 1.5. The time taken to dry bitter kola particulates to 0.4% moisture content was 1 hour 45 minutes. Hence, HCHE is recommended for use in the production of hot for laboratory-scale fluidized bed dryers.

Regulating the inner Helmholtz plane structure at the electrolyte-electrode interface for highly reversible aqueous Zn batteries

The development of aqueous Zn batteries is limited by parasitic water reactions,corrosion,and dendrite growth.To address these challenges,an inner Helmholtz plane(IHP)regulation method is proposed by employing low-cost,non-toxic maltitol as the electrolyte additive.The preferential adsorption behavior of maltitol can expel the water from the inner Helmholtz plane,and thus hinder the immediate contact between Zn metal and H_(2)O.Meanwhile,strong interaction between maltitol and H_(2)O molecules can restrain the activity of H_(2)O.Besides,the"IHP adsorption effect"along with the low LUMO energy level of maltitol-CF_(3)SO_(3)^(-)can promote the in-situ formation of an organic-inorganic complex solid electrolyte interface(SEI)layer.As a result,the hydrogen/oxygen evolution side reaction,corrosion,and dendrites issues are effectively suppressed,thereby leading to highly reversible and dendrite-free Zn plating/stripping.The Zn‖I_(2)battery with hybrid electrolytes also demonstrates high electrochemical performance and ultralong cycling stability,showing a capacity retention of 75%over 20000 charge-discharge cycles at a large current density of 5 A g^(-1).In addition,the capacity of the device has almost no obvious decay over20000 cycles even at-30℃.This work offers a successful electrolyte regulation strategy via the IHP adsorption effect to design electrolytes for high-performance rechargeable Zn-ion batteries.

基于Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和界面剪切作用的扰动波高预测模型

环雾状流广泛存在于天然气等工业环境中,深入探究扰动波特性对了解环雾状流的演化规律有着重要意义。本文在内径为15mm的垂直管路中进行了不同工况条件下的环雾状流实验,分别利用电导环传感器和液膜收集系统测量了液膜厚度和夹带率,并通过双阈值方法从液膜时序信号中提取了扰动波高数据。探究了扰动波高和夹带率随气、液相流量和工况压力的变化规律,发现两者均随着液相流量的增大而增大,而随着气相流量和工况压力的增大,扰动波高呈下降趋势,夹带率呈上升趋势,验证了两者之间存在密切关联。然后分析了影响扰动波高的尺度参数,建立了基于Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和界面剪切作用的扰动波高预测模型,相对均方根误差rRMSE为4.05%,且98.7%的数据点都在±10.0%的误差以内,预测效果良好。最后,将新模型与现有的扰动波高关系式进行比较,预测精度和可扩展性都有了较大提高。

CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪在页岩气开发中的应用

CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪是目前最先进的便携式实时电磁检测设备,可有效地识别油管外径、椭圆度、壁厚、内外壁缺陷,是一种十分有效的连续油管检测系统。阐述了CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪的组成以及CoilScan连续油管在线检测原理,以涪陵页岩气田服务(通井作业)的一盘2in连续油管为例,探讨了CoilScan连续油管在线检测仪在页岩气开发中的应用,并制定了相应的连续油管在线检测标准:收到新的连续油管即进行检测;连续油管使用中应进行常规检测;井况比较苛刻、异常等非常规情形,建议作业完成后,再作业前进行一次检测;发现异常情况时需及时进行检测;其他情况如连续油管闲置待命超过6个月的,使用前需进行检测;连续油管使用满1年的,建议至少需要进行1次检测;连续油管必须建立独立档案进行统一管理。

一种腔室可调的Helmholtz型声子晶体的带隙研究

本文针对低频噪声的控制问题,设计了一种腔体结构可调的Helmholtz型声子晶体,该结构内腔由一活动伸缩螺杆连接的隔板分为上下两腔,并采用弓字形开口通道设计。采用有限元法对该结构的带隙特性与隔声特性进行了分析,并通过“声力类比”的方法构建了该结构在带隙起始频率与截止频率处的等效模型。研究表明,该结构在500 Hz以下频段内具有6条带隙,最低带隙频率可达31.34 Hz,且在每条带隙频段内都表现出了良好的隔声性能,最大隔声量可达111.95 dB。最后,通过调整伸缩螺杆,改变腔体结构布局,可将多条共振带隙相连,不仅可以构成一个较宽的带隙,而且可以达到调节隔声频段的目的。该设计为改善Helmholtz型声子晶体的隔声性能提供了新的设计思路。

PED+Coils与单纯PED治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤术后并发症的护理

目的探讨PED+Coils与单纯PED治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤并发症的护理。方法回顾性分析本中心连续使用PED治疗35例患者的临床资料,根据2组患者围术期并发症情况,有针对性地采取相应的护理方案,包括脑缺血的护理、脑出血的护理、神经功能障碍的护理、心理护理、专业的出院指导及延续性护理在随访中的应用等。结果 35例患者中,PED+Coils组15例,单纯PED组21例。手术成功率100%。共使用PED 40枚,支架开放不良5例,其中PED+Coils组4例,单纯PED组1例。缺血性并发症4例(11.4%),其中PED+Coils组1例(6.7%),单纯PED组3例(14.2%),均为轻微脑梗死。PED+Coils组出血性并发症1例,为导丝操作相关性,右侧肌力0级。经相关护理和康复指导,除1例永久致残性并发症患者外,其余患者无遗留神经功能缺失。1例永久致残性并发症患者给予专业的康复训练,出院时左侧上肢肌力3级,左下肢肌力4^-级。结论专业的护理是保证患者并发症预后的关键。

Dynamic Performance of High Speed Solenoid Valve with Parallel Coils

The methods of improving the dynamic performance of high speed on/off solenoid valve include increasing the magnetic force of armature and the slew rate of coil current, decreasing the mass and stroke of moving parts. The increase of magnetic force usually leads to the decrease of current slew rate, which could increase the delay time of the dynamic response of solenoid valve. Using a high voltage to drive coil can solve this contradiction, but a high driving voltage can also lead to more cost and a decrease of safety and reliability. In this paper, a new scheme of parallel coils is investigated, in which the single coil of solenoid is replaced by parallel coils with same ampere turns. Based on the mathematic model of high speed solenoid valve, the theoretical formula for the delay time of solenoid valve is deduced. Both the theoretical analysis and the dynamic simulation show that the effect of dividing a single coil into N parallel sub-coils is close to that of driving the single coil with N times of the original driving voltage as far as the delay time of solenoid valve is concerned. A specific test bench is designed to measure the dynamic performance of high speed on/off solenoid valve. The experimental results also prove that both the delay time and switching time of the solenoid valves can be decreased greatly by adopting the parallel coil scheme. This research presents a simple and practical method to improve the dynamic performance of high speed on/off solenoid valve.

Designing shielded radio-frequency phased-array coils for magnetic resonance imaging

In this paper, an approach to the design of shielded radio-frequency （RF） phased-array coils for magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） is proposed. The target field method is used to find current densities distributed on primary and shield coils. The stream function technique is used to discretize current densities and to obtain the winding patterns of the coils. The corresponding highly ill-conditioned integral equation is solved by the Tikhonov regularization with a penalty function related to the minimum curvature. To balance the simplicity and smoothness with the homogeneity of the magnetic field of the coll＇s winding pattern, the selection of a penalty factor is discussed in detail.

A novel approach to designing cylindrical-surface shim coils for a superconducting magnet of magnetic resonance imaging

For a superconducting magnet of magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）, the novel approach presented in this paper allows the design of cylindrical gradient and shim coils of finite length. The method is based on identification of the weighting of harmonic components in the current distribution that will generate a magnetic field whose z-component follows a chosen spherical harmonic function. Mathematical expressions which relate the harmonic terms in the cylin- drical current distribution to spherical harmonic terms in the field expansion are established. Thus a simple matrix inversion approach can be used to design a shim coil of any order pure harmonic. The expressions providing a spherical harmonic decomposition of the field components produced by a particular cylindrical current distribution are novel. A stream function was applied to obtain the discrete wire distribution on the cylindrical-surface. This method does not require the setting of the target-field points. The discussion referring to matrix equations in terms of condition numbers proves that this novel approach has no ill-conditioned problems. The results also indicate that it can be used to design cylindrical-surface shim coils of finite length that will generate a field variation which follows a particular spherical harmonic over a reasonably large-sized volume.