Determination of the Henry’s Law Constant of Hexane in High-Viscosity Polymer Systems

The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexane and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-hexane systems were studied,and the Henry’s law constant was obtained by measuring the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure when polymer solutions containing different mass fractions of volatiles reached a saturated state.The effects of temperature,type of volatiles,and polymer viscosity on the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of the volatiles were investigated.The results indicate that,with the increase of temperature and polymer viscosity,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of volatiles increase.As temperature increases,the solubility of gas in liquid decreases.The relationship between the Henry’s law constant and temperature is consistent with the Arrhenius law.In the PDMS-hexane system,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of n-hexane are higher than those of cyclohexane.The obtained Henry’s law constants can be used as a reference for perfecting the devolatilization process and improving the devolatilization effect.

Reinvestigation of the Henry's law constant for hydrogen peroxide with temperature and acidity variation

Hydrogen peroxide is not only an important oxidant in itself; it also serves as both sink and temporary reservoir for other important oxidants including HOx （OH and HO2） radicals and O3 in the atmosphere. Its partitioning between gas and aqueous phases in the atmosphere, usually described by its Henry＇s law constant （KH）, significantly influences its role in atmospheric processes. Large discrepancies between the KH values reported in previous work, however, have created uncertainty for atmospheric modelers. Based on our newly developed online instrumentation, we have re-determined the temperature and acidity dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide at an air pressure of （0.960 ± 0.013） atm （1 atm = 1.01325 × 10^5 Pa）. The results indicated that the temperature dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide fits to the Van＇t Hoff equation form, expressed as lnKH = a/T - b, and a = -△H/R, where KH is in M/atm （M is mol/L）, T is in degrees Kelvin, R is the ideal gas constant, and AH is the standard heat of solution. For acidity dependence, results demonstrated that the KH value of hydrogen peroxide appeared to have no obvious dependence on decreasing pH level （from pH 7 to pH 1）. Combining the dependence of both temperature and acidity, the obtained a and b were 7024 ± 138 and 11.97 ± 0.48, respectively, AH was （58.40 ± 1.15） kJ/（K.mol）, and the uncertainties represent σ. Our determined KH values for hydrogen peroxide will therefore be of great use in atmospheric models.

Henry's Law constant for phosphine in seawater:determination and assessment of influencing factors

The Henry's Law constant (k) for phosphine in seawater was determined by multiple phase equilibration combined with headspace gas chromatography. The effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on k were studied. The k value for phosphine in natural seawater was 6.415 at room temperature (approximately 23°C). This value increases with increases in temperature and salinity, but no obvious change was observed at different pH levels. At the same temperature, there was no significant difference between the k for phosphine in natural seawater and that in artificial seawater. This implies that temperature and salinity are major determining factors for k in marine environment. Double linear regression with Henry's Law constants for phosphine as a function of temperature and salinity confirmed our observations. These results provide a basis for the measurement of trace phosphine concentrations in seawater, and will be helpful for future research on the status of phosphine in the oceanic biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus.

Hubble Tension Explanation from This Cosmological Model AΛΩ (Slow Bang Model, SB)

In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H0. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.

Hubble’s Constant and Flat Rotation Curves of Stars: Are Dark Matter and Energy Needed?

Although dark energy and dark matter have not yet been detected, they are believed to comprise the majority of the universe. Observations of the flat rotation curve of galaxies may be explained by dark matter and dark energy. This article, using Newton’s laws and Einstein’s theory of gravitation, shows that it is possible to define a new term, called E0, variable in time and space, of which one of its limits is the Hubble constant H0. I show that E0?is strongly linked to an explanation of the flat rotation curve of galaxies. This strong correlation between Hubble’s constant H0?and E0 enables us to solve the mystery of the surplus of gravity that is stabilizing the universe.

Vapor-liquid Phase Equilibria for CO_2+Tertpentanol Binary System at Elevated Pressures

Vapor-liquid phase equilibrium data of tertpentanol in carbon dioxide were measured at temperatures of 313.4, 323.4, 333.5 and 343.5 K and in the pressure range of 4.56--11.44 MPa. The phase equilibium apparatus used in the work was a variable-volume high-pressure cell. The experimental data were reasonably correlated with Peng-Robinson equation of state（PR-EOS） together with van der Waals-2 two-parameter mixing rules. Henry＇s Law constants and partial molar volumes of CO2 at infinite dilution were estimated with Krichevsky-Kasarnovsky equa- tion, and Henry＇s Law constants increase with increasing temperature, however, partial molar volumes of CO2 at infinite dilution are negative whose magnitudes decrease with temperature. Partial molar volumes of CO2 and tertpentanol in liquid phase at equilibrium were calculated.

Ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents for CO_(2) capture:Reviewing and evaluating

The CO_(2)solubilities(including CO_(2)Henry’s constant)in physical-and chemical-based ILs/DESs and the COSMO-RS models describing these properties were comprehensively collected and summarized.The summarized results indicate that chemical-based ILs/DESs are superior to physical-based ILs/DESs for CO_(2)capture,especially those ILs have functionalized cation and anion,and superbase DESs;some of the superbase DESs have higher CO_(2)solubilities than those of ILs;the best physical-and chemical-based ILs,as well as physical-and chemicalbased DESs are[BMIM][BF4](4.20 mol kg^(-1)),[DETAH][Im](11.91 mol kg^(-1)),[L-Arg]-Gly 1:6(4.92 mol kg^(-1))and TBD-EG 1:4(12.90 mol kg^(-1)),respectively.Besides the original COSMO-RS mainly providing qualitative predictions,six corrected COSMO-RS models have been proposed to improve the prediction performance based on the experimental data,but only one model is with universal parameters.The newly determined experimental results were further used to verify the perditions of original and corrected COSMO-RS models.The comparison indicates that the original COSMO-RS qualitatively predicts CO_(2)solubility for some but not all ILs/DESs,while the quantitative prediction is incapable at all.The original COSMO-RS is capable to predict CO_(2)Henry’s constant qualitatively for both physical-based ILs and DESs,and quantitative prediction is only available for DESs.For the corrected COSMO-RS models,only the model with universal parameters provides quantitative predictions for CO_(2)solubility in physical-based DESs,while other corrected models always show large deviations(>83%)compared with the experimental CO_(2)Henry’s constants.

Quantitative Determination of Material Hardness

The paper contains description of a new quantitative method of evaluation of material hardness. First the essence of cognition subject, concerned with the hardness notion, has been discussed. Next some characteristics of exemplary existing evaluation methods have been presented. Then the attention was paid to the mistakes present in understanding//reasoning of the discussed problem. The revolutionary new method is given in the next part of the paper by presenting functional and parametric characteristics of the process of local deformation of a material. At the end, the justification – with the essential meaning for investigations of present and newer materials – to introduce one unified quantitative method of hardness evaluation, has been delivered.

Effects of thermodynamics parameters on mass transfer of volatile pollutants at air-water interface

A transient three-dimensional coupling model based on the compressible volume of fluid （VOF） method was developed to simulate the transport of volatile pollutants at the air-water interface. VOF is a numerical technique for locating and tracking the free surface of water flow. The relationships between Henry＇s constant, thermodynamics parameters, and the enlarged topological index were proposed for nonstandard conditions. A series of experiments and numerical simulations were performed to study the transport of benzene and carbinol. The simulation results agreed with the experimental results. Temperature had no effect on mass transfer of pollutants with low transfer free energy and high Henry＇s constant. The temporal and spatial distribution of pollutants with high transfer free energy and low Henry＇s constant was affected by temperature. The total enthalpy and total transfer free energy increased significantly with temperature, with significant fluctuations at low temperatures. The total enthalpy and total transfer free energy increased steadily without fluctuation at high temperatures.

Capillary filling in closed-end nanotubes

Capillary filling in small length scale is an important process in nanotechnology and microfabrication. When one end of the tube or channel is sealed, it is important to consider the escape of the trapped gas. We develop a dynamic model on capillary filling in closed-end tubes, based on the diffusion-convection equation and Henry＇s law of gas dissolution. We systematically investigate the filling dynamics for various sets of parameters, and compare the results with a previous model which assumes a linear density profile of dissolved gas and neglect the convective term.

The foundation of the theory of the universe dark energy and its nature

Surprisingly recent astronomical observations have provided strong evidence that our universe is not only expanding, but also is expanding at an accelerating rate. This paper pre- sents a basis of the theory of universe space- time dark energy, a solution of Einstein’s cosmological constant problem, physical interpretation of universe dark energy and Einstein’s cosmological constant Lambda and its value ( = 0.29447 × 10-52 m-2), values of universe dark energy density 1.2622 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 6.8023 GeV, universe critical density 1.8069 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 9.7378 GeV, universe matter density 0.54207 × 10-26 kg/m3 = 2.9213 GeV, and universe radiation density 2.7103 × 10-31 kg/m3 = 1.455 MeV. The interpretation in this paper is based on geometric modeling of space-time as a perfect four- dimensional continuum cosmic fluid and the momentum generated by the time. In this modeling time is considered as a mechanical variable along with other variables and treated on an equal footing. In such a modeling, time is considered to have a mechanical nature so that the momentum associated with it is equal to the negative of the universe total energy. Since the momentum associated with the time as a mechanical variable is equal to the negative system total energy, the coupling in the time and its momentum leads to maximum increase in the space-time field with 70.7% of the total energy. Moreover, a null paraboloid is obtained and interpreted as a function of the momentum generated by time. This paper presents also an interpretation of space-time tri-dipoles, gravity field waves, and gravity carriers (the gravitons). This model suggests that the space-time has a polarity and is composed of dipoles which are responsible for forming the orbits and storing the space-time energy-momentum. The tri-di- poles can be unified into a solo space-time dipole with an angle of 45 degrees. Such a result shows that the space-time is not void, on the contrary, it is full of conserved and dynamic energy-momentum structure. Furthermore, the gravity field waves is modeled and assumed to be carried by the gravitons which move in the speed of light. The equivalent mass of the graviton (rest mass) is found to be equal to 0.707 of the equivalent mass of the light photons. Such a result indicates that the lightest particle (up to the author’s knowledge) in the nature is the graviton and has an equivalent mass equals to 2.5119 x 10-52 kg. Based on the fluidic nature of dark energy, a fourth law of thermodynamics is proposed and a new physical interpretation of Kepler’s Laws are presented. Additionally, based on the fact that what we are observing is just the history of our universe, on the Big Bang Theory, Einstein’s General Relativity, Hubble Parameter, cosmic inflation theory and on NASA’s observation of supernova 1a, then a second-order (parabolic) parametric model is obtained in this proposed paper to describe the accelerated ex- pansion of the universe. This model shows that the universe is approaching the universe cosmic horizon line and will pass through a critical point that will influence significantly its fate. Considering the breaking symmetry model and the variational principle of mechanics, then the universe will witness an infinitesimally stationary state and a symmetry breaking. As result of that, our universe will experience in the near future, a very massive impulse force in the order 1083 N. Subsequently, the universe will collapse. Finally, simulation results are demonstrated to verify the analytical results.

Removal of VOCs from Sudden Polluted Raw Water by Air Stripping

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are widely used in various industrial processes and generate water pollutions.VOCs removal from raw water is an important task for waterworks to guarantee drinking water security.The removal of VOCs such as chlorobenzene(CB) and ethylbenzene(EB) from raw water by air stripping was investigated under various conditions,including the variation of temperature(5-30℃),pH(3.5-10.5),and air/water ratio(10-60).The air stripping removal efficiency of VOCs decreased with VOCs concentration declining in water.And Henry's law constant was demonstrated as an indicator of the estimation of VOCs removal efficiency for air stripping.The effects of temperature and the ratio of air and water were found to play a great role in VOCs removal,but the effect of pH seemed to be negligible.This study demonstrates that air stripping provides a promising opportunity in removing VOCs in drinking water treatment,especially for the relatively high concentration of VOCs.

CO_(2)在离子液体N-乙基吗啉乙酸盐中的溶解度

测定了温度298.15~338.15 K、压力0~900 kPa下,CO_(2)在质子型离子液体N-乙基吗啉乙酸盐([NEMH][Ac])中的溶解度。采用Soave-Redlich-Kwong(SRK)立方型状态方程对溶解度数据进行拟合,平均相对偏差和最大相对偏差分别为0.94%和2.86%,具有满意的准确性。通过溶解度数据,估算了CO_(2)在[NEMH][Ac]中零压力下的亨利定律常数,并计算了无限稀释条件下的偏摩尔吉布斯自由能、偏摩尔焓和偏摩尔熵。结果表明,[NEMH][Ac]对CO_(2)的亲和力,以及CO_(2)在[NEMH][Ac]中的有序度随着温度的升高而降低。CO_(2)在[NEMH][Ac]中的溶解是放热的,有利于CO_(2)的溶解。相对现有的醇胺法工艺,CO_(2)的解吸能耗较低,吸收剂更容易再生。

Tween-20胶束溶液对甲苯的增溶吸收作用规律及预测

以Tween-20非离子表面活性剂及助表面活性剂混合溶液作为吸收剂,增溶吸收甲苯有机废气,根据增溶实验测定的表观亨利系数预测甲苯吸收容量,结果表明,当表面活性剂浓度大于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时增溶吸收效果显著,溶质的表观溶解度与表面活性剂浓度呈正比关系;助表面活性剂可以不同程度的提高表面活性剂溶液的增溶能力,其规律为正丁胺>正丁醇>正丁酸;利用表观亨利系数预测吸收剂吸收容量的平均相对偏差分别为7.34%和8.85%,预测方法可行.

挥发性有机污染物水中亨利常数的简易测定方法

开发了挥发性有机物亨利常数的简易实验测定方法,并以此方法测定了5种汽油成分(甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯)的亨利常数,相对标准偏差基本上在5%以内。使用此方法测定的汽油成分、硝基苯、2,4-二氯酚、苯酚和三氯乙烯(TCE)的亨利常数数值比估算值更接近文献值。在不同温度下,使用本方法对MTBE、苯、甲苯、TCE溶液进行测定,结果表明亨利常数随着温度的升高而变大,符合亨利常数随温度变化趋势的一般规律。两种挥发性有机物在混合条件下的亨利常数比单独存在时的亨利常数大。

应用定量结构-性质相关法预测有机物的亨利常数

建立了预测有机物亨利常数的定量结构－性质相关方程，回归分析结果表明，此方程可以解释２０６种有机物９８％的实验数据变异，标准偏差为０．２５个对数单位。

饮用水中三氯甲烷亨利常数的测定

推导了改变气液相比静态顶空气相色谱法测定挥发性有机污染物亨利常数的理论关系式．根据顶空气相色谱峰面积倒数与气液相比之间的线性关系测定了不同温度下的氯仿亨利常数值．从热力学定律出发,提出了在２２—１００℃范围内,温度对亨利常数影响的数学关系式:ｌｎＫ＝Ａ＋Ｂ/Ｔ＋ＣｌｎＴ,对实验值的拟合系数为０．９９９．预测１００℃时氯仿的亨利常数值是１．３５９．与实验值比较,相对误差为２．８９%．比经典的范特荷夫方程ｌｎＫ＝Ａ＋Ｂ/Ｔ的预测精度提高了近１０%．

质子转移反应质谱动态测量苯系物的亨利常数

采用动态气体提取方法,使用自行研制的质子转移反应质谱(PTR-MS)装置,研究了挥发性苯系物亨利常数的测量方法.考察了苯在提取气体与水溶液中达到平衡需要的液面高度,通过25℃条件下苯的亨利常数测量验证了动态气体提取方法结合质子转移反应质谱测量亨利常数的有效性,报告了11种苯系物的亨利常数测量结果.与常规的亨利常数测量方法相比,本方法具有简单、快速、人为干扰少等优点.

亨利定律及其在环境科学与工程中的应用

亨利定律描述了化合物在气液两相中的分配规律,在环境科学与工程领域中有着广泛的应用。鉴于挥发性有毒化合物在多介质环境中的行为研究的重要性,本文对于亨利定律常数在真实自然环境中应用的最新研究做了评述。此外,本文首次将不同教材的亨利定律常数的定义做了汇编。

人工神经网络法预测有机物物性的研究1．亨利定律常数和水中溶解度

本文用人工神经网络方法，以ＣｒａｍｅｒⅢ的ＢＣＤＥＦ参数作为输入参数，预测有机物物性．对于１５３个不同类型有机物的亨利常数（Ｈ）的预测结果为：相关系数ｒ＝０．９８１３，标准差ＳＤ＝０．３３６９ｌｏｇＨ单位，对于９１种有机物在水中溶解度（Ｓ）的预测结果为：相关系数ｒ＝０．９８５５，标准差ＳＤ＝０．２８２７ｌｏｇＳ单位。