Production of Railwayscape in urban environment:Analysing railway heritage tourism potential in Siliguri City,India

For a long time,it has been argued that the theories and practices devoted to urban planning and management should conform to the fundamental role of planning policies in the production of urban space,but not merely the spatial distribution of the produced services.Towards this wider connotation,this study introduces the notion of Railwayscape,grounded on the theory of‘The Production of Space’,to examine the role of railway station districts as catalysts of urban development through the social production of urban space.The present research sets out to establish the notion of Railwayscape and apply it in a railway heritage,i.e.,the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway(DHR)and its point of inception,Siliguri City,India.Accordingly,a criteria-based evaluation of four railway station districts(New Jalpaiguri,Siliguri Town,Siliguri Junction,and Sukna)in Siliguri and its surroundings was performed.The information regarding the selected four railway station districts is obtained through field observation and key informant consultation,supplemented by published literature and remote sensing data.This evaluation is succeeded by the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats(SWOT)analysis accentuating the potential strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats associated with the selected four railway station districts and their prospects to become the potential Railwayscape.The results of this research show that there is no railway station district in Siliguri that can fully meet the demands of the locals and tourists,therefore,relfecting a lack of awareness of the historical values of these districts.The results also indicate that there are significant differences in the relative potentials of railway station districts to become the Railwayscape in urban environment.The outcomes of this research,therefore,are expected to encourage policy-making insitutions and practitioners to realise the‘place value’of some railway station districts and their potentials to yield better economic,social and structural virtue for a wide range of actors.

Research on Evaluation and Development of Industrial Heritage Tourism Resources in Textile Valley

This paper selects Qingdao Textile Valley as the research object,establishes the evaluation system of industrial heritage tourism resources,and analyzes the evaluation factors of industrial heritage tourism resources,such as resource element value,market location value,and environmental factors.Then this paper puts forward some effective suggestions to promote the development of industrial heritage tourism in Textile Valley.The results show that the measures put forward,such as fully tapping the value of resource elements,improving the surrounding traffic environment,perfecting tourism signs,perfecting local traffic routes,improving the complementarity of tourism resources,and expanding the tourist market,can scientifically and effectively protect urban industrial heritage,improve the development level of urban tourism,and speed up the transformation of new and old energy in Qingdao.

Public policies and conservation plans of historic urban landscapes under the sustainable heritage tourism milieu: discussions on the equilibrium model on Kulangsu Island, UNESCO World Heritage site

Purpose The tensions and threats in historic urban landscapes brought about by heritage tourism are still regional,global,general,and dynamic issues.For Kulangsu,there is an obvious problem in the connection between the current conservation plan and public policy.To a large extent,public policy cannot effectively,specifically,and flexibly respond to the dynamic problems in the implementation of the conservation plan,which seems insufficient concerning the effect of these conservation plans and public policies on promoting the adaptive reuse and sustainable tourism of the historic urban in Kulangsu heritage sites.Thus,giving more consideration to the combination of public policies and conservation plans of historic urban landscapes under the heritage tourism milieu,ensuring a balanced,sustainable,and integrated development pattern still calls for new discussions in achieving good performance of sustainable heritage tourism.This study conceptually discusses the equilibrium model of historic urban landscapes with a range of strategies under a sustainable heritage tourism background and responds to the synthetic contradiction of the imbalances among public policy,conservation plans,and development practices.Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a range of prepared desktop studies(public policy studies,conservation plans),field surveys,participant observations,and randomised interviews to respond to the insufficiency of the current heritagepractices.Findings This study discusses the equilibrium model of sustainable heritage tourism at heritage sites.It takes Kulangsu Island,a UNESCO World Heritage site in Southeast China,as an example to discuss the equilibrium model,which encompasses a convergent parallel framework and three dimensions concerning heritage management and policymaking.The equilibrium model of historic urban landscapes is a dynamic framework that integrates social,economic,environmental,and cultural concerns into a holistic collaborative framework under a sustainable heritage tourism background.Originality/value In line with the requirements of the Historic Urban Landscape(HUL)approach and general principles in support of sustainable urban heritage management promoted by UNESCO and ICOMOS,the study points out the peculiarities and potential of the equilibrium mode in solving the current challenges of historic urban landscapes for sustainable heritage tourism.Finding ways of linking policymaking,conservation,development,heritage tourism,and different interest groups to a holistic framework can stimulate effective means and management mechanisms for the complicated and changeable issues of sustainable heritage tourism.

Impact mechanism of perception on the protection intention of tourist heritage sites:Taking the Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal as an example

Heritage tourism is a hot research topic in the academic field,and most scholars focus on the development model of heritage tourism and heritage conservation theory and methods,but less on the heritage tourists themselves.Based on the theory of planned behavior,the study introduces the variable of“perception”,and takes the Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal as a case study,and investigates tourists through literature,fieldwork and questionnaires.The study constructs a“perception-subjective norm-willingness to protect”model to explore the influence of tourists’“perception”and“subjective norm”on“willingness to protect”.The study found that:first,heritage tourists’perceptions significantly affect attitudes,subjective norms,perceptual behavior control and willingness to conserve.Second,tourists’attitudes,subjective norms and perceptual behavior control significantly affect their willingness to conserve.Third,heritage tourists’economic perceptions,social perceptions and emotional perceptions can affect willingness to conserve.The study provides references for relevant governments and tourism enterprises to conserve and develop the Grand Canal section.

Heritage tourism evolution in Guangfu Ancient City,Hebei Province,China:an analysis with the improved creative destruction model

Ancient cities and towns are popular tourism destinations worldwide.In this paper,Guangfu Ancient City in Yongnian County,Hebei Province,China,is taken as the case study and the modifed creative destruction model is applied as the analytical framework to evaluate the multiactor dynamics of heritage tourism development.A mixed method approach is adopted,including a local resident survey,in-depth interviews with staf of the Guangfu Ancient City tourism site and government ofcials responsible for the heritage conservation and tourism development of the site,and a review of online tourist reviews,relevant government documents and reports.Based on the modifed creative destruction model,local residents’attitudes towards tourism development,changes in tourist numbers,the level of business and government investments,and the motivations of diferent stakeholders in tourism development are assessed by synthesising on-site research,historical data and other materials.Then,the tourism development stages for Guangfu Ancient City are identifed as the precommodifcation stage before 2006,the early commodifcation stage from 2006 to 2011 and the advanced commodifcation stage from 2012 to 2017.The fndings indicate that with rapid increases in investments from both corporate and government sources and in the number of tourists,the attitude of local residents towards tourism development remained positive.The results show that instead of entering the initial destruction stage,Guangfu Ancient City is in the transition stage from advanced commodifcation to creative enhancement given the government’s dominant role in tourism development,the heritage conservation motives of tourism entrepreneurs,the benefts to residents from tourism development ensured by government policies,and the shift in tourist type to postmodern tourists with double demands.The applicability of the modifed creative destruction model is further discussed,and policy and management recommendations are generated to support the sustainable development of Guangfu Ancient City after the COVID-19 pandemic.

A conceptual framework for understanding the intrinsic contestation of cultural heritage tourism in Chinese qiaoxiang

Cultural heritage in Chinese qiaoxiang is constructed where Chinese and foreign cultures gather,connecting overseas Chinese with their country of origin.However,conficts concerning this type of heritage comes out frequently,such as house reconstruction clash,host-guest conficts and destructive competition in heritage tourism.The economic and cultural duality of heritage is perceived as the source of intrinsic contestation in heritage tourism,and conficts related to diferent types of heritage may take on diferent appearances and causes.Extant tourism studies have generalised cultural heritage in Chinese qiaoxiang,neglecting the unique characteristics of the diaspora and their corresponding infuence on heritage protection and utilisation,that makes the reasons for these conficts remain unclear.By answering the basic question of what heritage is,this research proposes an analytical framework to understand the intrinsic contestation of cultural heritage tourism in Chinese qiaoxiang.The paper points out that the contradiction between‘ancestral root culture’and modernity and between fow and stillness is the trigger for intrinsic contestation.The paper also summarises the core issues in conficts that need further discussion by answering the questions of‘what is heritage’,‘whose heritage’and‘how to interpret heritage’.The core issues include heritage selection and identifcation,the commercialisation of‘home’,heritage interpretation and so on.

Agricultural Heritage Systems Tourism： definition,characteristics and development framework

Architectural heritage comprises one o the most important elements of mountain settlements in Greece. It holds high cultural value, represents the tangible continuation of the past and forms the unique character and identity of each mountain region. Yet, controversy regarding funding for its preservation often arises. In this paper, we used two Contingent Valuation surveys to estimate the socia benefit deriving from protecting the traditiona architecture in the mountainous village of Sirako and through it, to examine perceptions and attitudes o local residents and visitors. Research findings revealed a strong social will in favor of the good＇s protection followed by high percentages of positive willingness to pay（WTP）. However, WTP is significantly higher among residents. Cultura heritage value, of the good, appears to prevail, along with the environmental one. However, both residents and visitors pointed out that local heritage, if wellpreserved, will boost tourism development. Residents appeared to better recognize the true level o architectural decay, expressed higher apprehension for its protection and were willing to pay higher amount of money. Tourists, on the other side expressed high satisfaction for their visit, appreciated the beauty and serenity emerging from local built and natural environment and spent several days visiting the surrounding area. The longer they stayed and gotfamiliar with the village, the more willing they were to contribute to local heritage＇s protection. Percentages reflecting indifference for protecting architecture were extremely low. Yet, they were higher among tourists. Traditional architecture is considered as public good; an opinion resulting in an important percentage of visitors stating that national government should provide the necessary funding. In addition, the architecture appears to hold a high level of topicality. Those descending from Sirako or emotionally connected to it, of both social groups,turned out to be more concerned about the good and with a stronger sense of responsibility for it. Usevalue of the good holds high economic value, as well,while higher percentages of zero WTP appeared among non-users. Research findings revealed social attitudes and perceptions on what constitutes architectural heritage, in its cultural and economic frame. If taken under consideration, they may form useful drivers for local, heritage-based, sustainable

Progress and Prospects in Tourism Research on Agricultural Heritage Sites

Agricultural heritage is an important type of world heritage. The special features of this kind of heritage are that they are “living” or “real life” systems, in both the ecosystem and in the cultural sense. So, agricultural heritage needs to be conserved in a special way. In a well-reasoned approach to dynamic conservation of agricultural heritage, careful development of heritage sites can realize greater sustainability of the traditional agriculture by considering both conservation and development though tourism. This paper examines the Global Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） as designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations （FAO） and listed by United Nations Educational, Scientiifc and Cultural Organization （UNESCO） as agricultural heritages sites. Currently, the research in China focuses on tourism resources evaluation and development, production design and marketing, tourism perception and the impacts of tourism development and so forth. There is less emphasis on research about benefit sharing of heritage tourism evolution mechanisms, environmental impacts of agricultural heritage tourism and study methods which should be analyzed in-depth, so as to iluminate the theories and practices of development in a living landscape.

The Development Strategy of Bali as Sustainable Event Conference Destination Based on Satisfaction Level:Service Quality,Green Meeting,Loyalty

Indonesia,particularly Bali,is a feasible destination to hold whether an international or national event conference,however its standard needs to improve,since it is below other countries.As the green meeting,several conference events still are concerned in preserving the environment,and also reducing the negative environment implication.Thus,the service quality is very necessary to support the conference events.Generally,this study is to analyze the service quality,green meetings towards satisfaction,loyalty,and the development strategy of Bali as a center of sustainable conference events.This research uses a sequential explanatory model,which is a mixed method between quantitative and qualitative approach.Quantitative approach used SEM,and focus group discussion for the qualitity to obtain stake holders’opinion.SWOT was used to develop the strategies and QSPM to obtain the alternatives that are prioritized to the development center of event conference that has quality and green environment.This research was located in several places,such as Nusa Dua,Kuta,and Airport.

Sustainable Development of Ice and Snow Tourism-Theory&Empirical Studies:Preface

The Beijing Winter Olympics brought a historical miracle to the development of China’s ice and snow tourism.It is both an opportunity and a challenge to reap the extra dividends of the times and to develop China’s ice and snow tourism.By selecting 18 academic papers,this special issue deeply discusses the status quo and the future measures of ice and snow tourism in China from three aspects:ice and snow tourism development and management,the ice and snow tourism experience and its influencing factors,and ice and snow tourism impact assessment.Moreover,one part entitled“Tourism Culture and Ecotourism”has been set up to emphasize those cutting-edge research topics.It is worth mentioning that this issue is in-depth and has profound connotations.First of all,the research area ranges from national to regional to the city-level,including both longitudinal and horizontal research.In additon,the research methods are practical,innovative,and at the frontier of scientific research,and include industrial correlation analysis methods,kernel density,spatial autocorrelation and other geospatial analysis methods,content analysis methods,sentiment analysis methods,structural equation models,Delphi methods,spatial statistics methods,geographic detector method and many others.In general,this special issue combines qualitative research with quantitative research,provides a variety of theoretical perspectives such as perceived value theory,institutional evolution theory,etc.,and builds various useful models like the pre-competition evaluation model for ice and snow tourism heritage,the consumption skill-travel radius decision-making influence model under the moderating effect of the ski resort comprehensive leisure environment,the evaluation model of the suitability of glacier tourism resource development,the model of the relationship between tourists’experience value and loyalty in the context of ice and snow tourism,among others.These studies are expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of ice and snow tourism in the post-Winter Olympics era,and help ice and snow tourism develop in a sustainable and high-quality direction.

Is colonial heritage negative or not so much?Debating heritage discourses and selective interpretation of Kulangsu,China

Heritage is in essence dissonant,especially colonial heritage in postcolonial nations.Via questionnaire surveys and inter‑views,this study investigates Kulangsu in Xiamen,China,a colonial heritage site mainly developed in the 19th and 20th centuries,to unveil the local government’s authorised heritage discourse(AHD)of the site and how tourists perceive the colonial past of Kulangsu and construct their own heritage discourse(s).Results show that,when considering the colonial history of the site,neither the AHD promoted by the authorities nor the tourists’lay discourses are necessarily negative.However,tension implicitly arises between the tourists’demand for comprehensive heritage information and the authorities’selective interpretation of the site.Although the AHD afects lay discourses to some extent,most tourists expect the authorities to present more complete and neutral information about heritage so they can refect and forge their own conception of colonial legacies.From a critical heritage studies perspective,this tension refects the power imbalance between the authorities and the tourists and reminds the authorities and heritage experts to rethink heritage tourism and conservation in terms of heritage interpretation.This paper,therefore,calls for additional refection on the legitimacy of selective interpretation,which implicates a complex process of intricate reasoning that is underpinned by the power imbalance between the authorities and the tourists,ultimately resulting in an AHD.

China’s corridor bridges:heritage buildings over water

Essentially unknown in the rest of the world and only recently appreciated in China,the globally significant 3000+‘corridor bridges’(langqiao)in China far outnumber the better-known‘covered bridges’found in North America and Europe.Rivaling or exceeding those in the West in number,age,complexity,and architectural ambition,some of China’s outstanding timber langqiao in the mountains of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces are on the cusp of being inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage cultural sites.Throughout south and central China today there is moreover a resurgence of new timber langqiao being erected using traditional carpentry alongside the unprecedented construction of modern marvels of steel and concrete.Archaeological evidence in 2001 uncovered China’s earliest‘corridor bridge’—thus the oldest known covered bridge in the world—with a length of 42m dating to the Han dynasty 2000 years ago.The Rulong Bridge,which dates to 1625 and is documented as the oldest standing woven arch-beam langqiao,can be visited today in Qingyuan county,southern Zhejiang.Even older langqiao with parallel log beams as the substructure have come to light in neighboring Fujian province,most notably the Zhiqing Bridge in a rural area of Jian’ou city that dates to 1490.China’s bridges,whether with a corridor atop or without,have traditionally not been included under the umbrella of‘vernacular architecture’even as they usually were created by local craftspeople employing the same approaches and practices for dwellings and temples.Just as with these better researched structures,langqiao must be studied not only from the perspective of architecture,but also anthropology,geography,history,and sociology,among other disciplines.Rather than being abandoned as artifacts from the past,China’s langqiao today represent a living tradition that continues serving rural communities as places of passage,spaces for leisure and marketing,sites for worship,and increasingly destinations for tourists in search of nostalgic connections with China’s past.The research presented in this article draws heavily from the authors’China’s Covered Bridges:Architecture over Water,a comprehensive book published in late 2019 in Shanghai and London by Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press that will be distributed in 2020 by the University of Hawai’i Press.Despite the scope of this book,the complexity of China’s langqiao remains understudied.

Community-led initiatives for the rehabilitation and management of vernacular settlements in Oman:a phenomenon in the making

Once abandoned for more than three decades,vernacular settlements in Oman are now being progressively reinvested in to foster the country’s heritage tourism sector.The present research focuses on the emerging phenomenon of community-led initiatives for vernacular heritage rehabilitation and adaptive reuse in Oman.Through an examination of three case studies,its aim is to describe this process and its modes of action and discuss its efects on vernacular settlement transformations.A mixed research methodology was designed to include(A)analyses of relevant primary and secondary data,(B)documented onsite observations,(C)interviews with local community representatives and key players in the operations of rehabilitation,and(D)extractions and analyses of quantitative data from a hotel booking website.The research sheds light on unsuspected interrelations within and between the projects being implemented in these settlements and their operating modes.It reveals the focal role of a local community in a kind of‘bottom-up’management of its built heritage,coupled with a‘horizontal cooperation’between the three initiatives studied in this research.Moreover,it shows that a heavily centralised and top-down policy for the feld of heritage conservation and management is among the main obstacles that hinder such initiatives.Furthermore,community-led operations of vernacular heritage rehabilitation are being undertaken under insufcient regulations in terms of land use,building restoration and adaptive reuse.In this context,the paper discusses some of the serious threats and concerns faced by such initiatives and proposes actionable solutions to mitigate these hindrances.

Should Historical Attractions Be Outsourced?

Yueyang Tower,located by Dongting Lake in the city of Yueyang,central China’s Hunan Province,is a time-honored scenic spot,well known across the nation.Its fame is particularly attributed to a renowned Song Dynasty poet and intellectual,Fan Zhongyan（989-1052）,