The structure-directing role of heterologous seeds in the synthesis of zeolite

Zeolites have been widely used as catalysts,ion-exchangers,and adsorbents in chemical industries,detergent industry,steel industry,glass industry,ceramic industry,medical and healthfield,and environmentalfield,and recently applied in energy storage.Seed-assisted synthesis is a very effective approach in promoting the crystallization of zeolites.In some cases,the target zeolite cannot be formed in the absence of seed zeolite.In homologous seed-assisted synthesis,the structure of the seed zeolite is the same to that of the target zeolite,while the structure of the seed zeolite is different to that of the target zeolite in the heterologous seed-assisted synthesis.In this review,we briefly summarized the heterologous seed-assisted syntheses of zeolites and analyzed the structure-directing effect of heterologous seeds and surveyed the“common composite building units(CBUs)hypothesis”and the“common secondary building units(SBUs)hypothesis”.However,both hypotheses cannot explain all observations on the heterologous seed-assisted syntheses.Finally,we proposed that the formation of the target zeolite does need nuclei with the structure of target zeolite and the formation of the nuclei of the target zeolite can be promoted by either the undissolved seed crystals with the same CBUs or SBUs to the target zeolite or by the facilitated appropriate distribution of the specific building units due to the presence of the heterologous seed that does not have any common CBUs and SBUs with the target zeolite.

Rational Engineering of Secondary Metabolic Pathways in a Heterologous Host to Enable the Biosynthesis of Hibarimicin Derivatives with Enhanced Anti-Melanomic Activity

A 61-kb biosynthetic gene cluster(BGC),which is accountable for the biosynthesis of hibarimicin(HBM)B from Microbispora rosea subsp.hibaria TP-A0121,was heterologously expressed in Streptomyces coelicolor M1154,which generated a trace of the target products but accumulated a large amount of shunt products.Based on rational analysis of the relevant secondary metabolism,directed engineering of the biosynthetic pathways resulted in the high production of HBM B,as well as new HBM derivates with improved antitumor activity.These results not only establish a biosynthetic system to effectively synthesize HBMs-a class of the largest and most complex Type-Ⅱpolyketides,with a unique pseudo-dimeric structure-but also set the stage for further engineering and deep investigation of this complex biosynthetic pathway toward potent anticancer drugs.

Engineering the Biosynthesis of Caffeic Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Heterologous Enzyme Combinations

Engineering the biosynthesis of plant-derived natural products in microbes presents several challenges, especially when the expression and activation of the plant cytochrome P450 enzyme is required. By recruiting two enzymes—HpaB and HpaC—from several bacteria, we constructed functional 4- hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase (4HPA3H) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to take on a role similar to that of the plant-derived cytochrome P450 enzyme and produce caffeic acid. Along with a common tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), the different combinations of HpaB and HpaC presented varied capabilities in producing the target product, caffeic acid, from the substrate, L-tyrosine. The highest production of caffeic acid was obtained with the enzyme combination of HpaB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and HpaC from Salmonella enterica, which yielded up to (289.4 ± 4.6) mg-L1 in shake-flask cultivation. The compatibility of heterologous enzymes within a yeast chassis was effectively improved, as the caffeic acid production was increased by 40 times from the initial yield. Six key amino acid residues around the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) binding domain in HpaB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were differentiate from those other HpaBs, and might play critical roles in affecting enzyme activity. We have thus established an effective approach to construct a highly efficient yeast system to synthesize non-native hydroxylated phenylpropanoids.

Process Control and Optimization for Heterologous Protein Production by Methylotrophic Pichia pastoris

The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is a highly successful system for production of a variety of heterologous proteins due to its unique features/abilities for effective protein expression, and tremendous efforts have been made to increase heterologous protein productivity by P. pastoris in recent years. When new engineered yeast strains are constructed and are ready to use tot industrial protein production, process control and optimization techniques should be applied to improve the fermentation performance in the following aspects： （1） increase recombinant cell concentrations in fermentor to high density during growth phase; （2） effectively induce heterologous proteins by enhancing/stabilizing titers or concentrations of the proteins during induction phase; （3） decrease operation costs by relieving the working loads of heat-exchange and oxygen supply. This article reviews and discusses the key and commonly used techniques in heterologous protein production by P. pastoris, with the focus on optimizations of fermentation media and basic operation conditions, development of optimal glycerol feeding strategies for achieving high density cultivation of P. pastoris and effective heterologous protein induction methods by regulating specific growth rate, methanol concentration, temperatures, mixture ratio of multi-carbon substrates, etc. Metabolic analysis for recombinant protein production by P. pastoris is also introduced to interpret the mechanism of sub-optimal heterologous protein production and to explore further optimal expression methods.

Heterologous Expression of Camellia sinensis Late Embryogenesis Abundant Protein Gene 1(CsLEA1)Confers Cold Stress Tolerance in Escherichia coli and Yeast

Late embryogenesis abundant(LEA)proteins play an important role in plant growth and development,as well as in the plant response to various abiotic stresses.In this study,CsLEA1,a novel gene encoding a LEA_3 subfamily protein,was successfully cloned froma tea plant[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze].Bioinformatics analysis and prokaryotic expression assays showed that CsLEA1 is a typical hydrophilic protein with a molecular weight of approximately 10.4 kD.Expression analyses revealed that the transcription of CsLEA1 in C.sinensis leaves was significantly induced by cold stress.In addition,the heterologous expression of CsLEA1 increased the tolerance of Escherichia coli and yeast to cold stress,which might be closely related to the low molecular weight and high hydrophilicity of the CsLEA1.Taken together,our results suggest that CsLEA1 might have an important function in the tolerance of C.sinensis to cold stress,thus providing a potential application in molecular breeding to enhance the cold stress tolerance of tea plants.

Enhanced Riboflavin Production by Expressing Heterologous Riboflavin Operon from B.cereus ATCC14579 in Bacillus subtilis

Fragment containing the whole riboflavin(rib)operons of B.cereus ATCC14579 was detected from GenBank and annotated.The rib operon of ATCC14579 was cloned with Pn,its native promoter,or with P43,the vegetative growth promoter,into the plasmid.Expression analysis showed that heterologous rib operon was operative in B.subtilis.Integrative plasmid with P43-rib fragment was integrated into the chromosome of B.subtilis RH33,yielding transformant B.subtilis PY.With optimized medium components,4.3 g·L -1 of riboflavin was achieved in batch culture of B.subtilis PY,which was 27%enhancement compared to the host strain.Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis indicated that the transcriptional level of ribA maintained 2.8-fold higher with the expression of herterologous rib operon.Furthermore,the stability of B.subtilis PY was increased form 45%to 87%.The high transcriptional level of rib gene and higher stability of B.subtilis PY could explain the increased riboflavin production.

Heterologous Expression of Rat Testis GABA_A Receptor β3t Splicing Variant in CHO Cells

Objective To characterize a possible retention function of unique sequence in the 5＇end of rat testis GABAA receptor β3t splicing variant Methods Rat testis GABAA receptor β3t splicing variant cDNA was cloned and two eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmids of pEGFP-N1 and pEGFP-C1 were constructed respectively by fusing green fluorescent protein to the N or C-terminus of β3t isoform. The recombinant plasmids were transfected into CHO cells by calcium phosphate co-precipitation method Fluorescence microscope and laser confocal microscope were used to analyze localization of β3t in the transfected cells. ConA-Texas-Red was used to label cell ER and the localization of rat testis β3t splicing variant in CHO cells was determined. Results When rat testis β3t splicing variant was expressed in CHO cells, two expression patterns were delineated, the distributions of uniform and mainly discrete intracellular compartments respectively, The chimera product failed to be translocated into the cell surface when expressed in ClIO cells; whereas the β3 subunit of rat brain was incorporated into the plasma membrane. Conclusion The inability of β3t to target into the ER may be a consequence of the unique 25 specific amino acid segments in the N terminus.

Heterologous expression of bacteriocin E-760 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and functional analysis

The use of antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)synthesized by bacteria(bacteriocins)is an alternative for combating multidrug resistant bacterial strains and their production by recombinant route is a viable option for their mass production.The bacteriocin E-760 isolated from the genus Enterococcus sp.has been shown to possess inhibitory activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.In this study,the expression of a chimeric protein coding for E-760 in the nucleus of C.reinhardtii was evaluated,as well as,its antibacterial activity.The synthetic gene E-760S was inserted into the genome of C.reinhardtii using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.A transgenic line was identified in TAP medium with hygromycin and also by PCR.The increment in the culture medium temperature of the transgenic strain at 35°C for 10 minutes,increased the production level of the recombinant protein from 0.14(Noninduced culture,NIC)to 0.36%(Induced culture,IC)of total soluble proteins(TSP);this was quantified by an ELISA assay.Recombinant E-760 possesses activity against Staphylococcus aureus in 0.34 U log,Streptococcus agalactiae in 0.48 U log,Enterococcus faecium in 0.36 U log,Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2 U log and for Klebsiella pneumoniae,the activity was 0.07 U log.These results demonstrate that the nucleus transformation of C.reinhardtii can function as a stable expression platform for the production of the synthetic gene E-760 and it can potentially be used as an antibacterial agent.

Screening Testosterone Residue in the Edible Tissues of Bovine with a Polyclonal Antibody Based Heterologous Immunoassay

Testosterone（17β-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one）is a19-carbon steroid hormone with potent androgenic properties.It maintains testicular function and develop secondary male sex characteristics.It also has strong anabolic effects,which initiates increased protein synthesis in muscle and bone[1].In the1950s,the recognition of the growth promoting properties of such a hormone

Plant as Bioreactor for Producing Heterologous Proteins

Using plants to produce heterologous proteins makes it very attractive due to the potentially low costs. Using this procedure it is possible to produce medicinal protein for clinical applications with the plants bioreactors increasing gradually. The paper proposes the five major systems of the plant bioreactor as well as their advantage and disadvantage and the development of each system. Focuses on the five major systems of the plant bioreactor to produce vaccines, antibodies and medical protein and the research achievement at the present stage and the research on my laboratory. The key technology research of plant bioreactor such as new genes, new biological components, new technologies and new research methods related with plant bioreactor offer a work foundation for a long-term development in future.

A Case Report: High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma in the Renal Pelvis with Complete Kidney and Ureter Duplication Featuring Heterologous Differentiation

This report describes a considerably rare case of high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter,presenting with heterologous differentiation,in a patient with bilateral duplicated kidneys.A 73-year-old male experienced intermittent gross hematuria for 5 months,accompanied by lower back and abdominal pain.Ultrasound and computed tomography scans revealed bilateral renal and ureteral duplication with multiple tumors in the left renal pelvis.A total nephroterectomy and bladder cuff resection were performed on the left two nephrons.Multiple space-occupying lesions were identified in the left renal pelvis and ureter.Histopathological examination showed poorly differentiated and diverse tumor cells,manifesting as sarcomatoid carcinoma,papillary adenocarcinoma,and infiltrating high-grade urothelial carcinoma.The tumor infiltrated the subcutaneous fibrous connective tissue of the renal pelvis and the full thickness of the ureter.Given the rarity of recurrent renal urothelial carcinoma with heterogeneous differentiation,comprehensive imaging and pathological assessments are vital to delineate the nature of the lesion and the direction of tissue pathological heterologous differentiation.These evaluations guide early radical surgical interventions,improving survival rates.

Evaluation of Carbon and Electron Flow in Lactobacillus brevis as a Potential Host for Heterologous 1-Butanol Biosynthesis

Heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus brevis may be considered as a promising host for heterologous butanol synthesis because of tolerance to butanol and ability to ferment pentose and hexose sugars from wood hydrolysates that are cheap and renewable carbohydrate source. Carbon and electron flow was evaluated in two L. brevis strains in order to assess metabolic potential of these bacteria for heterologous butanol synthesis. Conditions required for generation of acetyl-CoA and NADH which are necessary for butanol biosynthesis have been determined. Key enzymes controlling direction of metabolic fluxes in L. brevis in various redox conditions were defined. In anaerobic glucose fermentation, the carbon flow through acetyl-CoA is regulated by aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH possessing low affinity to NADH and activity (KmNADH= 200 μM, Vmax= 0.03 U/mg of total cell protein). Aerobically, the NADH-oxidase NOX (KmNADH= 25 μM, Vmax = 1.7 U/mg) efficiently competes with ALDH for NADH that results in formation of acetate instead of acetyl-CoA. In general, external electron acceptors (oxygen, fructose) and pentoses decrease NADH availability for native ethanol and recombinant butanol enzymes and therefore reduce carbon flux through acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate metabolism was studied in order to reveal redirection possibilities of competitive carbon fluxes towards butanol synthesis. The study provides a basis for the rational development of L. brevis strains producing butanol from wood hydrolysate.

ω-转氨酶的筛选和异源表达用于制备S-甲氧基异丙胺

根据转氨酶家族进化分类和底物特异性,构建一个包含36个ω-转氨酶的酶库;将酶库中的基因克隆进大肠杆菌E.coli BL21 (DE3)中进行异源重组表达,考察酶蛋白表达水平并测定相应的酶活以及对映体选择性。通过筛选,获得最佳的ω-转氨酶为来源于巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium的ω-转氨酶BmeTA,其重组表达粗酶活为2.0 U/mL,纯酶比活为9.5 U/mg蛋白;酶学性质表征发现其最适温度为35℃,最适pH为8.0。在此基础上进一步优化其催化反应工艺条件,在20 g/L加酶量、0.5 mmol/L辅酶添加量以及1.4的氨基供体/氨基受体比例条件下,反应18 h获得450 mmol/L的S-甲氧基异丙胺,原料转化率达到90%,为实现生物催化制备S-甲氧基异丙胺的工业化奠定基础。

疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌β-葡萄糖苷酶的基因组挖掘与表达

基因组挖掘是发现生物催化剂的高效工具,开发热稳定性β-葡萄糖苷酶具有重要的应用价值.该文采用基因组挖掘策略,从嗜热真菌疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌的基因组中挖掘出7个注释为β-葡萄糖苷酶基因或β-葡萄糖苷酶预测蛋白基因,其中TLG-1、TLG-2、TLG-4、TLG-5、TLG-6属于GH3家族,TLG-3和TLG-7分别属于GH1家族和GH17家族,且TLG-7与GenBank数据库已有序列的同源性很低,只有48.43%.选择同源性低的、同源序列被研究少的TLG-2、TLG-5、TLG-6和TLG-7进行基因克隆和毕赤酵母异源表达,重组毕赤酵母经甲醇诱导表达后,用发酵液上清进行SDS-PAGE分析,结果表明TLG-2、TLG-5、TLG-6和TLG-7均成功分泌表达.对发酵液进行β-葡萄糖苷酶活力测定结果表明:TLG-2的活力最高,达到166.6 U·mL^(-1);其次是TLG-5的活力,其值为79.8 U·mL^(-1),TLG-6和TLG-7的活力较低,分别为9.9 U·mL^(-1)和9.5 U·mL^(-1).研究结果为疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌β-葡萄糖苷酶的应用奠定了基础.

宏基因组来源高活性酯酶的鉴定及其酶学性质表征

土壤中大量的非培养微生物是新酶发现的重要资源。该研究利用功能宏基因组学策略筛选获得高活性酯酶,并对其进行鉴定分析。采用三丁酸甘油酯平板法对土壤微生物宏基因组文库中具有酯酶活性的克隆进行筛选,获得高活性的阳性克隆,通过生物信息学分析和生化实验对酯酶的酶学性质进行研究表征。获得一个比活力高达(3 957±3) U/mg的酯酶AesZF899,该酯酶为不含信号肽的酯酶第四家族胞内酯酶,蛋白大小34 kDa,与来自Afipia sp.P52-10中未表征的α/β水解酶(GenBank登录号为WP_034470467.1)一致性达76.43%。AesZF899的最佳底物为对硝基苯乙酸酯,酶反应的最适pH值和最适温度分别是9.0和40℃。AesZF899在30℃温育8 h后仍可保持初始活性,在35、40℃分别温育7和4 h后仍可保持50%的活性,在反应温度大于80℃后酶活性丧失。终浓度10 mmol/L的Fe3+可以增强酶活性,而终浓度10 mmol/L的Na+、Li+和Mg2+有较强的抑制作用。体积分数为1%二甲基亚砜可以增强酶活性,异戊醇也对酶活性有一定的促进作用。

异源双根缓解咖啡连作障碍及其机制初探

为明确异源双根是否能缓解咖啡连作障碍及其可能机制,本研究以大粒种咖啡1号(Caffealiberica,No.1)和中粒种咖啡热研1号(Caffea canephora, Reyan No. 1)靠接形成大粒种-中粒种异源双根咖啡,通过咖啡连作障碍园土壤培养幼苗,评价植株苗木质量,明确异源双根对咖啡连作障碍的缓解作用。通过双根无分隔、尼龙网分隔、双盆分隔等不同分根方式试验,明确异源双根缓解咖啡连作障碍机制,并探讨双根间在缓解连作障碍上的差异及协同作用。结果表明:较连作障碍咖啡园非根际土,异源双根咖啡或同源双根咖啡经根际土培养后苗木质量指数、总的植株生物量均显著下降,连作逆境抑制咖啡生物量积累,使苗木质量变差;非根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡、同源双根咖啡的苗木质量指数和总的植株生物量差异均不显著;而根际土培养后,异源双根咖啡较同源双根咖啡的苗木质量指数、大粒种根系生物量、中粒种根系生物量及总的植株生物量均显著提高。因此,连作逆境虽抑制咖啡生长,但对同源双根咖啡影响更大,异源双根通过其大粒种根系缓解连作逆境咖啡生长障碍。为进一步明确异源双根尤其是大粒种根系缓解咖啡连作障碍的可能机制,以不同分根方式培养异源双根咖啡,发现较无分隔、双盆分隔处理,连作逆境下双根尼龙网分隔后植株苗木质量佳,并且尼龙网分隔后植株的中粒种根系长势最好,说明大粒种根系化感物质促进中粒种根系生长。双根无分隔、双盆分隔后植株的苗木质量差异不显著,无分隔较双盆分隔后植株的大粒种根系长势差,即双根系在能够彼此接触的自然生长状态下,中粒种根系抑制大粒种根系生长,但这种抑制作用与中粒种根际化感物质无关,尼龙网分隔、双盆分隔后大粒种根系长势差异不显著,说明大粒种根际有无中粒种根际化感物质,对大粒种根系生长均无影响。综上所述,异源双根通过其大粒种根系减少自身在连作逆境中的化感抑制,利用其根际化感物质促进中粒种根系生长,实现根壮苗壮,达到缓解咖啡连作障碍的目的。研究结论为异源双根靠接在大田的推广应用提供理论依据。

嗜热毁丝菌裂解性多糖单加氧酶TtLPMO9I的酶学性质及其功能研究

【目的】为挖掘新型裂解性多糖单加氧酶(LPMO)酶资源,探究LPMO在辅助降解纤维素过程中起到的重要作用。【方法】从Thermothelomyces thermophilus基因组中克隆表达了一个新型LPMO酶TtLPMO9I,系统地分析了其序列及结构的进化特征;采用DNS法表征了TtLPMO9I的酶学性质;在反应体系中添加不同浓度的抗坏血酸探究外部电子供体对TtLPMO9I活性的影响;以玉米秸秆和微晶纤维素为底物,通过检测还原糖的生成量计算获得TtLPMO9I与纤维素酶的协同作用效果。【结果】TtLPMO9I在60℃,pH 5.0时表现出最佳酶活力。在60℃孵育12 h后,仍能剩余54%的活性。经pH 6.0-8.0处理12 h后,酶活无损失。添加外部电子供体抗坏血酸使TtLPMO9I的活性提高至184%。在玉米秸秆和微晶纤维素降解过程中,TtLPMO9I与纤维素酶表现出良好的协同作用效果。将50-200μg的TtLPMO9I添加至降解体系中,还原糖产量分别提高了34%-142%和6%-46%。【结论】TtLPMO9I不仅具有良好的温度稳定性和pH稳定性,在木质纤维素的降解过程中也具有突出的作用效果,为工业生产应用提供了潜在的优质酶资源。

《德意志意识形态》手稿是“马克思口述、恩格斯笔录”的产物——驳黑泷正昭对大村假说的批评

黑泷正昭曾撰文批评大村假说,认为《德意志意识形态》手稿不是“马克思口述、恩格斯笔录”的产物,本文尝试对此批评展开反批评。黑泷指出,他仔细检讨了笔者对假说的证明过程,发现笔者并未能成功证明此假说。但是黑泷对其中两大关键性证据的批评无法令人信服。第一大证据在于,手稿中出现了许多即时异文,这在恩格斯单独执笔的手稿中较少发现,而在马克思单独执笔的手稿中却屡见不鲜。事实上,该手稿中即时异文的出现频率是《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的两倍。为什么会发生这样的情况,黑泷对此并未加以考察。第二大证据在于,手稿中出现了许多德文同音异义词的混淆错误,笔者给出了6处例证。黑泷认为其中4处不应视为对同音异义词的替换更正,黑泷的这一看法要么以假定一份原本并不存在的手稿存在为前提,要么以否认恩格斯替换更正同音异义词这一事实为前提。因而笔者无法承认黑泷的批评是基于学术检讨做出的。

茯苓多糖合成途径磷酸葡萄糖变位酶和UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因鉴定

采用已报道的灵芝磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)和UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGPP)基因序列对茯苓基因组进行搜索比对,获得茯苓WcPGM和WcUGPP候选基因序列;以茯苓的cDNA为模板,成功克隆获得WcPGM和WcUGPP基因;随后利用pPIC9K构建2个基因的表达载体,并转化至毕赤酵母进行异源表达。序列分析表明WcPGM和WcUGPP基因全长分别为2021 bp和2144 bp,其中WcPGM基因含有5个外显子和4个内含子,编码564个氨基酸;WcUGPP基因含有11个外显子和10个内含子,编码502个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对表明,WcPGM和WcUGPP与来源于绣球菌的ScPGM和ScUGPP的同源性分别为87%和91%。酶活测定表明,重组酶WcPGM可转化葡萄糖-1-磷酸(G1P)为葡萄糖-6-磷酸(G6P),酶活达1540 U·mL^(-1);重组酶WcUGPP可催化G1P和尿苷三磷酸(UTP)合成UDP-葡萄糖(UDP-Glc),酶活达660 U·mL^(-1),表明从茯苓中筛选到的2个酶WcPGM和WcUGPP具有PGM和UGPP活性。分子模拟表明,WcPGM在催化可逆反应过程中S114为磷酸供体和受体,R24和K379作为催化酸和碱实现底物的磷酸化和去磷酸化,而E366和S368可实现底物的2种朝向,保障了中间产物葡萄糖-1,6-二磷酸的翻转,确保了WcPGM的可逆反应;而WcUGPP活性中心的核苷酸结合Loop和糖结合Loop保障了底物的正确朝向,K390作为催化碱实现了底物UTP/G1P与UDP-Glc的可逆反应。该研究为茯苓多糖合成途径的解析和代谢工程提升茯苓多糖产量奠定了基础。