HepG2.2.15-derived exosomes facilitate the activation and fibrosis of hepatic stellate cells

BACKGROUND The role of exosomes derived from HepG2.2.15 cells,which express hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related proteins,in triggering the activation of LX2 liver stellate cells and promoting liver fibrosis and cell proliferation remains elusive.The focus was on comprehending the relationship and influence of differentially expressed microRNAs(DE-miRNAs)within these exosomes.AIM To elucidate the effect of exosomes derived from HepG2.2.15 cells on the activation of hepatic stellate cell(HSC)LX2 and the progression of liver fibrosis.METHODS Exosomes from HepG2.2.15 cells,which express HBV-related proteins,were isolated from parental HepG2 and WRL68 cells.Western blotting was used to confirm the presence of the exosomal marker protein CD9.The activation of HSCs was assessed using oil red staining,whereas DiI staining facilitated the observation of exosomal uptake by LX2 cells.Additionally,we evaluated LX2 cell proliferation and fibrosis marker expression using 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuracil staining and western blotting,respectively.DE-miRNAs were analyzed using DESeq2.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways were used to annotate the target genes of DE-miRNAs.RESULTS Exosomes from HepG2.2.15 cells were found to induced activation and enhanced proliferation and fibrosis in LX2 cells.A total of 27 miRNAs were differentially expressed in exosomes from HepG2.2.15 cells.GO analysis indicated that these DE-miRNA target genes were associated with cell differentiation,intracellular signal transduction,negative regulation of apoptosis,extracellular exosomes,and RNA binding.KEGG pathway analysis highlighted ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis,the MAPK signaling pathway,viral carcinogenesis,and the toll-like receptor signaling pathway,among others,as enriched in these targets.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that exosomes from HepG2.2.15 cells play a substantial role in the activation,proliferation,and fibrosis of LX2 cells and that DE-miRNAs within these exosomes contribute to the underlying mechanisms.

Evaluation of the intracellular lipid-lowering effect of polyphenols extract from highland barley in HepG2 cells

Active ingredients from highland barley have received considerable attention as natural products for developing treatments and dietary supplements against obesity.In practical application,the research of food combinations is more significant than a specific food component.This study investigated the lipid-lowering effect of highland barley polyphenols via lipase assay in vitro and HepG2 cells induced by oleic acid(OA).Five indexes,triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(T-CHO),low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and alanine aminotransferase(ALT),were used to evaluate the lipidlowering effect of highland barley extract.We also preliminary studied the lipid-lowering mechanism by Realtime fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR).The results indicated that highland barley extract contains many components with lipid-lowering effects,such as hyperoside and scoparone.In vitro,the lipase assay showed an 18.4%lipase inhibition rate when the additive contents of highland barley extract were 100μg/m L.The intracellular lipid-lowering effect of highland barley extract was examined using 0.25 mmol/L OA-induced HepG2 cells.The results showed that intracellular TG,LDL-C,and T-CHO content decreased by 34.4%,51.2%,and 18.4%,respectively.ALT and AST decreased by 51.6%and 20.7%compared with the untreated hyperlipidemic HepG2 cells.q PCR results showed that highland barley polyphenols could up-regulation the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes such as PPARγand Fabp4.

Effect of IL-18 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B virus DNA released by HepG2.2.15 cell lines

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a pro-inflamma- tory cytokine that induces interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in T cells and natural killer cells, plays a critical role in the T-lymphocyte helper type 1 ( Th1) response. This study was designed to explore the effect of IL-18 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs) derived from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and on hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA released by HepG2.2.15 cell lines, which were transfected with hepatitis B virus gene in vitro. METHODS: PBMCs isolated from 25 healthy people and 25 patients with CHB were stimulated with HBcAg and IL-18 of various concentrations for 72 hours. The levels of IFN-γ in the supernatants of cultured PBMCs were determined by ELISA. After the stimulation of IL-18 of various concentra- tions, PBMCs derived from one patient were co-cultured for 96 hours with HepG2. 2. 15 cells which had been cul- tured for 24 hours, and then the supernatants were collected by centrifugation and used for HBV DNA quantitative as- say. RESULTS: When PBMCs were stimulated by HBcAg and IL-18 at various concentrations, the levels of IFN-γ in the supernatants of CHB groups were much higher than those in normal control groups, at 0.2 ng/ml: t =11.70, P< 0.01; at 1.0 ng/ml: t =16.19, P<0.01; and at5.0 ng/ml: t =20.12, P <0.01. In the CHB groups, the levels of IFN-γ in the supernatants of PBMCs stimulated by HBcAg alone were lower than both those stimulated by HBcAg and EL-18 at various concentrations and those stimulated by HBcAg and EL-18 (5.0 ng/ml) together with EL-12 (mild: t = 2.20, P<0.05; moderate; t=2.97, P<0.05; severe; t = 0.66, P >0.05). The content of HBV DNA in the superna- tant of co-cultivation of HepG2. 2. 15 cells and PBMCs without stimulated materials was higher than that stimula-ted by HBcAg and EL-18 at various concentrations of HBc- Ag and IL-18 together with IL-12/IFN-α1lb. CONCLUSION: DL-18 can induce IFN-γ secretion and pro- bably play a key role in the modulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. It has implications in improving im- munoregulatory effect and increasing the ability of immune cells to kill cells infected by virus.

Combination of small interfering RNAs mediates greater suppression on hepatitis B virus cccDNA in HepG2.2.15 cells

AIM： To observe the inhibition of hepatitis B virus （HBV） replication and expression in HepG2.2.15 cells by combination of small interfering RNAs （siRNAs）. METHODS： Recombinant plasmid psiI-HBV was constructed and transfected into HepG2.2.15 cells. At 48 h, 72 h and 96 h after transfection, culture media were collected and cells were harvested for HBV replication assay. HBsAg and HBeAg in the cell culture medium were detected by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay （ELISA）. Intracellular viral DNA and covalently closed circular DNA （cccDNA） were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. HBV viral mRNA was reverse transcribed and quantified by reverse-transcript PCR （RT-PCR）. RESULTS： siRNAs showed marked anti-HBV effects. siRNAs could specifically inhibit the expression of HBsAg and the replication of HBV DNA in a dosedependent manner. Furthermore, combination of siRNAs, compared with individual use of each siRNA, exerted a stronger inhibition on antigen expression and viral replication. More importantlycombination of siRNAs significantly suppressed HBV cccDNA amplification. CONCLUSION： Combination of siRNAs mediates a stronger inhibition on viral replication and antigenexpression in HepG2.2.15 cells, especially on cccDNA amplification.

Hepatoma cell line HepG2.2.15 demonstrates distinct biological features compared with parental HepG2

AIM:To investigate the biological features of hepatitis B virus(HBV)-transfected HepG2.2.15 cells. METHODS:The cell ultrastructure,cell cycle and apoptosis,and the abilities of proliferation and invasion of HBV-transfected HepG2.2.15 and the parent HepG2 cells were examined by electron microscopy,flow cytometry, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and trans-well assay.Oncogenicity of the two cell lines was compared via subcutaneous injection and orthotopic injection or implantation in nude mice,and the pathological analysis of tumor formation was performed.Two cytoskeletal proteins were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS:Compared with HepG2 cells,HepG2.2.15 cells showed organelle degeneration and filopodia disappearance under electron microscope.HepG2.2.15 cells proliferated and migrated slowly in vitro,and hardly formed tumor and lung metastasis in nude mice.Flow cytometry showed that the majority of HepG2.2.15 cells were arrested in G1 phase,and apoptosis was minor in both cell lines.Furthermore,the levels of cytoskeletal proteins F-actin and Ezrin were decreased in HepG2.2.15 cells. CONCLUSION:HepG2.2.15 cells demonstrated a lower proliferation and invasion ability than the HepG2 cells due to HBV transfection.

Inhibition of hepatitis B virus production by Boehmeria nivea root extract in HepG2 2.2.15 cells

AIM: To explore the anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) effects of Boehmeria nivea (B. nivea) root extract (BNE) by using the HepG2 2.2.15 cell model system. METHODS: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg), and HBV DNA were measured by using ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. Viral DNA replication and RNA expression were determined by using Southern and Northern blot, respectively. RESULTS: In HepG2 2.2.15 cells, HBeAg (60%, P < 0.01) and particle-associated HBV DNA (> 99%, P < 0.01) secretion into supernatant were significantly inhibited by BNE at a dose of 100 mg/L, whereas the HBsAg was not inhibited. With different doses of BNE, the reduced HBeAg was correlated with the inhibition of HBV DNA. The anti-HBV effect of BNE was not caused by its cytotoxicity to cells or inhibition of viral DNA replication and RNA expression. CONCLUSION: BNE could effectively reduce the HBV production and its anti-HBV machinery might differ from the nucleoside analogues.

Combination of small interfering RNA and lamivudine on inhibition of human B virus replication in HepG2.2.15 cells

AIM: To observe the inhibition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and expression by combination of siRNA and lamivudine in HepG2.2.15 cells. METHODS: Recombinant plasmid psil-HBV was constructed and transfected into HepG2.2.15 cells. The transfected cells were cultured in lamivudine-containing medium (0.05 μmol/L) and harvested at 48, 72 and 96 h. The concentration of HBeAg and HBsAg was determined using ELISA. HBV DNA replication was examined by real- time PCR and the level of HBV mRNA was measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS: In HepG2.2.15 cells treated with combination of siRNA and lamivudine, the secretion of HBeAg and HBsAg into the supernatant was found to be inhibited by 91.80% and 82.40% (2.89 ± 0.48 vs 11.73 ± 0.38, P < 0.05; 4.59 ± 0.57 vs 16.25 ± 0.48, P < 0.05) at 96 h, respectively; the number of HBV DNA copies within culture medium was also significantly decreased at 96 h (1.04 ± 0.26 vs 8.35 ± 0.33, P < 0.05). Moreover, mRNA concentration in HepG2.2.15 cells treated with combination of siRNA and lamivudine was obviously lower compared to those treated either with siRNA or lamivudine (19.44 ± 0.17 vs 33.27 ± 0.21 or 79.9 ± 0.13, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Combination of siRNA and lamivudine is more effective in inhibiting HBV replication as compared to the single use of siRNA or lamivudine in HepG2.2.15 cells.

Interleukin-10 Is Expressed in HepG2.2.15 Cells and Regulated by STAT1 Pathway

This study investigated the expression profiles of IL-10 gene in three human hepatoma cell lines including Huh7, HepG2, and HepG2 transfected with a plasmid containing hepatitis B virus （HBV） named HepG2.2.15. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that IL-10 message RNA was absent in HepG2 and Huh7 cells, whereas it was present in HepG2.2.15 cells, which was consistent with ELISA result. Furthermore, except for lamivudine other antiviral treatments did not significantly decrease the HBV DNA level in HepG2.2.15 cells, while they had different effects on the expression of IL-10 protein, although stimulation by LPS had no significant effect. In addition, except for poly（I：C）, the other treatments decreased the expression of IL-10 protein to different degrees, but had no sig-nificant effects on the expression of NF-κB and MyD88. Meanwhile, all treatments we used had effect on the expression of STAT1. In conclusion, IL-10 was expressed in HepG2.2.15 cells and STAT1 pathway might be involved in the regulation of IL-10 expression in HepG2.2.15 cells, but it was not the sole pathway, the exact mechanism warrants further study.

Reduction of the oxidative damage to H_(2)O_(2)-induced HepG2 cells via the Nrf2 signalling pathway by plant flavonoids Quercetin and Hyperoside

Hyperoside and quercetin are similar in molecular structures.In this study,the antioxidant regulatory targets of hyperoside and quercetin are mainly in the nuclear factor(erythroid-2-derived)-related factor 2(Nrf2)pathway predicted by network pharmacology.And the antioxidant effect and mechanism of hyperoside and quercetin were measured and compared in H_(2)O_(2)-induced Hep G2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans.The findings indicated that quercetin was more effective than hyperoside in reducing oxidative damage,which was proved by improved cell viability,decreased reactive oxygen species(ROS)production,decreased cellular apoptosis,and alleviated mitochondrial damage.In addition,quercetin was more efficient than hyperoside in enhancing the expression of Nrf2-associated m RNAs,increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),and catalase(CAT),and reducing the cellular malondialdehyde(MDA)content.Quercetin was superior to hyperoside in prolonging the lifespan of worms,decreasing the accumulation of lipofuscin,inhibiting ROS production,and increasing the proportion of skn-1 in the nucleus.With the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385,we verified that quercetin and hyperoside primarily protected the cells against oxidative damage via the Nrf2 signalling pathway.Furthermore,molecular docking and dynamics simulations demonstrated that the quercetin-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)complex was more stable than the hyperoside-Keap1 complex.The stable structure of the complex might hinder the binding of Nrf2 and Keap1 to release Nrf2 and facilitate its entry into the nucleus to play an antioxidant role.Overall,quercetin had a better antioxidant than hyperoside.

荔枝核提取物对HepG2.2.15细胞系HBsAg与HBeAg表达的影响

目的 :研究荔枝核对乙型肝炎病毒的抑制作用及其有效部位。方法 :应用HepG 2 .2 .15细胞系培养系统检测荔枝核提取物A、B、C、D、E、F对HBsAg与HbeAg表达的影响。 结果 :荔枝核提取物A、B、C、D、E、F (2 0 0 ,10 0mg·L-1)对HBsAg和HbeAg表达均有抑制作用 ,其中E成分作用最强 ,在 2 0 0mg·L-1的浓度下 ,于实验第 3天对HBsAg的抑制率为 5 0 % ,对HBeAg的抑制率为 2 0 % ,于实验第 9天对HBsAg的抑制率为90 .9% ,对HBeAg的抑制率为84 .3% (与对照组比较P <0 .0 1)。结论 :荔枝核提取物体外有较强的抗乙肝病毒作用。

复方六月雪对HepG2.2.15细胞HBsAg和HBeAg的抑制作用

目的:观察复方六月雪(CLYX)体外抗乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的作用。方法:采用四甲基噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测CLYX对HepG2.2.15细胞的半数毒性浓度(TC50)和最大无毒浓度(TC0);在TC0基础上观察不同浓度药物作用于HepG2.2.15细胞,分别在第72h和144h收集细胞培养上清液,采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)法测定上清液HBsAg和HBeAg的滴度。结果:TC50为3.070g·L-1,TC0为0.945g·L-1,复方六月雪对HepG2.2.15细胞毒性较低。无毒浓度的复方六月雪在HepG2.2.15细胞培养中可有效地抑制细胞HBsAg(乙型肝炎表面抗原)和HBeAg(乙型肝炎E抗原)的分泌;且治疗指数(TI)均大于2,为高效低毒的抗HBV药物。结论:CLYX在体外有显著的抗HBV的作用,且毒性较低。

干扰素α-2b对HepG 2.2.15细胞增殖、凋亡及HBsAg与HBeAg表达的影响

目的:探讨干扰素α-2b(IFN α-2b)对HepG 2.2.15细胞增殖、凋亡及HBsAg与HBeAg表达的影响。方法:应用SRB法检测IFNα-2b作用3、6d后对HepG 2.2.15细胞增殖的影响,ELISA法检测IFN α-2b对HBsAg与HBeAg表达的影响。Hochest 33342、PI双染观察细胞凋亡情况。结果:IFN α-2b作用3、6d后细胞增殖均有所抑制,3d后上清中HBsAg、HBeAg表达就受到抑制,并呈剂量依赖性,6d后HBsAg表达明显受抑,而HBeAg表达与3d后的结果相似。Hochest33342、PI双染显示IFNα-2b可引起细胞凋亡,随药物浓度增加,凋亡细胞也逐渐增加,并且有少量细胞开始死亡。结论:IFNα-2b体外可抑制HBsAg、HBeAg表达,且对细胞增殖也有所抑制,并可引起细胞的凋亡和死亡。

氧化苦参碱对HepG2.2.15细胞中乙型肝炎病毒DNA表达量的影响

目的 :观察氧化苦参碱对 Hep G2 .2 .15细胞中乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV ) DNA表达量的影响 ,进一步探讨其抗病毒机制。方法 :用不同浓度的氧化苦参碱作用 Hep G2 .2 .15细胞 ,留取培养上清后 ,采用 PCR- EL ISA技术定量上清中 HBV DNA,并比较其抑制率。结果 :氧化苦参碱能直接抑制 Hep G2 .2 .15细胞内 HBV DNA的复制 ,且随着药物浓度升高抑制作用逐渐增强。保持药物在培养上清中的浓度是保证抑制率的关键。 结论 :氧化苦参碱可以在 DNA复制水平直接抑制乙型肝炎病毒的合成。

青钱柳提取物对HepG2 2.2.15细胞HBsAg和HBeAg表达的影响

目的研究青钱柳提取物体外抗乙肝病毒作用。方法青钱柳用75%乙醇提取后按溶剂极性萃取,获得的三氯甲烷部位经柱层析得到Fr.2组分。体外培养HepG2 2.2.15细胞,MTT法检测青钱柳提取物Fr.2组分对HepG22.2.15细胞的细胞毒作用,用ELISA法检测HepG2 2.2.15细胞培养液中HBsAg和HBeAg的表达。结果青钱柳提取物Fr.2组分对HepG2 2.2.15细胞无明显的细胞毒作用。与对照组比较,Fr.2组分对HBsAg和HBeAg的表达均有显著性抑制作用(P<0.01或0.05)。结论青钱柳提取物体外具有较强的抗乙肝病毒作用。

中药淫羊藿苷抑制肝癌HepG2.2.15细胞增殖和免疫逃逸作用研究

目的:观察中药淫羊藿苷(ICA)对HepG2.2.15细胞增殖及对CD3AK细胞杀伤活性的影响,探讨ICA对肝癌细胞Fas/FasL途径免疫逃逸的逆转作用,为ICA的开发应用提供新的理论和实验依据。方法:MTT法检测细胞增殖和细胞杀伤活性;流式细胞术检测细胞表面分子表达水平和细胞凋亡率。结果:50μg/mlICA作用HepG2.2.15细胞48、72小时的增殖抑制作用明显,抑制率分别为22.04%、29.68%(P<0.05),呈时间依赖效应。HepG2.2.15细胞经ICA处理后,FasL的表达率由16.22%显著下降至8.29%,Fas表达率由0.79%提高到1.70%(P>0.05)。ICA可明显抑制HepG2.2.15细胞诱导Jurkat细胞凋亡,凋亡率从46.66%下降为18.20%。ICA处理HepG2.2.15细胞后,不同效靶比的CD3AK细胞的杀伤活性,可分别由对照组的15.81%、35.04%、42.85%显著提高至42.58%、67.55%、88.93%(P<0.05,P<0.01),呈效靶比依赖效应。结论:ICA能有效地抑制HepG2.2.15细胞增殖,并有一定时间依赖效应;ICA可下调FasL的表达,上调细胞表面Fas的表达,对HepG2.2.15细胞诱导的T淋巴细胞凋亡作用有一定阻断,逆转肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸作用;ICA显著增强HepG2.2.15细胞对CD3AK细胞杀伤的敏感性。

紫丁香叶提取物对HepG2.2.15细胞中HBeAg及HBsAg表达的影响

目的 :观察紫丁香叶提取物对 Hep G2 .2 .1 5细胞分泌 HBe Ag和 HBs Ag的影响。方法 :采用酶联免疫吸附法 ( ELISA)检测培养上清中 HBe Ag和 HBs Ag表达的变化并以抑制率来表示。结果 :紫丁香叶提取物对 HBe Ag和 HBs Ag的分泌具有抑制作用 ,该作用呈现剂量依赖性和时间依赖性。结论 :紫丁香叶提取物对 HBe Ag和 HBs

槐果碱体外对HepG2.2.15细胞分泌HBsAg HBeAg的影响

目的:探讨槐果碱的体外抗乙型肝炎病毒作用。方法:采用HepG2.2.15细胞模型进行体外培养,给予不同浓度槐果碱,以拉米夫定作阳性对照,作用9天后检测上清液中HBsAg、HBeAg的分泌,观察药物对HepG2.2.15细胞分泌HBV病毒抗原的影响,同时以MTT法检测药物在体外对HepG2.2.15细胞的生长抑制作用,从而评价药物的抗HBV作用。结果:药物作用9天后,槐果碱对HepG2.2.15细胞的50%生长抑制率(TC50)为0.002M,对HepG2.2.15细胞分泌HBsAg的50%抑制率(IC50)为4.9uM,其治疗指数(TI=TC50/IC50)为408.16;而拉米夫定对HepG2.2.15细胞分泌HBsAg的抑制率在所选浓度范围内均低于50%。槐果碱对HepG2.2.15细胞分泌HBeAg的抑制率在所选浓度范围内均低于50%,但明显优于拉米夫定对HepG2.2.15细胞分泌HBeAg的抑制率。结论:槐果碱在体外具有显著的抑制HepG2.2.15细胞分泌HBsAg、HBeAg的作用,是一个高效低毒的抗乙肝病毒的有效药物。

中药淫羊藿苷逆转肝癌HepG2.2.15细胞恶性表型及诱导分化研究

目的:探讨淫羊藿苷(ICA)诱导HepG2.2.15细胞分化凋亡的作用机制.方法:MTT法检测细胞增殖;流式细胞术(FACS)检测细胞周期分布;RT-PCR方法检测P27基因、FLIP基因mRNA表达水平的变化;AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI双染法检测ICA处理后HepG2.2.15细胞凋亡的变化;电化学发光法和速率散射比浊法分别检测ICA处理后HepG2.2.15细胞上清液中甲胎蛋白(AFP)和转铁蛋白(Tf)水平变化.结果:ICA作用HepG2.2.15细胞增殖呈抑制作用,具有时间依赖性.ICA处理后,HepG2.2.15细胞周期各时相分布与对照组相比发生变化,G0/G1期升高,S期减小,与对照组相比有显著性差异(56.26±1.56%vs49.68±1.34%,19.95±1.24%vs28.02±1.03%;P<0.01).ICA分别上调HepG2.2.15细胞P27和下调FLIP基因mRNA的表达水平(0.78vs0.27,0.54vs0.90);HepG2.2.15细胞凋亡率增加,AFP下降,Tf水平升高,与对照组相比均有显著性意义(7.09%vs0.59%,156±46mg/Lvs285±58mg/L,152.1±26mg/Lvs67.1±24mg/L;P<0.05).结论:ICA可能通过升高G0/G1期,减少S期抑制HepG2.2.15细胞的增殖;上调P27mRNA和Tf水平,下调FLIPmRNA的表达和AFP合成的水平来诱导细胞分化.

复方六月雪对HepG2.2.15细胞HBV DNA的抑制作用

目的:观察复方六月雪体外抗乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的作用。方法:采用MTT法检测复方六月雪对HepG2.2.15细胞的半数毒性浓度(TC50)和最大无毒浓度(TC0);在最大无毒浓度(TC0)基础上观察不同浓度药物作用于HepG2.2.15细胞,分别在第72h和144h收集细胞培养上清液,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测上清液HBV DNA的含量。结果:TC50为3.070mg/ml,TC0为0.945mg/ml,复方六月雪对HepG2.2.15细胞毒性较低。无毒浓度下的复方六月雪在HepG2.2.15细胞培养中可有效地抑制细胞HBVDNA的复制。结论:CLYX在体外有显著的抗HBV的作用,且毒性较低。