HPTLC-MS: an advance approach in herbal drugs using fingerprint spectra and mass spectroscopy

High-performance thin-layer chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPTLC-MS)is one of the most modern hyphenated analytical methods available today.HPTLC-MS has recently been used to perform extensive analytical work using advanced features and still more analyses are in progress using these advanced features.Herbal medicines contain a wide range of bioactives that require proper identification for the activity and quality control.Recently,herbal medicine identification and quality control have become increasingly popular using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of recent method developments in analysis,15 most significant herbal drug applications with their chromatographic conditions,pharmacological actions,and solvents used in the present paper.An extensive literature search was performed incorporating several databases,notably,Web of Knowledge,PubMed and Google Scholar,and other relevant published materials.In previous research,HPTLC and its hyphenation with MS allowed for quantification of analytes in complex matrixes at nanogram and picogram concentrations.Quantifying a wide variety of analytes using these techniques has been extremely accurate,selective,and sensitive.Throughout this review,the HPTLC-MS technique is discussed in relation to the quality control of herbal drugs.Hence,15 herbal drugs were identified based on their RF values and m/z ratio by mass spectrometry by HPTLC-MS for the first time.In this compilation,researchers can gain insights into HPTLC-MS techniques for resolving quality control issues with herbal drugs using their fingerprint spectra.Besides,the application of HPTLC-MS methods could to be sufficiently precise and reproducible for established conditions and after validation may be used for routine quality control of herbal drugs/formulations in herbal industries.

Treatment of Functional Retrograde Ejaculation with Acupuncture and TCM Herbal Drugs

Acupuncture at the Taichong (LR 3), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Ciliao (BL 32) points combined with TCM drugs for soothing the liver, replenishing the kidney, freeing the seminal passage, and eliminating the stasis showed effective for functional retrograde ejaculation in 25 cases. The total effective rate of 68.0% was significantly better than imipramine used in the control group (P<0.05).

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH IN THE PREPARATION OF CHINESE TRADITIONAL AND HERBAL DRUGS WITH ANTICANCER ACTIVITY

Research into anticancer substances madefrom Chinese herbal drugs and their clinicalapplication is gaining international attention bythe medical profession of the more than 20analogues of camptothecine isolated from Camp-totheca tree in China, most exhibited anticanceractivity. Among them, 10-hydroxycamptothe-cine has a wide anticancer spectrum and is lesstoxic. In suspension, it exhibits some therapeu-tic effects on primary hepatic cancer, gastriccarcinoma, cancer of the urinary bladder andleukemia.

PROGRESS IN THE TREATMENT OF NERVE-ROOT-TYPE CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS WITH CHINESE HERBAL DRUGS

With the highest morbidity rate, cervicalspondylosis of the nerve root type is mostcommon among various other types. It is fromthis type of cervical spondylosis that peoplebegan to know the disease. In recent years,conservative treatment for this type of cervicalspondylosis has been adopted by modernmedicine for most patients, while surgicaltreatment has also been used for a smallnumber of patients who were

Treatment of Neurofibromatosis with Chinese Herbal Drugs

Neurofibromatosis is a dominantly inheriteddefect of the ectoderm,characterized by cafe au laitspots since the childhood and multiple tumorsderived from elements of peripheral and cranialnerves.Hernia-like tumors of various sizes can oftenbe felt under the skin and serve as a valuablecharacteristic in making diagnosis.However,theycan also affect brain,vegetative nerve system or othertissues and lead to bony abnormalities,mentaldisturbances and sometimes,endocrine abnormalities,

TREATMENT OF 50 CASES OF SENILE DEMENTIA BY ACUPUNCTURE COMBINED WITH INHALATION OF HERBAL DRUGS AND OXYGEN

Clinical DataCase selection: 100 cases who met thediagnostic criteria of senile dementiaformulated by American Association ofPsychiatry in Handbook of Diagnosis andStatistics (DSM-Ⅲ-R, 3rd revised edition)

Contamination of aflatoxins as threat to the safety of herbal Unani drugs: an overview

Unani medicine is an oldest system of traditional medicine,where drugs of animal,mineral and herbal origin are used for centuries to cure diseases.Unani remedies are now available not only in drug stores,but also in food stores and super markets.Therefore the efficacy and safety of these drugs is very crucial.One of the most serious risks associated with these remedies is,consumer assumes that they are natural,so they are safe.But biological contamination(bacterial,fungal and insect)of herbal medicines is a serious concern.The Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are the fungal species that occur naturally,release aflatoxins and is a threat to the natural drugs.The World Health Organization has recommended determination of aflatoxins in natural drugs(Unani)as one of the parameter of their safety studies as Aflatoxin contamination is concerned significantly with health and economic loss affecting humans,animals,and agriculture.Aflatoxin B1 is categorized as a group 1 carcinogen by The International Agency for Research on Cancer that causes a variety of health issues.Thus keeping in mind the deleterious health effects of aflatoxins,here,in this review we have made an attempt to summarize the aflatoxins with respect to their origin,occurrence,structure and properties to generate the awareness among the people dealing mainly with Unani herbal drugs.Besides these their toxicity and effects on health have also been discussed.The analytical methods for their determination and some measures to prevent their contamination are also suggested to improve the efficacy and safety of Unani herbal drugs.

Phytoconstituents Profiling of Indigenous Herbal Drugs and Its in vitro Microbial,in Silico Biological Examination against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Background:Habb-E-Shifa,Hamdard Sualin,and Hamdard Joshanda traditional herbal medicines may promote host resistance against infection by bacteria,viruses,and fungi which are easily accessible at inexpensive with no complexity.These herbal medicines are used to cure sore throat,cough,fever,lung cancer,and asthma patients in developing South Asian countries.These traditional herbal medicines acted a crucial role in the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Aims and Objectives:This research article aimed at conducting phytochemistry,antimicrobial activity,COVID-19 docking and some spectroscopic(Infrared,Ultraviolet,13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(13C-NMR),1H-NMR,and Mass Spectra)characterizations of the polyherbal drugs were carried out.Additionally,In-vitro and In-silico analyses were performed to measure activity against COVID-19.High Performance-Liquid Chromatography(HPLC),Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS),antimicrobial,and docking studies were carried out.The preliminary phytochemical assay and bioactive compounds were screened using HPLC and GC-MS.The study is an attempt to assess the promising effects of selected polyherbal indigenous drugs such as Habb-E-Shifa,Hamdard Sualin,and Hamdard Joshanda phytoconstituents against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-Co V-2).Materials and Methods:The extract of the selected polyherbal formulations showed high-to-moderate preventive effects on the growth inhibition in the pathogenic bacterium,namely Streptococcus oralis,Staphylococcus aureus,Propionibacterium acnes,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Proteus vulgaris,and three fungal Candida albicans,Aspergillus fumigatus,and Aspergillus niger.Further docking study evaluates the pharmacological activity of bioactive chemical compounds with SARS-Co V-2 NSP5(PDB ID:7nxh)and SARS-Co V-2 Omicron spike protein with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE-2)(PDB ID:7wk6).Results:In this study,for the first time,we attempted to examine some spectroscopic characterization of selected herbals.The total phenol content(1.66,1.55,and 1.13 mg/m L)and total flavonoid content(4.92,0.49,and 0.50 mg/m L)were present in the extracted samples of Habb-E-Shifa(H),Hamdard Joshanda(J),and Hamdard Sualin(S).Studies on COVID-19 docking infer the affinity of the herb's chemical components toward COVID-19 protease and ACE-2 receptor by establishing excellent binding capacity in complex formation.The results confirmed that polyherbal drugs harbor biological activities and thereby highlight that these extracts can serve as a remedy for antimicrobial and COVID-19.Conclusions:The research article confirms the remarkable potential in exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive,Gram-negative bacteria and fungi.These herbal medicines such as Habb-E-Shifa(H),Hamdard Joshanda(J),and Hamdard Sualin(S)showed a vital role against SARS-Co V-2 Omicron spike protein with human ACE2(7wk6)and amino acids of SARS-Co V-2 NSP5(7nxh).Our study provides obvious evidence supporting dietary therapy and herbal medicine as potentially effective against SARS-CoV-2.Based on present studies,these herbal products can be introduced as preventive and therapeutic agents fight against coronavirus.

Recognition and quality mapping of traditional herbal drugs:way forward towards artificial intelligence

The use of traditional herbal drugs derived from natural sources is on the rise due to their minimal side effects and numerous health benefits.However,a major limitation is the lack of standardized knowledge for identifying and mapping the quality of these herbal medicines.This article aims to provide practical insights into the application of artificial intelligence for quality-based commercialization of raw herbal drugs.It focuses on feature extraction methods,image processing techniques,and the preparation of herbal images for compatibility with machine learning models.The article discusses commonly used image processing tools such as normalization,slicing,cropping,and augmentation to prepare images for artificial intelligence-based models.It also provides an overview of global herbal image databases and the models employed for herbal plant/drug identification.Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the potential application of various machine learning models,including artificial neural networks and convolutional neural networks.The article delves into suitable validation parameters like true positive rates,accuracy,precision,and more for the development of artificial intelligence-based identification and authentication techniques for herbal drugs.This article offers valuable insights and a conclusive platform for the further exploration of artificial intelligence in the field of herbal drugs,paving the way for smarter identification and authentication methods.

The use of Chinese herbal drugs in Islamic medicine

This paper investigates some of the ways that Chinese medicine has been transferred to the Western world and to Islamic territories. During the Golden Age of Islam （8th to 13th century CE）, the herbal drug trade promoted significant commercial and scientific exchange between China and the Muslim world. Chinese herbal drugs have been described by medieval Muslim medical scholars such as Tabari （870 CE）, Rhazes （925 CE）, Haly Abbas （982 CE）, Avicenna （1037 CE） and Jurjani （1137 CE）. The term al-sin （the Arabic word for China） is used 46 times in Avicenna＇s Canon of Medicine in reference to herbal drugs imported from China. Cinnamon （dar sini; ＂Chinese herb＂）, wild ginger （asaron）, rhubarb （rivand-e sini）, nutmeg （basbasa）, incense tree wood （ood）, cubeb （kababe） and sandalwood （sandal） were the most frequently mentioned Chinese herbs in Islamic medical books. There are also multiple similarities between the clinical uses of these herbs in both medical systems. It appears that Chinese herbal drugs were a major component of the exchange of goods and knowledge between China and the Islamic and later to the Western world amid this era.

Highlight of Publications on Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs in 2008

Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs (CTHD),also known as Zhongcaoyao,was founded in January 1970. There are 40 volumes,near 500 issues including supplemental to 2009 have been published. In 1992 it was awarded national core publication published in Chinese and kept the title to date via four times reevaluations at 1996,2000, 2004,and 2008. As one of

New Progress in Modern Research on Chinese Herbal Medicines Published in Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs in 2010:Annual Highlights and Comments

As a series of and continuous publication,the papers published on Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs in 2010 were selectively and briefly highlighted to reflect the new progress on modern research of Chinese herbal medicines.Within 617 articles,chemical constituents(127),pharmaceutics and technology(149),pharmacological studies and clinical observation,and medicinal materials are still major categories.Some comments have also been personally provided.

Introduction of Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs

The journal published monthly since January 1970 is an academic and technical journal sponsored by Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (TIPR). The journal which has a long history of 40-years offers the columns of research papers brief reports, reviews, dissertation, and special treatises to report the recent achievements of our basic study, production quality control, and clinic application on traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese materia medica.

Introduction of Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs

The journal, published monthly since January 1970, is an academic and technical journal sponsored by Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Tianjin

Chemometrics:A new scenario in herbal drug standardization

Chromatography and spectroscopy techniques are the most commonly used methods in standardization of herbal medicines but the herbal system is not easy to analyze because of their complexity of chemical composition. Many cutting-edge analytical technologies have been introduced to evaluate the quality of medicinal plants and significant amount of measurement data has been produced. Chemometric techniques provide a good opportunity for mining more useful chemical information from the original data. Then, the application of chemometrics in the field of medicinal plants is spontaneous and necessary. Comprehensive methods and hyphenated techniques associated with chemometrics used for extracting useful information and supplying various methods of data processing are now more and more widely used in medicinal plants, among which chemometrics resolution methods and principal component analysis （PCA） are most commonly used techniques. This review focuses on the recent various important analytical techniques, important chemometrics tools and interpretation of results by PCA, and applications of chemometrics in quality evaluation of medicinal plants in the authenticity, efficacy and consistency,

A comparative study on antimicrobial susceptibility of uroculturome of humans in health and urinary tract infections

Background:The uroculturome indicates the profile of culturable microbes inhabiting the urinary tract,and it is often required to do a urine culture to find an effective antimicrobial to treat urinary tract infections(UTIs).Methods:This study targeted to understand the profile of culturable pathogens in the urine of apparently healthy(128)and humans with clinical UTIs(161)and their antimicrobial susceptibility.All the urine samples were analyzed to quantify microbial load and determine the diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of microbes following standard microbiological methods.Results:In urine samples from UTI cases,microbial counts were 1.2×10^(4)±6.02×10^(3) colony-forming units(cfu)/mL,while in urine samples from apparently healthy humans,the average count was 3.33±1.34×10^(3) cfu/mL.In eight samples(six from UTI cases and two from apparently healthy people,Candida(C.albicans 3,C.catenulata 1,C.krusei 1,C.tropicalis 1,C.parapsiplosis 1,C.gulliermondii 1)and Rhizopus species(1)were detected.Candida krusei was detected only in a single urine sample from a healthy person and C.albicans was detected both in urine of healthy and clinical UTI cases.Gram-positive(G+ve)bacteria were more commonly(Odds ratio,1.98;CI99,1.01-3.87)detected in urine samples of apparently healthy humans,and Gram-negative(G−ve)bacteria(Odds ratio,2.74;CI99,1.44-5.23)in urines of UTI cases.From urine samples of 161 UTI cases,a total of 90 different types of microbes were detected and,73 samples had only a single type of bacteria.In contrast,49,29,3,4,1,and 2 samples had 2,3,4,5,6 and 7 types of bacteria,respectively.The most common bacteria detected in urine of UTI cases was Escherichia coli(52 samples),in 20 cases as the single type of bacteria,other 34 types of bacteria were detected in pure form in 53 cases.From 128 urine samples of apparently healthy people,88 types of microbes were detected either singly or in association with others,from 64 urine samples only a single type of bacteria was detected while 34,13,3,11,2 and 1 sample yielded 2,3,4,5,6 and seven types of microbes,respectively.In the urine of apparently healthy humans too,E.coli was the most common bacteria,(10 samples)followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus(9),S.intermedius(5),and S.aureus(5),and similar types of bacteria also dominated in cases of mixed occurrence,E.coli was detected in 26,S.aureus in 22 and S.haemolyticus in 19 urine samples,respectively.G+ve bacteria isolated from urine samples’irrespective of health status were more often(P<0.01)resistant than G−ve bacteria to ajowan oil,holy basil oil,cinnamaldehyde,and cinnamon oil,but more susceptible to sandalwood oil(P<0.01).However,for antibiotics,G+ve were more often susceptible than G−ve bacteria to cephalosporins,doxycycline,and nitrofurantoin.Conclusion:The study concludes that to understand the role of good and bad bacteria in the urinary tract microbiome more targeted studies are needed to discern the isolates at the pathotype level.Further,the study suggests the use of antibiotics by observing good antibiotic stewardship following antibiotic susceptibility testing only.

Effect of Chinese herbal medicine on lung disease:an updated review

A large number of people worldwide suffer from pulmonary disorders,and their prevalence is on the rise.Although we have gained a greater understanding of the basis of respiratory airway disorders,the treatments and therapies available for those disorders have not progressed historically.Supplements to existing therapies are made from traditional natural derivatives and herbal medicines.Natural compounds such as these are capable of acting as the basis for developing new drugs and related treatments.Plants possess bioactive compounds that have distinct advantages over allopathic medicines because chemotherapy roots severe adverse effects rather than providing limited benefits.As a result of better effects and fewer adverse effects,herbal bioactive is a promising approach for treating respiratory disorders,resulting in a better quality of life and longer life expectancy for patients.Asthma,pulmonary fibrosis,lung cancer,and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are among the pulmonary disorders addressed in the present article and approaches based on clinical trials.

Evaluation on the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medication Xifeng Dingchan Pill in treating Parkinson's disease: study protocol of a multicenter, open-label, randomized active-controlled trial

BACKGROUND： Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is a complicated disease, commonly diagnosed among the elderly, which leads to degeneration of the central nervous system. It presently lacks an effective therapy for its complex pathogenesis. Adverse effects from Western drug-based medical intervention prevent long-term adherence to these therapies in many patients. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has long been used to improve the treatment of PD by alleviating the toxic and adverse effects of Western drug-based intervention. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Xifeng Dingchan Pill （XFDCP）, a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, taken in conjunction with Western medicine in the treatment of PD patients at different stages in the progression of the disease. METHODS AND DESIGN： This is a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. In total, 320 patients with early- （n = 160） and middle-stage PD （n = 160） will be enrolled and divided evenly into control and trial groups. Of the 160 patients with early-stage PD, the trial group （n = 80） will be given XFDCP, and the control group （n = 80） will be given Madopar. Of the 160 patients with middle-stage PD, the trial group （n = 80） will be given XFDCP combined with Madopar and Piribedil, and the control group （n = 80） will be given Madopar and Piribedil. The Unified Parkinson＇s Disease Rating Scale scores, TCM symptoms scores, quality of life, change of Madopar＇s dosage and the toxic and adverse effects of Madopar will be observed during a 3-month treatment period and through a further 6-month follow-up period. DISCUSSION： It is hypothesized that XFDCP, combined with Madopar and Piribedil, will have beneficial effects on patients with PD. The results of this study will provide evidence for developing a comprehensive therapy regimen, which can delay the progress of the disease and improve the quality of life for PD patients in different stages. TRIAL REGISTRATION： This trial has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with the identifer ChiCTR-TRC-12002150.