Cut-off value of glycated hemoglobin A1c for detecting diabetic retinopathy in the Chinese population

BACKGROUND Glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)is considered the most suitable for diabetes mellitus diagnosis due to its accuracy and convenience.However,the effect of HbA1c on diabetic retinopathy(DR)in the Han and Korean populations in Jilin,China,remains inconclusive.AIM To determine the best cut-off of HbA1c for diagnosing DR among the Chinese.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1933 participants from the Yanbian area of Jilin Province,China.Trained investigators employed a questionnaire-based survey,physical examination,laboratory tests,and fundus photography for the investigation.The best cut-off value for HbA1c was established via the receiver operating characteristic curve.The factors associated with HbA1c-associated risk factors were determined via linear regression.RESULTS The analysis included 887 eligible Chinese Han and Korean participants,591 of whom were assigned randomly to the training set and 296 to the validation set.The prevalence of DR was 3.27% in the total population.HbA1c of 6.2% was the best cut-off value in the training set,while it was 5.9% in the validation set.In both Chinese Han and Korean populations,an HbA1c level of 6.2% was the best cut-off value.The optimal cut-off values of fasting blood glucose(FBG)≥7 mmol/L and<7 mmol/L were 8.1% and 6.2% respectively in Han populations,while those in Korean populations were 6.9%and 5.3%,respectively.Age,body mass index,and FBG were determined as the risk factors impacting HbA1c levels.CONCLUSION HbA1c may serve as a useful diagnostic indicator for DR.An HbA1c level of 6.2% may be an appropriate cut-off value for DR detection in the Chinese population.

Glycated hemoglobin A1C and diabetes mellitus in critically ill patients

BACKGROUND:Hyperglycemia has been detected in many critically ill patients in the department of emergency medicine.But its mechanism and prognosis have not been well elucidated.In this study,we measured the serum level of glycated hemoglobin A1C(HbA1c) in critically ill patients to evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia on the prognosis of the patients.METHODS:A total of 826 critically ill patients,who had been treated at the Department of Emergency Medicine of Chaoyang Hospital during October 2006 and November 2007,were divided into a diabetes mellitus group(n=184) and a non-diabetes mellitus group(642) according to whether they had diabetes mellitus.Fasting glucose and HbA1 c were measured in all patients.Those in the diabetes mellitus group were further assigned to a drug therapy subgroup and a non-drug therapy subgroup;the serum level of HbA1 c and its relationship with short-term outcome were evaluated.RESULTS:Fasting glucose increased in 78.8% of the patients(88.6%in the diabetes mellitus group,and 75.9%in the non-diabetes mellitus group,P<0.05),and HbA1 c was elevated in 45.5% of the patients(78.3% in the diabetes mellitus group,and 36.1%in the non-diabetes mellitus group,P<0.01).Fasting glucose,HbA1 c and 28-day mortality were improved more significantly(P<0.01) in the drug therapy subgroup than in the non-drug therapy subgroup.The 28-day mortality was more significantly different in patients with fasting blood glucose >8.33 mmol/L than in those with fasting blood glucose <8.33 mmol/L.CONCLUSIONS:Hyperglycemia of critically ill patients could not totally attribute to stress response,especially in those who have no history of diabetes mellitus.Prognosis of hyperglycemia may vary among critically ill patients.

Hemoglobin Fukuoka caused unexpected hemoglobin A1c results: A case report

BACKGROUND Glycated hemoglobin(Hb)(HbA1c)is an indicator that is used to diagnose and monitor the treatment of diabetes.Many factors can affect the detection of HbA1c.One of the most important of these factors is the Hb variant.Here,we report a rare Hb variant and evaluate its effect on HbA1c.CASE SUMMARY A 35-year-old man was suspected of harboring an Hb variant following the measurement of HbA1c with the Variant II Turbo 2.0 Hb detection system during a routine examination.Subsequently,we used the Arkray HA-8160 and ARCHITECT c4000 system to reanalyze HbA1c.Finally,the Hb variant was detected with a Capillary2FP analyzer that operates on the principle of capillary electrophoresis.We also used gene sequencing to investigate the mutation site.The value of HbA1c detected with the Variant II Turbo 2.0 system was 52.7%.However,the Arkray HA-8160 system did not display a result while the ARCHITECT c16000 system showed a result of 5.4%.The Capillary2FP analyzer did not reveal any abnormal Hb zones.However,gene sequencing identified the presence of a mutation in the Hbβ2 chain[CD2(CAC>TAC),His>Tyr,HBB:c.7C>T];the genotype was Hb Fukuoka.CONCLUSION Hb variants could cause abnormal HbA1c results.For patients with Hb variants,different methods should be used to detect HbA1c.

Metabolic syndrome does not affect sustained virologic response of direct-acting antivirals while hepatitis C clearance improves hemoglobin A1c

AIM To determine whether successful treatment with direc-tacting antivirals(DAA) is associated with improvements in hemoglobin A1 c(HbA1 c) and if type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM) or metabolic syndrome affects sustained virologic response(SVR).METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of all hepatitis C virus(HCV) patients at the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System treated with varying DAA therapy between 2014-2016. Separate multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine predictors of HbA1 c decrease ≥ 0.5 after DAA treatment and predictors of SVR 12-wk post treatment(SVR12).RESULTS A total of 1068 patients were treated with DAA therapy between 2014-2016. The presence of T2 DM or metabolic syndrome did not adversely affect SVR12. 106 patients had both HCV and T2 DM. Within that cohort,patients who achieved SVR12 had lower mean HbA1 c pre treatment(7.35 vs 8.60,P = 0.02),and lower mean HbA1 c post-treatment compared to non-responders(6.55 vs 8.61,P = 0.01). The mean reduction in HbA1 c after treatment was greater for those who achieved SVR12 than for non-responders(0.79 vs 0.01,P = 0.03). In adjusted models,patients that achieved SVR12 were more likely to have a HbA1 c decrease of ≥ 0.5 than those that did not achieve SVR12(adjusted OR = 7.24,95%CI: 1.22-42.94). CONCLUSION In HCV patients with T2 DM,successful treatment with DAA was associated with a significant reduction in HbA1 c suggesting that DAA may have a role in improving insulin sensitivity. Furthermore,the presence of T2 DM or metabolic syndrome does not adversely affect SVR12 rates in patients treated with DAA.

Editorial on hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure, and lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol goals in diabetics

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2013 guidelines state that a reasonable hemoglobin A1c goal for many nonpregnant adults with diabetes is less than 7.0% a hemoglobin A1c level of less than 6.5% may be considered in adults with short duration of diabetes, long life expectancy, and no significant cardiovascular disease if this can be achieved without significant hypoglycemia or other adverse effects of treatment. A hemoglobin A1c level less than 8.0% may be appropriate for patients with a history of severe hypoglycemia, limited life expectancy, advanced macrovascular and microvascular complications, extensive comorbidities, and long-standing diabetes in whom the hemoglobin A1c goal is difficult to attain despite multiple glucoselowering drugs including insulin. The ADA 2013 guidelines recommend that the systolic blood pressure in most diabetics with hypertension should be reduced to less than 140 mmHg. These guidelines also recommend use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker in the treatment of hypertension in diabetics unless they are pregnant. Diabetics at high risk for cardiovascular events should have theirserum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowered to less than 70 mg/dL with statins. Lower-risk diabetics should have their serum LDL cholesterol reduced to less than 100 mg/dL. Combination therapy of a statin with either a fibrate or niacin has not been shown to provide additional cardiovascular benefit above statin therapy alone and is not recommended. Hypertriglyceridemia should be treated with dietary and lifestyle changes. Severe hypertriglyceridemia should be treated with drug therapy to reduce the risk of acute pancreatitis.

Development of Disposable Single-Use Biosensor for Fructosyl Valine and Glycated Hemoglobin A1c

A novel amperometric biosensor prototype was fabricated using screen printing technique. The disposable single-use strips were made from conductive carbon ink and modified with fructosyl amino acid oxidase. The electrodes and conducting paths were made solely with carbon ink and characterized by conductivity and cyclic voltammetry. The biosensor showed high current output, large linearity, and effectiveness for fructosyl valine as well as human blood samples. Amperometric studies were carried out using both fructosyl valine and human blood samples. With 5 uL sample volume, the biosensor showed strong amperometric response with good linearity for a wide range (0 to 8 mM). Diabetic and healthy blood samples showed sufficient difference in their amperometric responses that correlate well with their different hemoglobin A1c levels. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using this type of inexpensive single-use biosensor strips as the basis for determining hemoglobin A1c levels for diabetic patients.

The effect of weight loss on fasting blood sugars and hemoglobin A1c in overweight and obese diabetics and non-diabetics

BACKGROUND: Diet and exercise are recommended first line treatment for overweight, obese, and diabetic patients with the goal of decreasing weight and improving glycemic control. The goal of this study was to determine the effect that a low calorie diet and behavioral modification program, as implemented by a medically supervised weight loss program, would have on the fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c in overweight or obese diabetic and over-weight or obese non-diabetic participants. METHODS: Charts from 2009 to 2010 were reviewed for 310 diabetic and non-diabetic patients enrolled in the Via Christi Weight Management (VCWM) program in Wichita, Kansas. Data were collected before and after patients underwent a program of meal replacements and weekly physical activity lasting 12 weeks. Variables included pre and post treatment fasting blood sugars, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, percent body weight lost, and diabetes status. RESULTS: Diabetic participants lost an average of 11.7% of their initial body weight (IBW), and non-diabetic patients lost 12.5% of their IBW over the treatment course. Post-treatment average fasting blood glucose (FBG) decreased in both diabetics and non-diabetics by 15.53 mg/dL and 8.46 mg/dL, respectively (p = 0.08). Diabetic patients experienced a significant decrease of 0.83% from pre to post-treatment in hemoglobin A1c. For diabetic and non-diabetic groups, the changes in FBG were correlated with the change in weight. CONCLUSIONS: Diet and exercise, as prescribed by the VCWM program, is effective in reducing hemoglobin A1c in diabetics and reducing fasting blood sugars in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

Scleredema Diabeticorum in a Patient with the Normal Range of the Hemoglobin A1c Level and Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Scleredema diabeticorum is an uncommon skin disorder showing a diffuse, symmetrical, and non-pitting persistent in-duration developing initially on the nape. It usually occurs in patients with poorly controlled or insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. We present a 57-year-old woman with scleredema diabeticorum with hemoglobin A1c 6.1% (normal, 4.7% - 6.2%) and impaired glucose tolerance. Alcian blue staining at pH 7.0 illustrated deposits of acid mucopolysaccharides between the collagen bundles in the reticular dermis, but the staining at pH 1.5 did not show the deposits. This case indicates that scleredema diabeticorum may be an early indicator of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in some cases, and that impaired glucose tolerance test should be performed for individuals with scleredema even though the hemoglobin A1c level is within the normal range.

血清D-D、GSP、HbA1c水平对妊娠糖尿病的临床意义

目的 探究检测血清D-二聚体(D-D)、糖化血清蛋白(GSP)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)表达水平在妊娠糖尿病中的临床意义。方法 选取2020年1月至2022年12月于郑州大学第二附属医院就诊117例妊娠糖尿病患者为研究组,同期选择117例体检健康孕妇作为对照组进行研究,比较两组血清D-D、GSP、HbA1c水平及稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),采用Pearson分析入院时血清D-D、GSP、HbA1c水平与HOMA-IR相关性,受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清D-D、GSP联合HbA1c水平检测对妊娠糖尿病病情程度的评估价值。结果 与对照组相比,研究组血清D-D、GSP、HbA1c水平及HOMA-IR均升高(P<0.05)。不同病情程度孕妇的血清D-D、GSP、HbA1c水平及HOMA-IR指数比较:重度>中度>轻度(P<0.05)。血清D-D、GSP、HbA1c水平与HOMA-IR均呈正相关(r=0.671、0.715、0.696,P<0.05)。产检时血清D-D、GSP、HbA1c水平联合诊断中度、重度妊娠糖尿病的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.859、0.873,最佳敏感度分别为95.64%、96.30%,特异度分别为76.12%、78.26%。结论 血清D-D、GSP、HbA1c水平联合检测可为临床评估妊娠糖尿病病情程度提供可靠参考依据。

Correlation between cerebral neurotransmitters levels by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is the main manifestation of central neuropathy.Although cognitive impairments tend to be overlooked in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM),there is a growing body of evidence linking DM to cognitive dysfunction.Hyperglycemia is closely related to neurological abnormalities,while often disregarded in clinical practice.Changes in cerebral neurotransmitter levels are associated with a variety of neurological abnormalities and may be closely related to blood glucose control in patients with type 2 DM(T2DM).AIM To evaluate the concentrations of cerebral neurotransmitters in T2DM patients exhibiting different hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)levels.METHODS A total of 130 T2DM patients were enrolled at the Department of Endocrinology of Shanghai East Hospital.The participants were divided into four groups according to their HbA1c levels using the interquartile method,namely Q1(<7.875%),Q2(7.875%-9.050%),Q3(9.050%-11.200%)and Q4(≥11.200%).Clinical data were collected and measured,including age,height,weight,neck/waist/hip circumferences,blood pressure,comorbidities,duration of DM,and biochemical indicators.Meanwhile,neurotransmitters in the left hippocampus and left brainstem area were detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.RESULTS The HbA1c level was significantly associated with urinary microalbumin(mALB),triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),and beta cell function(HOMA-β),N-acetylaspartate/creatine(NAA/Cr),and NAA/choline(NAA/Cho).Spearman correlation analysis showed that mALB,LDL-C,HOMA-IR and NAA/Cr in the left brainstem area were positively correlated with the level of HbA1c(P<0.05),whereas HOMA-βwas negatively correlated with the HbA1c level(P<0.05).Ordered multiple logistic regression analysis showed that NAA/Cho[Odds ratio(OR):1.608,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.004-2.578,P<0.05],LDL-C(OR:1.627,95%CI:1.119-2.370,P<0.05),and HOMA-IR(OR:1.107,95%CI:1.031-1.188,P<0.01)were independent predictors of poor glycemic control.CONCLUSION The cerebral neurotransmitter concentrations in the left brainstem area in patients with T2DM are closely related to glycemic control,which may be the basis for the changes in cognitive function in diabetic patients.

FPG、HbA1c水平变化与老年2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者视力严重程度的关系

目的 探究空腹血糖(Fasting Blood Glucose, FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c)水平变化与老年2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者视力严重程度的关系。方法 选取2020年6月—2022年6月泉州市泉港区医院收治的92例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,根据有无视网膜病变分为非视网膜病变组48例、视网膜病变组44例;根据视力损伤严重程度将视网膜病变患者分为轻度组15例、中度组14例、重度组15例。所有患者入院次日检测空腹血糖和视力情况,分析不同组间FPG、HbA1c水平;Pearson相关性分析FPG、HbA1c水平变化与患者视力严重程度关系。结果 视网膜病变组FPG和HbA1c水平均明显高于非视网膜病变组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。中重度组FPG和HbA1c水平均明显高于轻度组,且重度组高于中度组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。FPG、HbA1c与糖尿病视网膜病变患者视力损伤程度呈正相关(r=0.436、0.531,P均<0.001)。结论 老年2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者FPG与HbA1c水平与视力损伤程度呈正相关。

不同性别2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白A1c和尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐与血清白蛋白、尿酸、肌酐及甘油三脂的相关性研究

目的分析不同性别2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖化血红蛋白A1c(HbA1c)、尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐(ACR)与血清白蛋白(ALB)、血清尿酸(SUA)、血清肌酐(SCr)、甘油三酯(TG)的相关性。方法回顾性分析2020年7月至2021年7月微山县人民医院内分泌科收治住院的597例2型糖尿病患者的临床资料,所有患者均进行血液样本、尿液样本检测。比较不同性别T2DM患者临床资料,采用Person相关分析不同性别T2DM患者HbA1c、ACR与ALB、SUA、SCr、TG的相关性。结果男性T2DM患者SUA、SCr水平及体重指数(BMI)均高于女性患者,血清球蛋白(GLB)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(APOA1)水平均低于女性患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同性别患者年龄及HbA1c、胱抑素C(Cys-C)、ALB、总胆固醇(TC)、TG、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白B(APOB)水平和ACR比较差异无统计学意义。不同性别患者HbA1c与ALB、SUA、SCr均呈负相关(r<0,P<0.05),与TG均无相关性,ACR与ALB均呈负相关(r<0,P<0.05);男性患者ACR与TG呈正相关(r>0,P<0.05),与SUA、SCr无相关性;女性患者ACR与SUA呈正相关(r>0,P<0.05),与SCr、TG均无相关性。结论T2DM患者在控制血糖的同时可避免血清ALB的下降,男性T2DM患者在降低TG的同时可减少ACR,女性患者获益不明显。

血清FPG、2 hPG和HbA1c在妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中的诊断价值分析

目的分析空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2-hour postprandial plasma glucose,2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)在妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)孕妇中的诊断价值。方法选取2021年11月—2023年11月福建省三明市建宁县妇幼保健院收治的200例GDM孕妇纳入观察组,另将同期于本院行产前检查的198名健康孕妇纳入对照组。比较两组FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c水平,并描绘受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,探究FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c诊断GDM的价值。结果观察组FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c联合诊断GDM的曲线下面积为0.957,高于三者单独诊断,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c在GDM孕妇体内呈异常高表达,3项指标联合可有效诊断出GDM。

血清GSP、HbA1c、IGF-1水平与妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠结局的相关性及其联合检测对不良妊娠结局的早期预测价值

目的:探讨血清糖化血清蛋白(Glycosylated serum protein,GSP)、糖化血红蛋白(Glycated hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)、胰岛素样生长因子1(Insulin-like growth factors-1,IGF-1)水平与妊娠期糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者妊娠结局的相关性,及其联合检测对不良妊娠结局的预测价值。方法:选取2021年5月至2023年5月新郑华信民生医院收治的127例孕24~28 w的确诊GDM患者作为研究对象的GDM组,另选取同期孕期检查的127例孕24~28 w健康孕妇作为研究对象的正常对照组。比较GDM组和正常对照组入组时血清GSP、HbA1c、IGF-1水平;根据妊娠结局将127例GDM患者分为不良妊娠结局和良好妊娠结局,比较不良妊娠结局GDM患者和良好妊娠结局GDM患者入组时血清GSP、HbA1c、IGF-1水平;分析入组时血清GSP、HbA1c、IGF-1水平与GDM患者不良妊娠结局的相关性。分析入组时血清GSP、HbA1c、IGF-1水平联合检测对GDM患者不良妊娠结局的早期预测价值。结果:GDM组入组时血清GSP、HbA1c水平高于正常对照组,血清IGF-1水平低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。不良妊娠结局GDM患者入组时血清GSP、HbA1c水平高于良好妊娠结局者,血清IGF-1水平低于良好妊娠结局者(P<0.05);入组时血清GSP、HbA1c水平与不良妊娠结局呈正相关,血清IGF-1水平与不良妊娠结局呈负相关(P<0.05)。入组时血清GSP、HbA1c、IGF-1水平联合检测预测GDM患者不良妊娠结局的曲线下面积(Area under curve,AUC)为0.872,高于各项指标单独检测的0.738、0.776、0.723(P<0.05)。结论:入组时血清GSP、HbA1c、IGF-1水平与GDM患者不良妊娠结局的发生密切相关,其联合检测可作为临床早期预测GDM患者不良妊娠结局的血清学指标。

Effects of traditional Chinese exercises on blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Traditional Chinese exercises(TCEs)have a positive effect on glycemic control and hemoglobin A1 c(HbA1 c),but there is no consensus on the benefits of TCEs for patients with prediabetes.Objective:The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the effects of TCEs on blood glucose control in patients with prediabetes.Search strategy:Comprehensive retrieval of randomized controlled trials(RCTs)was carried out using PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals,Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform,China Biology Medicine disc,Google Scholar and Baidu academic databases.The retrieval window ranged from the establishment of the database to December 2018,and references related to the included trials were searched without language restrictions.Inclusion criteria:The study included RCTs with a clinical diagnosis of prediabetes that was also treated with TCEs.Data extraction and analysis:Literature screening,data extraction and literature quality assessment were performed independently by two researchers.In the case of disagreement,a third party was invited to negotiate and make a decision.Standardized mean difference(SMD)was used to estimate the therapeutic effect.Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3.5 and Stata 15.0.Heterogeneity was assessed using Q test and I2,and the source of heterogeneity was determined using Galbraith diagram and sensitivity analysis.A Q test resulting in P<0.1 and I2>50%indicated significant difference and random effect model analysis was performed.Otherwise,a fixed effect model was applied.Begg’s and Egger’s tests were used to assess publication bias.Results:Nine RCTs involving 485 participants were included in this study.The results showed that TCEs could reduce fasting blood glucose(FBG),2 h blood glucose(2 hPBG)and HbA1 c in patients with prediabetes.The treatment subgroup showed that an intervention of 6 months had better results,while the Gongfa subgroup showed that the TCE Baduanjin yielded better results.(1)FBG:SMD=à0.73,95%confidence interval(CI)[à0.97,à0.50],P<0.00001;Baduanjin:SMD=à0.83,95%CI[à1.13,à0.53],P<0.00001;6-month treatment:SMD=à0.73,95%CI[à1.20,à0.26],P=0.002.(2)2 hPBG:SMD=à0.75,95%CI[à0.94,à0.57],P<0.00001;Baduanjin:SMD=à0.62,95%CI[à0.91,à0.32],P<0.00001;6-month treatment:SMD=à0.91,95%CI[à1.39,à0.44],P=0.0002.(3)HbA1 c:SMD=à0.56,95%CI[à0.89,à0.23],P=0.00008;Baduanjin:SMD=à0.46,95%CI[à0.83,à0.08],P=0.02;6-month treatment:SMD=à0.77,95%CI[à1.24,à0.29],P=0.002.Conclusion:TCEs had positive effects in improving blood glucose levels in patients with prediabetes.Hence,TCEs may be of potential therapeutic value for patients with prediabetes,as an adjuvant therapy along with other treatments.Although the evidence suggests that the intervention is effective for6 months,the mechanism of TCEs on glycemic control,the minimum exercise dose and their safety remain to be further studied.

Prognostic significance of the hemoglobin A1c level in non-diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis

Background:The predictive value of hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)levels in non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)is still controversial.This study aimed to evaluate whether HbA1c levels were independently associated with adverse clinical outcomes in non-diabetic patients with coronary artery disease(CAD)who had undergone PCI by performing a meta-analysis of cohort studies.Methods:This meta-analysis included non-diabetic patients with CAD who had undergone PCI.A systematic search for publications listed in the PubMed,Embase,and Cochrane Library databases from commencement to December 2018 was conducted.Studies evaluating the adverse clinical outcomes according to abnormal HbA1c levels in non-diabetic patients diagnosed with CAD who had undergone PCI were eligible.The primary outcomes were long-term all-cause deaths and long-term major adverse cardiac events,and the secondary outcome was short-term all-cause deaths.The meta-analysis was conducted with RevMan 5.3 and Stata software 14.0.Odds ratios(ORs)were pooled using a random or fixed-effects model,depending on the heterogeneity of the included studies.Sub-group analysis or sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity,when necessary.Results:Six prospective cohort studies involving 10,721 patients met the inclusion criteria.From the pooled analysis,abnormal HbA1c levels were associated with increased risk for long-term all-cause death(OR 1.39,95%confidence interval[CI]1.16-1.68,P=0.001,I2=45%).Sub-group analysis suggested that abnormal HbA1c levels between 6.0%and 6.5%predicted higher long-term major adverse cardiac event(including all-cause deaths,non-fatal myocardial infarction,target lesion revascularization,target vessel revascularization,recurrent acute myocardial infarction,heart failure requiring hospitalization,and stent thrombosis)risk(OR 2.05,95%CI 1.46-2.87,P<0.001,I2=0).Contrarily,elevated HbA1c levels were not associated with increased risk of short-term all-cause death(OR 1.16,95%CI 0.88-1.54,P=0.300,I2=0).Conclusions:An abnormal HbA1c level is an independent risk factor for long-term adverse clinical events in non-diabetic patients with CAD after PCI.Strict control of HbA1c levels may improve patient survival.Further studies in different countries and prospective cohort studies with a large sample size are required to verify the association.

糖尿病性骨质疏松患者雌激素受体α基因XbaI(rs9340799)SNP和HbA1c水平交互作用与疾病易感性分析

目的探讨糖尿病性骨质疏松症(diabetic osteoporosis,DO)患者雌激素受体α(estrogen receptorα,ERα)基因XbaI(rs9340799)单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)和糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)水平交互作用与疾病易感性的关系。方法选择2019年2月~2021年11月于如皋市人民医院就诊的DO患者117例,T2DM患者112例和108例健康体检者(对照组)。采用高效液相层析法(high pressure liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定三组人群的HbA1c水平,并通过双脱氧末端终止法(Sanger法)检测三组人群ERa基因XbaI(rs9340799)SNP。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析DO发生的危险因素,估算ERa基因XbaI39.32SNP和HbA1c水平与DO发病风险的调整比值比(odds ratio,OR)及95%置信区间(95%confidence interval,95%CI),分析XbaI SNP与HbA1c水平的交互作用。结果对照组、T2DM组和DO组患者HbA1c水平分别为5.07%±0.85%,7.94%±1.32%和9.23%±1.40%,差异有统计学意义(F=26.671,P<0.05)。DO组、T2DM组和对照组AA基因频率(11.11%,33.93%和46.30%)、AG基因频率(49.57%,39.28%和33.33%)、GG基因频率(39.32%,26.79%和20.37%),差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=37.174,10.600,14.307,均P<0.05)。DO组、T2DM组和对照组等位基因A基因频率(36.75%,61.61%和74.07%)、等位基因G基因频率(63.25%,38.39%和25.93%)差异均有统计学意义(均χ^(2)=36.305,P<0.001)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,HbA1c水平和ERa基因XbaI(AG/GG)与DO的发生显著相关(P<0.05)。单纯6.5%≤HbA1c<9.0%的OR_(e1)为6.231,单独携带XbaI(AG)型的OR_(g1)为5.384,二者同时存在时交互作用OR_(e1g1)为33.978,交互系数γ=β_(e1g1)/β_(e1)>1,OR_(e1g1)>OR_(e1)×OR_(g1)为超相乘模型。6.5%≤HbA1c<9.0%和XbaI(AG/GG)、HbA1c≥9.0%和XbaI(AG/GG)均存在正向交互作用(均γ>1)。结论携带XbaI(AG)和XbaI(GG)基因型的个体属DO高危人群,这些基因型和HbA1c水平的交互作用促进了DO的发生发展,临床可通过控制HbA1c水平以及基因调控达到预防DO的目的。

Hemoglobin structure at higher levels of hemoglobin A1C in type 2 diabetes and associated complications

Background:Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy technique has not been used as a diagnostic tool for diabetes in clinical practice.This study was linked to structural changes in hemoglobin(Hb)in type 2 diabetes patients at higher levels of HbA 1C using FTIR spectroscopy.Methods::Fifty-three diabetic patients from the Bahawal Victoria Hospital,Bahawalpur,Pakistan were categorized as group A(6%<HbA 1C<7%;n=25)and group B(HbA 1C≥9%;n=28).Another group(group N)of twenty blood samples was taken from healthy people from the Islamia University Bahawalpur,Pakistan.Data from all groups were collected from January 1,2018 to March 31,2019.The structure of Hb was studied by FTIR spectroscopy and impact of glucose on the fine structure of HbA 1C was estimated.Results::Hb secondary structure erythrocyte parameters were altered by changing glucose concentrations.From FTIR spectra of all three groups it was found that Hb structure was slightly altered in group A,but significantly changed in group B(P<0.05).There was an increase inβ-sheet structure and a reduction inα-helix structure at elevated levels of HbA 1C(group B)in type 2 diabetes.Conclusion::We suggest that higher level of glycation reflected by increased HbA 1C might be a contributing factor to structural changes in Hb in type 2 diabetic patients.FTIR spectroscopy can be a novel technique to find pathogenesis in type 2 diabetes.

高效液相色谱法血红蛋白A2/F/A1c检测应用于β-地中海贫血筛查效果

目的:探讨高效液相色谱法(HPLC)血红蛋白A2/F/A1c检测在β-地中海贫血筛查中的应用。方法:收集本院2020年7月-2022年7月在本院行婚前检验的2642人次临床资料,均采用全自动血红蛋白分析仪检测红细胞指数及异常血红蛋白、RDB法分析β-地贫基因型,并分别应用HPLC血红蛋白A2/F/A1c检测试剂(研究试剂盒)及对比试剂盒(VARIANTⅡβ-thalassemia Short Program)进行HbA2检测,评估血红蛋白A2/F/A1c试剂筛查β-地中海贫血效果。结果:共筛查2642人次,筛查β-地中海贫血阳性率7.0%,其中β-地贫轻型177例,中间型4例,重型3例;根据HPLC中异常Hb滞留时间、总Hb占比及色谱图形特征,共发现5种异常Hb;采用RDB法共检测到7种β-地贫基因型,以CD41-42(-TCTT)、IVS-Ⅱ-654(C-T)、CD17(A-T)和-28(A-G)最为常见,重型β-地贫基因型为IVS-Ⅱ-654(C-T),中间型基因型为-28(A-G)纯合子;研究试剂盒与对照试剂盒检测阳性符合率为97.8%,阴性符合率为99.9%,总体符合率为99.7%。结论:HPLC技术人为因素影响小,适用于大规模人群筛查;血红蛋白A2/F/A1c试剂检测HbA2具有方便快捷、费用低廉、准确性高等优势,在临床筛查β-地贫应用效果较好。

HbA1c联合CysC检测在2型糖尿病诊治中对诊断效能及预后的影响

目的探究全血糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)联合血清胱抑素(Cystatin C,CysC)检测在2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes,T2DM)诊治中的诊断效能及预后的影响。方法选取2019年7月—2022年7月期间漳州市第三医院收治的200例疑似2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,均予以HbA1c、CysC检测,比较分析其检测结果。结果联合诊断的诊断符合率(96.00%)显著高于HbA1c(82.00%)、CysC(80.00%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲线)验证HbA1c、CysC联合检测的预测价值明显高于单一指标检测,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论HbA1c联合CysC检测在T2DM诊治中的诊断效能较高,且对改善预后有着指导作用,值得推荐。