Income and Expenditure of the Herdsman in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: A Case Study of Xianghuang Banner in Xilin Gol League

Based on the household survey data concerning herdsmen's families in Xianghuang Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, we analyze the income and consumption structure of herdsmen's families in the western regions during the period 2008-2009. The results show that the herdsman's source of income is single, mainly focusing on livestock sale, with poor ability to resist risks; the share of purchase expenses of forage in the consumer spending is the greatest, growing rapidly, followed by spending on food, education and health care; there are many policy subsidies for housing. The characteristics of herdsman's income and consumption are jointly determined by natural factors, market factors, policy factors and personal factors. Based on this, corresponding recommendations are put forth in order to increase herdsman's income and improve the consumption structure: the herdsman should strengthen breeding techniques to improve scientific breeding and increase income, change consumer attitudes, save moderately, and strengthen ability to resist risks; the government should increase the policy subsidies for pastoral areas, strengthen education, training, health care for herdsman, and promote herdsman's quality.

Investigation and Analysis of Herdsman's Settlement in Xinjiang-A Case Study of Fuhai County

This paper introduces the status quo of herdsman's settlement in Fuhai County of Xinjiang.As to the herdsman's settlement in this county,there are 5 models:centralized settlement,sporadic settlement,settlement along the river,striped settlement along hillside,flower-arrangement-style settlement.Through settlement,herdsman's production mode changes dramatically,along with concept of production and management.On the one hand,the herdsman enjoys the fruits of economic development of modern society;on the other hand,the natural grassland is protected effectively and border stability is guaranteed.The problems existing in herdsman's settlement in Fuhai County are analysed as follows:first,the funds for building herdsman's settlement are short;second,the natural grassland degrades and the existing forage land is critically insufficient;third,the holistic level of herdsman's settlement is low,and herdsman's production and living mode is backward;fourth,the former settlements lack long-term and systematic planning.By establishing the building standard and principle of site selection regarding settlement,this paper proposes optimization program for herdsman's settlement in Fuhai County,and points out the following measures for guaranteeing herdsman's settlement:increase support for herdsman's settlement,and further ease herdsman's self-fund-raising pressure;accelerate building of forage base so that the herdsman can settle;strengthen technology promotion and scientific training for grass-roots personnel in settlements;focus on solving the problem of follow-up industry concerning herdsman's settlement;combine herdsman's settlement work and pastoral area organically,and promote large-scale herdsman's settlement.

Analysis of Income Structure of Farmer (Herdsman) of the Tibet Autonomous Region

Based on the sampling data this paper analyzes income structure of farmer (herdsman) of the Tibet Autonomous Region, including source, characteristics and cash. Situation of income structures and income sources of the farmers in different areas (agricultural, animal husbandry areas and half agricultural and half animal husbandry areas etc. ) was approached. The following features were found through an analysis of surveyed data: (1) In Tibetan peasant household goods and products instead of money. disposable income and cash are very little. (2) The variety index of income is higher in the out skirt than it in rural, the index has a direct bearing on net income. (3) The income ways are simplistic and out-date in the poor households, they have no ability to resist and guard a-gainst any risk, it is very difficult to increase their receipts. (4) The living standard in agricultural areas is better than in pastoral areas, it is the worst in half agriculture and half animal husbandry areas.

Study on Countermeasures for Increasing Income of Herdsman in Western Ethnic Minority Areas——A Case Study of Evenki Autonomous Banner

Taking typical western ethnic pastoral area-Evenki Autonomous Banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as an example,this article analyses the factors restricting income increase of herdsman penetratingly as follows:the growth in revenue of animal husbandry in pastoral area is limited by ecology;the infrastructure construction in pastoral area lags behind,and the development of animal husbandry is still sluggish;the overall level of industrialization operation of agriculture and animal husbandry is not high;the employment structure of herdsman is simple,and the channel of income increase is narrow;the transfer of labor forces in pastoral area shows " pumping-like transfer" ;herdsmen enjoy few national policies of supporting agriculture and benefiting farmers,and the policy support is short.On the basis of the actual situation in western ethnic minority areas,following countermeasures and proposals are put forward for increasing herdsman's income:transform the mode of production and operation,enhance the organization degree of the majority of herdsmen;improve infrastructure conditions,and promote comprehensive production capacity of agriculture and animal husbandry;quicken pace of industrialization,strengthen the construction of technology support and service system;speed up human capital accumulation rate of herdsman,improve self-development ability of herdsman;propel transformation of production pattern of animal husbandry,innovate ecological protection construction mechanism;increase subsidies for animal husbandry,pastoral area and herdsman in western ethnic minority areas,strengthen policy implementation.

Tibetan Herdsman and His Teahouse

In Ngari prefecture, Tibet, there is a sacred lake called Mapam Yumco that believers ofHinduism and Tibetan Buddhism worship. Set amid snow-covered mountains, the vast lake has an enchanting beauty. Colorful scripture streamers flutter by the lakeside and greet one group of pilgrims after another. Several years ago, Rinbung Gyai, a Tibetan herdsman, opened a teahouse by the side of the sacred lake.

内蒙古牧区推进中国式现代化的困境与出路

以“两件大事”为主抓手推进内蒙古现代化建设是当前及今后一段时间推动高质量发展的重大决策部署。从牧区自然条件和经济社会发展特征看,内蒙古牧区实现中国式现代化对完成习近平总书记交给内蒙古的“五大任务”和全方位建设“模范自治区”两件大事具有重要意义。进入新时代以来,内蒙古牧区积极探索推进中国式现代化的有效路径,在坚持因地制宜原则、发扬调查研究实事求是的工作作风、保持政策的稳定性和持续性、强抓精英人才培养、筑牢草原根基等方面积累了一些值得推广、可资借鉴的经验。但在实践中,牧区推进中国式现代化仍面临着草原生态局部好转、整体退化局面未得到根本转变,畜牧业产品价值实现机制缺失,持续改善牧民生计保障力不足等一系列问题。新时代,内蒙古牧区在推进中国式现代化过程中,应以史为鉴,明确牧区战略地位,在持续推进牧区现代化试点工作的基础上完善草原生态补偿机制,加大草原生态保护修复力度,不断提升绿色有机畜产品的品牌价值,进而推动牧区畜牧业现代化进程。同时,加强基层党组织建设,全方位提升集体组织对牧民生计改善的保障能力。

严寒地区宜居低碳牧居建筑设计

为改善捡烧牛粪燃能的利用方式,探索广大高原严寒牧区牧民住房绿色低碳转型路径,释放放牧草地生态系统蕴含的巨大减排增汇潜力和价值,文中以装配式低碳牧居替代捡烧牛粪的帐篷为导向,综述了近年来国内外严寒牧区牧民住房在装配式建筑、骨架与围护结构、光风互补供电系统和太阳能供暖系统四个方面绿色低碳技术的进展与态势,结合牧户调查、技术研发和牧居示范工程建设的实践,归纳、探讨了净零碳排放牧居技术路径,解析了取得初步成果的主要参数、经验和不足,为严寒地区牧居低碳化设计提供借鉴。得出“三室一廊”牧居、装配式骨架结构、低能耗围护结构、可再生能源替代和精细化管理可能成为牧区人与自然和谐共生现代化中新一代牧居的美好图景的结论。

青藏高原农牧民的家庭发展与生活满意度——基于问卷调查数据的分析

本文基于一项在四川省甘孜州开展的调查数据,以此为例讨论青藏高原农牧民的家庭发展与生活满意度之间的关系。研究发现:青藏高原农牧民生活满意度整体上较高。农牧民家庭在物质基础、人口素质和社会资本三个方面都处于较高水平,且仍然保持着传统较大的家庭规模。青藏高原农牧民的家庭发展与生活满意度存在紧密联系,家庭物质基础越好,家庭成员健康状况越好,个体获得的直接家庭支持越多、家庭与社区邻居的互动支持越多,个体生活满意度就越高。促进家庭发展对于提高农牧民生活满意度具有积极意义,在实现共同富裕和乡村振兴的大背景下,不仅应持续推动青藏高原农牧区民生改善,也应协同推进家庭发展,让家庭在促进农牧民美好生活需要不断得到满足的过程中发挥应有且重要的作用。

中国草原制度变迁逻辑:制度成本调节与牧民行为博弈——以内蒙古B嘎查为例

改革开放以来中国草原制度频繁调整,折射出草原大国制度变迁的复杂性。以内蒙古牧区草原制度变迁为例,剖析了草原制度变迁的动因和机制,研究发现,草原制度产生的制度成本需要行动者共同分担,而成本分担不均常常引发行动者利益冲突,导致草原制度变迁。具体而言,草原制度成本不断上升,增加了牧民成本分担压力,牧民获利空间逐步被缩减。为此,牧民采取成本转移、利益博弈、制度套利等差异化行为予以应对,持续对制度变迁施加压力,促使国家对牧民制度需求作出回应,从而驱动草原制度调整。因此,政府需重视草原制度成本问题,通过建立科学合理的成本分担机制,进一步稳定和完善中国草原制度。

东乌珠穆沁旗牧户草地流转中的转入行为

为提升牧民的草地流转意愿,促进牧区草地的规模化经营。基于二元Logistic模型和逐步回归的步骤和要求,从牧户个人特征、家庭特征、资源特征、草地特征4个方面,对东乌珠穆沁旗牧户牧草地转入行为及规模的影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明:牧区草地流转已初具规模,以集体经济组织内部流转为主,草地主要集中在分散牧户手中;集中各项资源优势的牧户倾向于转入草地;草地转入规模受多种变量的影响。因此,建议逐步推动牧区草原承包经营权流转市场;完善流转户的相关保障制度;加强草原承包经营权的宣传力度,提高牧户意识;加大教育投入,培育新型规模经营主体。

哈萨克族牧民参与乡村旅游对可持续生计的影响研究——以阿尔善村为例

乡村旅游是实现乡村振兴的重要抓手,牧民参与乡村旅游发展对提高生计资本和丰富生计策略具有重要的推动作用。以阿尔善村为案例地,分析发现,在哈萨克族牧民参与乡村旅游发展过程中存在着参与水平低、经营理念落后、旅游收入较少等问题,基于此,分别从牧民、合作社和政府3个层面提出相应对策建议,构建牧民可持续生计发展机制。

巴丹吉林沙漠地区牧民的住房形式与演变过程研究

内蒙古的居住文化,由于土地的分配、生活环境的变化、自然环境的变化、经济条件的变化等多种因素的影响,有了很大的变化。现在,蒙古牧民均采用了固定式住宅。论文以内蒙古自治区巴丹吉林沙漠地区牧民的住宅为对象,以访问调查和实测调查的方法收集数据。通过分析掌握了放牧方法对居住形态的影响,并且阐明了牧民固定式住宅平面布局的变化过程,为“乡村振兴战略”中的沙漠地区新农村牧区建设研究提供实践依据,有助于解决农牧区的社会平衡发展。

自然资源保护对参与者多维福祉的影响——以黄河源头玛多牧民为例

受气候变化和人类活动的影响,三江源生态系统脆弱且退化严重,为保护日益退化严重的三江源生态系统,2005年国家在三江源地区实施了全面的生态保护战略。结合森的能力框架和马斯洛层次需要理论探讨了福祉的内涵,构建了福祉评价体系,运用参与式农村评估方法,在对黄河源头玛多县159户牧民进行住户问卷调研的基础上,用模糊评价法和层次分析法确定权重,评价了玛多牧民参与生态保护前后的福祉变化。结果表明:(1)自然资源保护中人类福祉的内涵,指人类在生态系统生产和利用中为实现美好的生活、健康、体验、各种社会关系、归属感、尊重和实现自我价值等而选择各种生活的自由和能力即是人类福祉,贫穷指能力和发展的受限即福祉的下降。(2)福祉是多维的、递阶的,低阶的功能维度的实现程度将影响到高阶的功能维度的实现,并最终影响个体的福祉。(3)玛多牧民在参与生态保护移民中个体的能力值由5.061变为4.708,即福祉受到了一定程度的损失,是因生计能力的限制,致使收入和消费的低阶需求未能有效满足,并影响了生活实现和自我价值的实现、归属感等高阶功能的实现,更是由于在参与生态保护移民中不能选择继续生活在草原,能力和发展权受到了限制,进而导致福祉下降,是生计能力不足导致的收入贫困、知识性贫困和生态型贫困的综合结果。(4)聚焦只能强烈依赖于草地生态系统放牧而生存的牧民的福祉,了解并深入分析牧民的生态保护行为响应机制和动力,建立福祉损失和牧户生计能力提高为基础的科学的生态补偿机制才能实现生态保护和社会福祉均衡及最大化。(5)以提高人类能力为核心,促进牧民生计多样化以改善牧民的福祉和激励牧民主动积极地参与生态保护和建设,在可持续发展的综合理念下制定自然资源保护和管理规划,才能最终促使有效的生态系统保护—提高人类福祉—发展的多赢局面的实现。

生态旅游区定居牧民变迁环境适应研究——以新疆天山天池、那拉提为例

【目的】定居和参与旅游业的生态旅游区牧民对新环境适应是其后续发展的基础。评价定居牧民的变迁环境适应水平,探讨旅游有序发展、定居工程目标实现、牧民增收的有效协调机制,为旅游与农牧业生产政策提供科学依据。【方法】选择新疆天山天池和那拉提生态旅游区为实证点,以少数民族定居牧民变迁环境的感知与行为特征为测量工具,利用因子分析法研究参与旅游业的定居牧民变迁环境的适应问题。【结果】定居牧民对变迁环境总体适应水平加权值为良,因子分析提取出社会文化、生产经营、政治与信息途径、培训、政策与制度五类因子综合评价少数民族定居牧民变迁环境的适应水平,其中社会文化因子适应水平最高,培训因子适应水平最低。【结论】由游牧到定居的变迁中,政府与基层组织发挥引导职能,实施有效的培训方案提升牧民现代农业和旅游服务业水平,促进生产方式转型,缩短牧民新环境的适应过程面临挑战。

甘南草地现状与可持续发展问题分析——以夏河地区桑科乡为例

本研究以甘肃省夏河县桑科乡为案例,通过问卷调查和半结构式访谈两种方法相结合,调查了夏河县桑科乡105户牧民的家庭基本情况,生产、生活、生态状况,分析了社区畜牧业发展面临的问题;同时,在技术人员与社区牧民共同参与下,识别草地管理中存在的问题,形成解决问题的方案,以期能够使牧民的生活条件得到改善,使牧区的经济、生态能够协调运转,以实现资源的可持续利用。

定居牧民对草地退化的适应策略——以那曲县为例

采用参与式农村评估法(PRA),在青藏高原腹地那曲县3个典型乡镇的实地调查基础上,分析了定居牧民对草地退化的适应策略。结果表明:研究区草地均有不同程度的退化,夏秋草场较冬春草场退化更明显。草地退化对牧民生计最明显的影响是牲畜大量死亡,牧民依靠省吃俭用及借贷勉强维持生计。在应对草地退化方面,政府采取集约化的思路,主导"四配套建设"。但定居并未从根本上改变牧民生计的脆弱性。牧民采取了多种适应策略,然而,集约化的适应策略极大地增加了牧民的负担,定居牧民难以通过迁移来实现草料补给及应对极端灾害天气的胁迫。因此,政府的应对策略应该有所调整,不能仅仅局限于集约化,应当采取措施,扶持牧民的生计多样化,大力扶持牧业合作社的发展,同时,尊重牧民联户放牧的意愿。

内蒙古典型草原区牧民对干旱的认知及其应对措施探讨

针对中国北方草原区干旱频发的现实问题,采用统计学的方法,抽取了锡林浩特地区65户牧民家庭,进行入户的问卷调查.相关分析的结果表明:69.2%的牧民认识到干旱对其生产生活有影响;受教育程度(相关系数=0.302)、家庭人均收入(相关系数=0.404)和人均牲畜头数(相关系数=0.357)显著影响牧民对干旱的认知.在典型草原区,牧民对干旱的应对措施较清晰,主要以购买草料(100.0%)、处理牲畜(80.0%)、走场(33.8%)、圈养牲畜(30.8%)、外出打工(16.9%)共5种措施来减缓干旱的损失.牧民的列联表分析显示出,多种因素影响干旱应对措施:文化程度高的牧民选择走场的几率较高(54.5%);年长户主选择圈养和走场(37.5%);家庭人均收入高的家庭选择租草场、走场来缓解干旱的不利影响(53.3%);草场面积较小的牧民容易圈养(46.7%)和外出打工(33.3%);牲畜头数多的牧民不需要外出打工;认识到干旱的牧民会选择走场的比率高(40.0%).牧民对干旱的认知与应对措施研究将为草原可持续发展理论奠定基础.

西藏自治区农牧民收入结构分析

依据入户调查资料 ,文章重点分析了现阶段西藏农牧民的收入结构 ,包括收入来源、收入性质、现金收入等内容 ,探索了不同地区 (农区、牧区、半农半牧区、一江两河农业开发区、城郊区等 )及不同收入段农牧民收入结构和收入来源的差异。通过分析发现西藏农牧民收入有以下特征 :①收入以实物为主 ,现金收入和可支配收入少 ;②城郊区农牧民收入多样化指数高 ,农牧民收入高 ,收入多样化指数与农牧民收入正相关 ;③低收入农户收入来源单一 ,抗风险能力弱 ,收入增加困难 ;④从生活质量看农区优于牧区 ,半农半牧区农牧民生活质量最差 ;⑤影响农牧民人均收入的主要因子为人均生产性投入、区域通达度等。

基于退牧还草模式的农牧户家庭经营实证研究——以祁连山地为例

采用实地访谈、调研方法,利用SPSS统计软件和灰色局势决策法,在社区层面研究了祁连山地不同退牧还草模式下,牧户家庭经营结构、水平和方向变化。结果表明,祁连山地牧户经济收入具有波动性和不稳定性,畜牧业在人均收入中份额达62.8%。退牧还草政策实施以来,四季禁牧区牧户家庭打工收入、夏季和冬季禁牧区多种经营比例分别达49.9%、31.2%和42.1%,但牧民收入总体水平分别下降2.3%、1.4%和9.5%,区位特征对退牧区替代产业发展具有决定性影响;夏季草场禁牧区牧户减收最多,冬季草场禁牧区经济损失较少。退牧前后牧户家庭经营方向没有发生根本性变化,当地居民仍以牧为生,退牧还草政策没有达到预期调整家庭经营结构的效果。