Estimation of Incidence of Herpes Zoster in Three Cities of China,2019-2020

Herpes zoster(HZ)is a painful condition resulting from reactivation of dormant varicella-zoster virus(VZV)in a previously VZV-infected person[1].Typical clinical manifestation of HZ are unilateral radicular pain and a vesicular rash limited to one side of the body in the distribution of a nerve[2].The most common complication of HZ postherpetic neuralgia(PHN).

Advances in the pathogenesis of postherpetic neurosymptoms of herpes zoster

Herpes zoster(HZ)is an acute infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus.The neurological sequelae of HZ include postherpetic neuralgia(PHN)and postherpetic itch(PHI).Severe pain and recurrent itching seriously affect the quality of life of patients.The pathogenesis of PHN is related to the mediation of immune-inflammatory response,activation of neuroglial cells,structural and functional alterations of the brain,aberrant expression of ion channels,and gene mediation.Overall,the immune-inflammatory response is a key factor mediating the pathogenesis of PHN.By reviewing the literature,the authors found that there are few studies on PHN both at home and abroad,so its pathogenesis is still unclear.No new progress has been made in recent years either,resulting in the understanding of PHI remaining in a state of confusion.The pathogenesis of PHI may be related to the loss of epidermal nerves,excitation of itch-specific neurons,absence of itch-inhibitory neurons,the action of itch-causing factors,and the vicious circle of itch and mood disorders.In general,most of them are conjectures,not supported by relevant experimental data.The treatments for PHN are varied and effective,while the pathogenesis of PHI is still unclear,so the treatment is often passive.This paper reviews the pathogenesis of PHN and PHI,expecting to provide new ideas for clinical treatment.

Postoperative abdominal herpes zoster complicated by intestinal obstruction:A case report

BACKGROUND Intestinal obstruction is a common occurrence in clinical practice.However,the occurrence of herpes zoster complicated by intestinal obstruction after abdominal surgery is exceedingly rare.In the diagnostic and treatment process,clinicians consider it crucial to identify the primary causes of its occurrence to ensure effective treatment and avoiding misdiagnosis.CASE SUMMARY Herein,we present the case of a 40-year-old female patient with intestinal obstruction who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy and developed herpes zoster after surgery.Combining the patient's clinical manifestations and relevant laboratory tests,it was suggested that the varicella zoster virus reactivated during the latent period after abdominal surgery,causing herpes zoster.Subsequently,the herpes virus invaded the visceral nerve fibers,causing gastrointestinal dysfunction and loss of intestinal peristalsis,which eventually led to intestinal obstruction.The patient was successfully treated through conservative treatment and antiviral therapy and subsequently discharged from the hospital.CONCLUSION Pseudo-intestinal obstruction secondary to herpes zoster infection is difficult to distinguish from mechanical intestinal obstruction owing to various causes.In cases of inexplicable intestinal obstructions,considering the possibility of a viral infection is essential to minimize misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses。

Superior laryngeal nerve block for treatment of throat pain and cough following laryngeal herpes zoster:A case report

BACKGROUND Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus infection within the sensory nerve ganglion of the spinal or cranial nerves.Laryngeal herpes zoster is rare and involves superior laryngeal nerve,which leads to several complications such as throat pain,and cough.CASE SUMMARY Patient concerns:A 52-year old woman presented with a 70 d history of throat pain and a 67 d history of non-productive cough.Three days after onset of pain,she was diagnosed with laryngeal herpes zoster.Flexible nasolaryngoscopy revealed multiple white ulcerated lesions on the left hemi epiglottis and the left supraglottic area.She was prescribed with 750 mg famciclovir a day for 7 d,and 150 mg pregabalin,100 mg tramadol and 10 mg nortriptyline a day for 67 d.However,despite of these medications,she complained of pain and persistent cough.Therefore,superior laryngeal nerve block under ultrasound guidance was performed.Three days after the intervention,the throat pain and cough disappeared.The patient remained symptom-free at 3 mo follow-up.CONCLUSION A superior laryngeal nerve block can be an effective option for treatment of pain and cough following laryngeal herpes zoster.

Value of Chuanjin Qinggan decoction in improving the depressive state of patients with herpes zoster combined with depression

BACKGROUND Western medicine is beneficial for the recovery of neurological function in patients with depression,but some patients experience side effects such as headaches,dizziness,nausea,gastrointestinal symptoms,insomnia,and cardiac dysfunction.In recent years,integrative medicine has achieved positive results in the treatment of various diseases.AIM To study Chuanjin Qinggan decoction combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs)in patients with herpes zoster complicated by depression.METHODS Patients with herpes zoster complicated by depression who were treated at the Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2021 to December 2022 were retrospectively selected as research participants.Among them,43 patients with herpes zoster complicated by depression who received SSRI treatment between January and December 2021 were assigned to the Western medicine group,while those who received combined treatment of traditional Chinese and Western medicine between January and December 2022 were assigned to the combined group.Both groups were treated for eight weeks.The degree of pain,effect of herpes zoster treatment,degree of improvement in depressive symptoms,serum neurotransmitter levels,sleep quality,and occurrence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.RESULTS We found that after eight weeks of drug treatment,the two treatment schemes achieved differing efficacy.In further comparison,we found that,compared with patients treated with SSRIs alone,patients treated with Chuanjin Qinggan decoction combined with SSRIs showed more significant improvement in depression and a greater increase in dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels after treatment(P<0.05).Patients treated with Chuanjin Qinggan decoction combined with SSRIs also experienced lower pain,better treatment efficacy for herpes zoster,better sleep quality,and a lower incidence of adverse reactions compared to those treated with SSRIs alone(P<0.05).All minor adverse reactions occurring during treatment were resolved after symptomatic treatment.CONCLUSION The treatment scheme of Chuanjin Qinggan decoction combined with SSRIs can improve the psychological state of patients with herpes zoster complicated by depression and alleviate adverse reactions.

Recurrent herpes infection showing a new facial phenotype:A case report

BACKGROUND Facial herpes is a common form of the herpes simplex virus-1 infection and usually presents as vesicles near the mouth,nose,and periocular sites.In contrast,we observed a new facial symptom of herpes on the entire face without vesicles.CASE SUMMARY A 33-year-old woman with a history of varicella infection and shingles since an early age presented with sarcoidosis of the entire face and neuralgia without oral lesions.The patient was prescribed antiviral treatment with valacyclovir and acyclovir cream.One day after drug administration,facial skin lesions and neurological pain improved.Herpes simplex without oral blisters can easily be misdiagnosed as pimples upon visual examination in an outpatient clinic.CONCLUSION As acute herpes simplex is accompanied by neuralgia,prompt diagnosis and prescription are necessary,considering the pathological history and health conditions.

Transverse myelitis caused by herpes zoster following COVID-19 vaccination:A case report

BACKGROUND Transverse myelitis(TM)is characterized by sudden lower extremity progressive weakness and sensory impairment,and most patients have a history of advanced viral infection symptoms.A variety of disorders can cause TM in association with viral or nonviral infection,vascular,neoplasia,collagen vascular,and iatrogenic,such as vaccination.Vaccination has become common through the global implementation against coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and reported complications like herpes zoster(HZ)activation has increased.CASE SUMMARY This is a 68-year-old woman who developed multiple pustules and scabs at the T6-T9 dermatome site 1 wk after vaccination with the COVID-19 vaccine(Oxford/AstraZeneca([ChAdOx1S{recombinant}]).The patient had a paraplegia aggravation 3 wk after HZ symptoms started.Spinal magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)showed transverse myelitis at the T6–T9 Level.Treatment was acyclovir with steroids combined with physical therapy.Her neurological function was slowly restored by Day 17.CONCLUSION HZ developed after COVID-19 vaccination,which may lead to more severe complications.Therefore,HZ treatment itself should not be delayed.If neurological complications worsen after appropriate management,an immediate diagnostic procedure,such as magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory tests,will start and should treat the neurological complications.

Acute pancreatitis associated with herpes zoster:Case report and literature review

Varicella-zoster virus(VZV)is a type of herpes virus known to cause varicella,mainly in young children,and herpes zoster in adults.Although generally non-lethal,VZV infection can be associated with serious complications,particularly in adults.Acute pancreatitis caused by VZV infection is a rare event,with reports primarily concerning immunocompromised individuals.Here we report a 44-year-old immunocompetent female who developed acute pancreatitis associated with VZV infection.The patient presented with vomiting and persistent pain in the upper quadrant less than one week after diagnosis and treatment for a herpes zoster-related rash with stabbing pain on the abdomen and dorsal right trunk side.A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was confirmed based on abdominal pain,elevated levels of urine and serum amylase,and findings of peri-pancreatic exudation and effusions by computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.This case highlights that,though rare,acute pancreatitis should be considered in VZV patients who complain of abdominal pain,especially in the epigastric area.Early detection and proper treatment are needed to prevent the condition from deteriorating further and to minimize mortality.

Intestinal pseudo-obstruction caused by herpes zoster:Case report and pathophysiology

Herpes zoster(HZ) infection occurs in approximately 10% to 30% of individuals. Visceral neuropathies secondary to HZ can cause cystitis and urinary retention. But colonic pseudo-obstruction can also occur. Peripheral neuropathy may reveal segmental motor paresis of either upper or lower limbs, the abdominal muscles or the diaphragm. We report the case of a 62-year-old male patient who presented with abdominal distention and cutaneous vesicular eruption on the left side of the abdominal wall. Plain X-rays and computed tomography scan showed distended small bowel. A diagnosis of intestinal pseudo-obstruction was made secondary to segmental paresis of the small intestine and visceral neuropathy. Conservative management was successful and the patient was discharged uneventfully. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction ought to be consideredwhen dealing with non-obstructive(adynamic) conditions of the digestive tract associated with HZ infection; since early recognition may help to avoid unnecessary surgery.

Complete recovery of herpes zoster radiculopathy based on electrodiagnostic study:A case report

BACKGROUND Herpes zoster is a painful infectious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus.Herpes zoster radiculopathy,which is a type of segmental zoster paresis,can complicate the disease and cause motor weakness.This complication should be considered when a patient with a rash complains of acute-onset motor weakness,and the diagnosis can be verified via electrodiagnostic study.CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old female with a history of asthma presented to the emergency department with stabbing pain,an itching sensation,and a rash on the right anterior shoulder that had begun 5 d prior.Physical examination revealed multiple erythematous grouped vesicles in the right C4-5 and T1 dermatome regions.Because herpes zoster was suspected,the patient immediately received intravenous acyclovir.On the third hospital day,she complained of motor weakness in the right upper extremity.Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine revealed mild intervertebral disc herniation at C4-C5 without evidence of nerve root compression.On the 12th hospital day,electrodiagnostic study revealed right cervical radiculopathy,mainly in the C5/6 roots.Six months later,monoparesis resolved,and follow-up electrodiagnostic study was normal.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes that clinicians should consider the possibility of postherpetic paresis,such as herpes zoster radiculopathy,and that electrodiagnostic study is useful for diagnosis and follow-up.

Trigeminal extracranial thermocoagulation along with patientcontrolled analgesia with esketamine for refractory postherpetic neuralgia after herpes zoster ophthalmicus:A case report

BACKGROUND Primary trigeminal neuralgia can achieve satisfactory results through clinical treatment and intervention.The pathogenesis of neuralgia caused by varicellazoster virus infection of the trigeminal nerve is more complex,and it is still difficult to relieve the pain in some patients simply by drug treatment or surgical intervention.CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old woman was hospitalized with herpetic neuralgia after herpes zoster ophthalmicus(varicella-zoster virus infects the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve).On admission,the patient showed spontaneous,electric shocklike and acupuncture-like severe pain in the left frontal parietal region,and pain could be induced by touching the herpes area.The numerical rating scale(NRS)was 9.There was no significant pain relief after pulsed radiofrequency and thermocoagulation of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve.Combined with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia(PCIA)with esketamine,neuralgia was significantly improved.The patient had no spontaneous pain or allodynia at discharge,and the NRS score decreased to 2 points.The results of follow-up 2 mo after discharge showed that the NRS score was≤3,and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score was 5 points.There were no adverse reactions.CONCLUSION Trigeminal extracranial thermocoagulation combined with esketamine PCIA may be a feasible method for the treatment of refractory herpetic neuralgia after herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

Rehabilitation of shoulder paresis caused by herpes zoster according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health A case report

We describe the case of a 73-year-old man with left shoulder paresis caused by a herpes zoster infection of the left C5 dermatomes. The patient had been affected by pain for 10 days, a skin rash on his left shoulder and back for 5 days, and weakness of his left shoulder for 2 days before admission. Eiectromyography revealed denervation discharges from the left supraspinatus, infraspinatus and deltoid muscles, which was compatible with radiculopathy showing after zoster infection. The patient was examined in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and treated with range-of-movement and strengthening exercises as well as activities of daily living and social participation. At 14 months after the onset of the condition, muscle strength had returned to normal. Electromyography revealed that motor unit action potentials were largely normal. These results indicate that the rehabilitation of paresis caused by herpes zoster can obtain positive results with suitable movement training.

Clinical Observation on Therapeutic Effect of Ji De Sheng She Yao Tablet on 16 Cases with AIDS Complicated by Herpes Zoster

The Ji De Sheng She Yao tablet (季德胜蛇药片）is a drug for snake-bites and insect bites. According to recent reports, this drug has been used to treat herpes zoster, hepatitis B, parotitis, nephrotic syndrome, acute conjunctivitis, recurrent aphtha, urticaria, etc.1 with good therapeutic effects. More than half of the AIDS patients suffered from herpes zoster. The area of skin lesion in AIDS patients is larger than that of the patients without AIDS and the pain lasts longer. Many cases have keloids and depigmentation for months, even severe pain till their death. Routine therapeutic methods are not satisfactory in therapeutic effects. The expert group of traditional Chinese medicine for cooperative research on AIDS used Ji De Sheng She Yao tablets (季德胜蛇药片) to treat AIDS complicated by herpes zoster for the first time and the results are reported as follows.

Recurrent herpes zoster in a rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with tofacitinib: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase(JAK)inhibitor that is currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA).Varicella zoster virus reactivation leading to herpes zoster(HZ)is an adverse effect of this drug;however,recurrent HZ at the same site is a rare clinical condition.CASE SUMMARY A 70-year-old female RA patient had undergone 1-year of tofacitinib treatment(10 mg daily).About 1 mo after initiation of oral tofacitinib,she developed blisters on the left flank and abdomen and was diagnosed with HZ;antiviral therapy with acyclovir was resolutory.However,5 d prior to presentation at our hospital,erythema and blisters with severe pain recurred at the same site.Small clustered blisters and bullous were visible on the left lumbar abdomen and perineum,with a pain score of 8(visual analogue scale).Antiviral,nutritional supplement,analgesic and other treatments led to healing but over an atypically long period(approximately 26 d,vs approximately 1 wk).HZ is a common and serious adverse reaction of JAK inhibitors,but it rarely recurs.Our patient’s experience of HZ recurrence at the same site,with a wider affected area,more severe pain and longer healing period,is inconsistent with previous reports.CONCLUSION Same-anatomical site HZ recurrence may occur during oral tofacitinib treatment,with more severe clinical manifestations than in the initial occurrence.

Surrounding Needling with Fire Needle and Filiform Needle Plus Moxibustion in the Treatment of Lower Limb Herpes Zoster:One Case Report

Introduction Herpes zoster is a skin disease caused by activation of the varicella zoster virus,which is latent in neurons.It can be accompanied by severe neuralgia.Some herpes zoster patients may have pain allergy,general discomfort,loss of appetite and other prodromal symptoms,typical clinical manifestation as a cluster of blisters distribution along unilateral peripheral nerve,often accompanied by obvious neuralgia[1].

TREATMENT FOR SEQUELAE OF NEURALGIA AFTER THE HERPES ZOSTER WITH COMBINED ACUPUNCTURE AND INJECTION

The author treated 16 cases of sequelae of neuralgia after herpes zoster withacupuncture, moxibustion and point injection in the affected region, and all cases were cured.

COMPARATIVE OBSERVATION ON THE CURATIVE EFFECTS OF HERPES ZOSTER TREATED BY THE TYPE JI HE-NE LASER AND POLYINOSINIC ACID

Sixty-five cases of herpes zoster were randomly divided into the He-Ne laser group(33 cases) and polyinosinic acid group (32 cases). Type JI He-Ne laser universal treatment apparatuswas used to irradiate injured cutaneous regions and to radiate Hegu (LI 4) and Zusanli (ST 36) pointswith photoconductive fibers once every day in the He-Ne laser group; 2 ml of polyinosinic acid was in-tramuscularly injected once every other day in the other group. Of the 65 cases 63 were cured, andthe two cases with sequela of neuralgia were all in the latter group. Pain was disappeared and scabswere formed respectively after 1. 48 and 5. 76 days of treatment with He-Ne laser therapy, and after10. 5 and 10. 4 days with polyinosinic acid treatment. The differences of therapeutic effects betweenthe two groups were noticeably significant (P【0. 01 ).

A REPORT ON THE TREATMENT OF 156 CASES OF HERPES ZOSTER IN AFRICA WITH ACUPUNCTURE

In this paper the therapeutic result of acupuncture in 156 cases of herpes zoster inAfrica was reported.The patients were divided into 7 groups according to the location of the lesions:including the forehead and face（Ⅰ）,neck and shoulder（Ⅱ）,chest and back（Ⅲ）,abdomen andlow back（Ⅳ）,buttocks（Ⅴ）,upper limb（Ⅵ）,and lower limb（Ⅶ）regions ;the acuguncture andmoxibustion was applied at the principal acupoints,such as Hegu（LI 4,bilateral,reducingtechnique）,Talchong（LR 3,bilateral,reducing technique）,Sanyinjiao（SP 6,bilateral,reinforcingtechnique）,Dazhui（GV 14,moxlbustion with garlic）,Shlxuan（EX-UE 11）,and upper·middleand lower ear-back points of ear and at local acupoints along meridians as supplemental points accord-iug to the location of the lesions.and the seventy of the disease,After the acuyuncture treatment,112 cases（71.8％）were cured.25 cases（16.0％）markedly improved,14 cases（9.0％）improved.and 5 cases（3.2％）not improved.The total effective rate was 96.8％.It

Detection of Varicella Zoster Virus DNA within Lesions and Healed Skin Lesions of Herpes Zoster by PCR

Varicella zoster virus(VZV) DNA in blister lesions and skin biopsies obtained from healed skin lesions in 16 patients with herpes zoster was detected using polymerase chain reaction. A 385 bp VZV DNA fragment was found in all the blister lesions and in two of six biopsies from the skin lesions healed within two months by PCR. No VZV DNA was found in the skin lesions more than two months after healing in 10 cases of herpes zoster. VZV DNA may be detected at the sites of resolved herpes zoster lesions within short duration.

Effect of the Routine Varicella Immunization on Herpes Zoster in Japan in the First Half of the Year

In Japan, herpes zoster is not monitored officially or nationwide. Recently, the databases of all electronic medical claims nationwide (NDBEMC) have been available for research. We use NDBEMC from April 2011 to March 2015. To evaluate the effects of initiation of routine immunization for varicella in children, we regressed the number of herpes zoster patients on the dummy variable for the routine immunization for varicella in children with and without a linear time trend. The estimated coefficient for the routine immunization for varicella was 0.5157 and its p-value was 0.001. However, if the time trend was added as an explanatory variable, the estimated coefficient for the routine immunization for varicella changed to be -0.039 and its p-value was 0.384. It means that the routine immunization for varicella was 7.8% higher after introduction than before. However, it was presumed to reflect such an upward trend.