A Neural Study of the Fractional Heroin Epidemic Model

This works intends to provide numerical solutions based on the nonlinear fractional order derivatives of the classical White and Comiskey model(NFD-WCM).The fractional order derivatives have provided authentic and accurate solutions for the NDF-WCM.The solutions of the fractional NFD-WCM are provided using the stochastic computing supervised algorithm named Levenberg-Marquard Backpropagation(LMB)based on neural networks(NNs).This regression approach combines gradient descent and Gauss-Newton iterative methods,which means finding a solution through the sequences of different calculations.WCM is used to demonstrate the heroin epidemics.Heroin has been on-growth world wide,mainly in Asia,Europe,and the USA.It is the fourth foremost cause of death due to taking an overdose in the USA.The nonlinear mathematical system NFD-WCM discusses the overall circumstance of different drug users,such as suspected groups,drug users without treatment,and drug users with treatment.The numerical results of NFD-WCM via LMB-NNs have been substantiated through training,testing,and validation measures.The stability and accuracy are then checked through the statistical tool,such asmean square error(MSE),error histogram,and fitness curves.The suggested methodology’s strength is demonstrated by the high convergence between the reference solutions and the solutions generated by adding the efficacy of a constructed solver LMB-NNs,with accuracy levels ranging from 10?9 to 10?10.

Abstinence Following a Motivation-Skill-Desensitization-Mental Energy Intervention for Heroin Dependence: A Three-year Follow-up Result of a Randomized Controlled Trial

The high rate of relapse among heroin users remains a significant public concern in China. In the present study, we utilized a Motivation-Skill-Desensitization-Mental Energy (MSDE) intervention and evaluated its effects on abstinence and mental health. Eighty-nine male heroin users in a drug rehabilitation center were enrolled in the study. The participants in the MSDE intervention group (n=46) received MSDE intervention, which included motivational interviewing, coping skills training, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and mindfulness-based psychotherapy. The participants in the control group (h=43) received a series of lectures on skills training. A significant increase in Contemplation Ladder score (P<0.001) and decreases in scores on the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (P<0.001), Beck Depression Inventory (P<0.001), and Aggression Questionnaire (P=O.O33) were found immediately after intervention. Compared to the control group, the MSDE intervention group reported significantly higher abstinence rates (P=0.027) and retention rates (P<0.001) at follow-up. Overall, the MSDE intervention, which uses a combined strategy for relapse prevention, could be a promising approach for preventing relapse among heroin users in China.

Dynamics of a Heroin Epidemic Model with Very Population

Based on the model provided by the Mulone and Straughan [1], we relax the population which are constant and obtain the drug-free equilibrium which is global asymptotically stable under some conditions. The system has only uniqueness positive endemic equilibrium which is globally asymptotically stable by using the second compound matrix.

A Studyon Daisy Miller The Tragic Fate of the Heroine and its Reasons

Daisy Miller is an 1878 novella about an American girl by Henry James; This paper, based on the textual analysis of the novel is an effort to study the tragic fate of heroine and its reason through a comparative study of it. Two common reasons of the tragic destiny will be discussed in the paper: one, the oppressive environment; the other, the hero's inaction.

Jane Austin and Her Heroines

Jane Austin(1775-1817),one of the greatest realistic novelists in English literature,wrote several classical,worldwide popular novels.This essay tries to reveal the heroines' epitome in her works through analyzing Jane Austin' s personal experiences and her love life.

Anima and Animus of the Hero and Heroine in Snowdrops

According to Carl Jung,a male may possess feminine psychological qualities and a female may possess masculine psy chological qualities.From this perspective,this paper tries to use Carl Jung’s theory of anima and animus to analyze the character ization of the hero and heroine in snowdrops.

A Tentative Study on the Heroine in Willa Cather's The Song of the Lark——From the Perspective of Myth and Archetypal Criticism

Willa Cather is one of the most famous female writers in American literary history.The Song of the Lark is the early work of Willa Cather.The thesis intends to offer a thorough study on the heroine's image of The Song of the Lark with the myth and archetypal criticism to have an elaborate discussion on how the heroine of this work is embodied by the archetypal goddess of Muse so as to explore how Cather suggests her deep themes and expresses her permanent pursuit of art.

Role of prefrontal cortex-nucleus accumbens glutamatergic projection in heroin reward and motivation

OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivation of heroin addiction.Our study investigates the effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3(mGluR2/3) and the projections from ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFc) to the NAc shell on the reward and motivation of heroin-addicted rats.METHODS First,rats were trained to selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,parts of rats were injected with mGluR 2/3 agonist LY379268(0.1,0.3 and 1.0 mg·kg-1,ip) systematically and another parts of rats were bilaterally microinjected with LY379268(0.3 and 1.0 g·L^(-1))at the volume of 0.5 μL into the ventral tegmental area(VTA),NAc core or NAc shell,respectively.All rats were followed by heroin self-administration testing under fixed ratio 1(FR1) schedule or progressed ratio(PR) schedule to observe the effect of LY379268 on the heroin reward or motivation.Second,rats were injected chemogenetic glutamatergic virus(pAAV-CaMKIIa-hM3 D(Gq)-mCherry or pAOV-CaMKIIa-hM4 D(Gi)-mCherry-3 Flag) or negative control virus in vmPFc,and trained to heroin self-administration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were bilateral y microinjected with clozapine-N-oxide(CNO,1 mmol·L^(-1),0.5 μL) into NAc shell and tested the effect on the heroin reward or motivation.Finally,rats were injected optogenetical glutamatergic virus(AAV2/9-CaM KⅡ-hChR2-EYFP) or negative control virus in vmPFc,implanted 16 channel photoelectrode in ipsilateral NAc shell,and trained to heroin selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were tested heroin reward under FR1 procedure with blue light stimulation in the wavelength of470 nm,frequency of 25 HZ and power of 5 mW.Each stimulation lasting for 1 h and interval for1 h.The spike changes before and after stimulation in NAc Shel neural nerve was recorded.RESULTS LY379268 cloud dose-dependent attenuated the heroin reward or motivation and the local effective site was mainly in the NAc shell.Chemogenetic results showed activation or inactivation the projection from vmPFc to NAc shell enhanced or attenuated the heroin reward and motivation,respectively.Optogenetical stimulation the same projection also enhanced the heroin reward,and a tonic neuronal firing at the nerve of NAc shell was observed during the light stimulation session.CONCLUSION mGluR2/3 activation in the NAc shell is involved in the inhibition of heroin reward and motivation.Activation the projection from PFc to NAc shell can enhance the effects on heroin reward and motivation.

POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION IN THE RESEARCHOF HEROIN′S TOXICITY

The toxicity of heroin (the drug) which affects the health of mice was studied by using the regression analysis method based on the results of experiment.We found that after the heroin was injected into the mice,the blood leucocyte number and body weight were decreased significantly,the bleeding time was prolonged,the activity of glutamic pyruvic tronsaminase(GPT) in mice hepatic tissue and the weight of heart raised with increasing of herion dose.

The Impact of Matrix Treatment (Family Training) in Reducing the Amount of Drug Consumption in Heroin and Crack Addicts

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of family training based on matrix model in reducing the amount of drug consumption by heroin and crack addicts. The subjects were referral to Karaj Clinic, Karaj City, Iran, for crack abuse in 2013. In order to select participants convenience sampling was been used and totally 45 patients were selected (15 heroin addict, 15 crack addict, and 15 with combination of heroin and crack addiction) and put into two groups of experimental and control groups randomly. For collecting the data, Addiction Severity Index questionnaire was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used through one-way analysis of covariance for data analyzing. The results indicated that there was statistical difference between the experimental and control group with consumption of heroin and crack in family status, mental and substance use and also it has been shown that the experimental group with heroine consumption achieved better performance compared with the control group in the amount of consumption.

Heroin-induced changes of CD34-positive rat thymus cells

Heroin is a well known opioid that causes al-terations to the immune system of a number of investigated animals. Only a few studies have explored the effect of heroin on the lymphocytes maturation. Thymocyte progenitors originate from haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. The immature T-cells express neither CD4 nor CD8, and are therefore classed as double-negative (CD4-CD8-) cells. CD34 glycoprotein is the only defined marker of the immature T-lymphocytes. In this study we have investigated the changes induced in CD34+ rat thymocytes after heroin administration by immunofluores-cence in frozen rat thymus sections using the 4H11 monoclonal anti-CD34 antibody. There is a remarkable decrease in the number of CD34+ immature thymocytes when examined 1hour after last heroin injection and a small recover when examination took place 20 days after last injection. The above results suggest a major effect of heroin administration early in the ma- turation process of T lymphocytes probably by increasing the apoptotic cell death and the ne- gative consequences for the immune system responses.

Quality of Life in Heroin Users Attending Substitution Treatment: A Multicenter Study in Italy

Quality of life (QoL) is an important measure to verify the effectiveness of therapy in substance use disorders (SUD). In this cross-sectional, multicenter study QoL has been measured in 1057 heroin dependents attending SerDs (“Servizi per le Dipendenze”, Italian National Health System Services for Addictions) and has been correlated with demographic variables and drug treatment. QoL has been measured by using GHQ-12 (12-item General Health Questionnaire), a self-administered questionnaire whose value is inversely correlated with the QoL. The median value of GHQ-12 in the study population was 12 (interquartile range [IQ] 9 - 18): 640 patients (60.6%) scored 20 points at the GHQ-12, which relates with a bad QoL. Female population showed higher GHQ12 scores when compared to male population (14 [IQ 9 - 19] vs. 12 [IQ 9 - 17], p = 0.03). Similarly, unemployed patients showed higher GHQ12 scores when compared to employed patients (15 [IQ 10 - 20] vs. 12 [IQ 8 - 16], p 20. Results show that most of patients receiving care for heroin dependence at SerDs have a positive assessment of their quality of life, and that being unemployed and having a dual diagnosis are predictors of poor QoL. Besides, data suggest that assuming buprenorphine could be a protective factor for QoL.

HCV and HIV Infection among Heroin Abusers in a Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program

Over the years, it was getting attention to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immu-nodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among injected drug users (IDUs) in Taiwan. This study investigated the frequency of risky behaviors for HCV carriers and IDUs who were HIV carriers in methadone maintenance treatment program. The subjects, intravenously injected heroin abusers, were collected from a special methadone maintenance treatment clinic. The survey included characteristics of participants, sexual activity and attitude towards condom usage. The total number of subjects was 151. Data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS 15.0. The analytical methods included descriptive analysis, Fisher’s exact test, and the logistic regression model. The study showed that 82% of intravenously injected heroin abusers were hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive, and 44.4% were hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive;89.5% of HIV-positive heroin abusers were type C hepatitis positive. Only 21.2% of these intra-venously injected heroin abusers always used a condom, and 39.7% never used a condom during sexual activity. Logistic regression analysis showed smoking, sharing syringes needles, HBV status and condom use status were four main risk factors on HIV infection. Sharing or using contaminated syringes needles was the main cause of HIV, HBV, and HCV infection in the drug addiction group. Since our government has the policy of providing a methadone maintenance treatment program, the spread of HIV is under control, but knowledge about HIV and safe sex education still needs improvement.

Characteristics of Heroin Users in Lomé(Togo)

Introduction: Opioid use is a public health problem today. The aim of this study was to describe the socio-demographic characteristics, judicial aspects, addictive behaviours and medical aspects of heroin users placed on methadone (HUM) at the Integrated Addiction Care Centre of Kodjoviakopé (CEPIAK). Framework and Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the CEPIAK in Lomé, Togo, from December 1st, 2020 to January 31, 2021. Results: A total of 200 HUM were included in this study. They were Togolese in 89.0% of cases. Their mean age was 43.4 ± 9.6 years with extremes ranging from 16 to 66 years. Males accounted for 90.5% of the HUM, i.e. a sex ratio of 9.5. Primary education accounted for 39.0% of cases. Single people accounted for 44.0% of cases. One hundred and nineteen HUM (59.5%) had a history of incarceration. Cannabis, tobacco and cocaine were the other drugs associated with heroin use in 79.5%, 74.5% and 59.5% of cases respectively. A history of overdose accounted for 18.0% of the HUM in our sample. Suicide attempts accounted for 19.5% of the HUM. Tuberculosis was detected in 5.5% of the HUM. HIV accounted for 3.0% of the HUM. Conclusion: It is important for the Togolese health system to give more importance to this issue, which is shared by the medical and social sectors, in order to effectively reduce and prevent these social ills.

S4A-4 Cognitive Enhancers as A Treatment for Heroin Relapse

Rationale:Heroin addiction is a disorder that stems from maladaptive plasticity within neural circuits and produces broad cognitive deficits.Despite considerable advances in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for heroin addiction,but there are a few treatments for the heroin relapse after long term abstinence.Preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that the cognitive deficit during the addiction and withdrawal process,thus,cognitive enhancers may be used to treatment for heroin addiction.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the cognitive enhancers would reduce the heroin relapse induced by cues which was associated with heroin reward or heroin priming in rat.Methods:Rats were trained to self-administer heroin under fixed ratio 1 schedule for two weeks and extinguished for 10 days,then the reinstatement of drug seeking induced by conditioned cues or heroin priming(250μg·kg-1,sc)was used.Results:We evaluated systemically the effects of acetylcholinase inhibitor,PDE4 inhibitor,mGlu2/3 agonist or mGlu1/5 antagonist,etc on heroin relapse.The data showed that pretreatment with acetylcholinase inhibitor,PDE4 inhibitor,mGlu2/3 agonist or mGlu1/5 antagonist could inhibit the heroin relapse induced by cues or heroin priming in a dose-dependent manner.Meanwhile,we also illustrated the circuits and signal pathway of these compounds.Conclusion:The data demonstrated that Cognitive enhancers could be used as the pharmacological treatments for heroin relapse or addiction.

S1-8 Imbalanced Functional Link between Large-Scale Brain Networks in Heroin Addiction

Objective:Addiction is a reward deficit and stress surfeit disorder.By using resting-state functional connectivity MRI(rs-fcMRI),the aim of this study is to investigate the pattern of aberrant brain networks in heroin addiction,and whether addiction-related brain abnormalities would be persistent or recovered after long periods of abstinence.Methods:Rs-fcMRI analysis was performed on groups of recently abstinent(no more than 3 months)heroin-dependent(HD)subjects,long-term abstinent(more than 3 years)HD subjects,and non-addicted control(CN)subjects.The left and right nucleus accumbens(NAc)were defi ned as the seed regions of interest(ROIs),a brain region implicated in relapse-related processes,including craving and reactivity to stress following acute and protracted withdrawal from heroin.For each subject,correlation maps were created by calculating Pearson’s correlation coeffi cients between the time series of the seed ROIs and that of each voxel in the brain.These correlation maps were converted to Z-value maps using Fisher’s r-to-z transformation.Two-sample t-test was performed between different groups,to identify possible addiction-related NAc functional connectivity changes.The relationship between the duration of abstinence and the altered NAc functional connectivity in the heroin group was also examined.Results:Compared to the CN group,the recently abstinent HD group showed signifi cantly increased functional connectivity between the NAc and the reward network(caudate,amygdala,thalamus and ventral medial prefrontal cortex),whereas decreased functional connectivity between the NAc and the executive control network(frontal-parietal regions).The long-term abstinent HD group also showed imbalanced functional link between the reward and executive control networks.However,with longer abstinence time,the strength of some NAc functional connectivity gradually restored to near-normal levels.Conclusion:Our results suggest that the imbalanced functional link between large-scale brain networks could serve as system-level neural underpinnings of persistent drug addiction and potential for relapse,which can at least partly be recovered after long periods of abstinence.

Heroine Hua Mulan

Women began to practice martial skills in a rare atmosphere during the Six Dynasties Period (220-589). Women held high positions among matrilineal clan nationalities. When they came to tlie Central Plains for trade, they displayed their indomitable martial spirit. Some women of noble families mastered superb martial skills and even commanded troops in battles. The leading role of Hua Mulan in the Hollywood animated film Mulan was a famous real heroine in Chinese history. She lived during the Sui Dynasty (589-618). In those years, the tribes from the north often invaded the Central Plains, and the court sent troops to resist the invasions. Because her father was too old, Hua stealthily disguised herself as a young man, so as to join the army on her father's behalf.

Imaging and Inventing Self:Constructing Heroines Through Translation in Late Qing China

A fad for female heroism emerged in the late Qing China as women were urgently mobilized to undertake the mission of‘strengthening the nation and preserving the race.’However,women reaching the modern standards of heroines were almost absent in China.Western heroines were then introduced into China as exemplars for Chinese women to emulate.The story of Madame Roland,the most prestigious Western heroine at that time,was appropriated to the political ends.The male-coded virtues of her were highlighted in conformity to the standards of heroines in late Qing China:hero-worship,patriotism,political maternity and beauty.An ideal heroine was thus created through translation.As a prototype of heroine,she inspired a flood of localized Chinese heroines.

Acupuncture at Baihui and Dazhui reduces brain cell apoptosis in heroin readdicts

Acupuncture at Baihui(GV20) and Dazhui(GV14) reduces neuronal loss and attenuates ultrastructural damage in cerebral ischemic rats. However, whether acupuncture can treat addiction and prevent readdiction through changes to brain cell ultrastructure remains unknown. In this study, cell apoptosis was observed in the hippocampus and frontal lobe of heroin readdicted rats by electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining displayed a reduction in Bcl-2 expression and an increase in Bax expression in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. After rats were given acupuncture at Baihui and Dazhui, the pathological damage in the hippocampus and frontal lobe was significantly reduced, Bcl-2 expression was upregulated and Bax expression was downregulated. Acupuncture exerted a similar effect with methadone, a commonly used drug for clinical treatment of drug addiction. Experimental findings suggest that acupuncture at Dazhui and Baihui can prevent brain cell apoptosis in heroin readdicted rats.