Fermions: Spin, Hidden Variables, Violation of Bell’s Inequality and Quantum Entanglement

Using real fields instead of complex ones, it was recently claimed, that all fermions are made of pairs of coupled fields (strings) with an internal tension related to mutual attraction forces, related to Planck’s constant. Quantum mechanics is described with real fields and real operators. Schrodinger and Dirac equations then are solved. The solution to Dirac equation gives four, real, 2-vectors solutions ψ1=(U1D1)ψ2=(U2D2)ψ3=(U3D3)ψ4=(U4D4)where (ψ1,ψ4) are coupled via linear combinations to yield spin-up and spin-down fermions. Likewise, (ψ2,ψ3) are coupled via linear combinations to represent spin-up and spin-down anti-fermions. For an incoming entangled pair of fermions, the combined solution is Ψin=c1ψ1+c4ψ4where c1and c4are some hidden variables. By applying a magnetic field in +Z and +x the theoretical results of a triple Stern-Gerlach experiment are predicted correctly. Then, by repeating Bell’s and Mermin Gedanken experiment with three magnetic filters σθ, at three different inclination angles θ, the violation of Bell’s inequality is proven. It is shown that all fermions are in a mixed state of spins and the ratio between spin-up to spin-down depends on the hidden variables.

Deciphering the Hidden Secrets between the Early Skin Wrinkling & the Metabolic (X) Syndrome with the Possible Reversal of This Process at the Molecular Level

The aging process is a group of degenerative changes that physiologically occur in most of the people in the elderly. This affects one or more of the human body systems. The treatment of diseases related to the aging process has a huge impact on the economy of all nations. Aging of the skin comes on the top and despite that, the results of the already present lines of treatment are not always satisfactory. This acts as a stimulus for us to dig deeper to discover the root causes of the premature aging of the skin. This was simply caused by the accumulation of repeated minute damage to the internal structure skin. In other words, if the degree of minute damage is more than the capacity of the skin to repair, the repeated micro-damage is presented in the long run as a skin wrinkling. Moreover, the skin acts as a mirror that reflects the internal structures of the human body. Thus, the more degenerative changes in the human body systems, the more the skin could become wrinkled. Our strategy to prevent or at least slow down the aging process of the skin depends on 2 main steps;the 1st is to reduce the micro-damage as can as possible, and the 2nd is to enhance the capacity of tissue regeneration to be able to reverse the already present damaged skin. As the 2 processes are synchronized with each other, this strategy would be considered the ideal for prevention of skin wrinkling especially premature ones. This not only reverses premature skin wrinkling but also protects it from future wrinklings. This review sharply pointed out the role of the functional collagen of the dermal layer of the skin in the prevention of skin wrinklings. Therefore, it would be the target to study how collagen works in the complex machinery of the dermal layer of the skin. This concept deeply believes that the recovery of dermal collagen has a much better effect than simply ingesting collagen or receiving a topical collagen booster. .

Emoti-Shing: Detecting Vishing Attacks by Learning Emotion Dynamics through Hidden Markov Models

This study examines vishing, a form of social engineering scam using voice communication to deceive individuals into revealing sensitive information or losing money. With the rise of smartphone usage, people are more susceptible to vishing attacks. The proposed Emoti-Shing model analyzes potential victims’ emotions using Hidden Markov Models to track vishing scams by examining the emotional content of phone call audio conversations. This approach aims to detect vishing scams using biological features of humans, specifically emotions, which cannot be easily masked or spoofed. Experimental results on 30 generated emotions indicate the potential for increased vishing scam detection through this approach.

Fresnel Equations Derived Using a Non-Local Hidden-Variable Particle Theory

Problem: The Fresnel equations describe the proportions of reflected and transmitted light from a surface, and are conventionally derived from wave theory continuum mechanics. Particle-based derivations of the Fresnel equations appear not to exist. Approach: The objective of this work was to derive the basic optical laws from first principles from a particle basis. The particle model used was the Cordus theory, a type of non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory that predicts specific substructures to the photon and other particles. Findings: The theory explains the origin of the orthogonal electrostatic and magnetic fields, and re-derives the refraction and reflection laws including Snell’s law and critical angle, and the Fresnel equations for s and p-polarisation. These formulations are identical to those produced by electromagnetic wave theory. Contribution: The work provides a comprehensive derivation and physical explanation of the basic optical laws, which appears not to have previously been shown from a particle basis. Implications: The primary implications are for suggesting routes for the theoretical advancement of fundamental physics. The Cordus NLHV particle theory explains optical phenomena, yet it also explains other physical phenomena including some otherwise only accessible through quantum mechanics (such as the electron spin g-factor) and general relativity (including the Lorentz and relativistic Doppler). It also provides solutions for phenomena of unknown causation, such as asymmetrical baryogenesis, unification of the interactions, and reasons for nuclide stability/instability. Consequently, the implication is that NLHV theories have the potential to represent a deeper physics that may underpin and unify quantum mechanics, general relativity, and wave theory.

Switchable hidden spin polarization and negative Poisson's ratio in two-dimensional antiferroelectric wurtzite crystals

Two-dimensional(2D)antiferroelectric materials have raised great research interest over the last decade.Here,we reveal a type of 2D antiferroelectric(AFE)crystal where the AFE polarization direction can be switched by a certain degree in the 2D plane.Such 2D functional materials are realized by stacking the exfoliated wurtzite(wz)monolayers with“self-healable”nature,which host strongly coupled ferroelasticity/antiferroelectricity and benign stability.The AFE candidates,i.e.,Zn X and Cd X(X=S,Se,Te),are all semiconductors with direct bandgap atΓpoint,which harbors switchable antiferroelectricity and ferroelasticity with low transition barriers,hidden spin polarization,as well as giant in-plane negative Poisson's ratio(NPR),enabling the co-tunability of hidden spin characteristics and auxetic magnitudes via AFE switching.The 2D AFE wz crystals provide a platform to probe the interplay of 2D antiferroelectricity,ferroelasticity,NPR,and spin effects,shedding new light on the rich physics and device design in wz semiconductors.

Existence of hidden attractors in nonlinear hydro-turbine governing systems and its stability analysis

This work studies the stability and hidden dynamics of the nonlinear hydro-turbine governing system with an output limiting link,and propose a new six-dimensional system,which exhibits some hidden attractors.The parameter switching algorithm is used to numerically study the dynamic behaviors of the system.Moreover,it is investigated that for some parameters the system with a stable equilibrium point can generate strange hidden attractors.A self-excited attractor with the change of its parameters is also recognized.In addition,numerical simulations are carried out to analyze the dynamic behaviors of the proposed system by using the Lyapunov exponent spectra,Lyapunov dimensions,bifurcation diagrams,phase space orbits,and basins of attraction.Consequently,the findings in this work show that the basins of hidden attractors are tiny for which the standard computational procedure for localization is unavailable.These simulation results are conducive to better understanding of hidden chaotic attractors in higher-dimensional dynamical systems,and are also of great significance in revealing chaotic oscillations such as uncontrolled speed adjustment in the operation of hydropower station due to small changes of initial values.

Reliability and validity of the hidden hunger assessment scale in China-revised for high school students

Objective:Hidden hunger remains a severe public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide.In China,challenges related to dietary imbalance and hidden hunger persist.Micronutrient inadequacy deserves more attention among adolescents,given its vital role in their growth and development;however,this problem appears to have been largely ignored.High school students,in particular,are often at a high risk of hidden hunger but have limited assessment tools available.Therefore,this study aims to revise the hidden hunger assessment scale for high school students(HHAS-HSS)in China and assess its reliability and validity.Methods:Based on a literature review,expert consultation,pre-experiment,and formal survey,a hidden hunger assessment scale was revised for high school students.The formal survey involved 9336 high school students in 11 of the 16 cities in Anhui Province,China,and 9038 valid questionnaires were collected and included in the analysis.The item analysis,internal consistency reliability,test-retest reliability,content validity,exploratory factor analysis,and confirmatory factor analysis of the HHAS-HSS were examined.Results:The HHAS-HSS included a total of 4 dimensions and 12 items:"vegetables and food diversity"(three items),"fruits and dairy products"(three items),"micronutrient-dense foods"(four items),and"health condition and eating habits"(two items).The results showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.758,a split-half reliability of 0.829,and a test-retest reliability of o.793,indicating good internal consistency.Using the Bartlett's test and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test(KMO)to test the exploratory factor analysis presented a four-factor model of the HHAS-HSS,the KMO0 value was 0.820(P<0.001),which indicated the possibility for factor confirmatory factor analysis.Using the maximum variance rotation method,four factors were obtained,and the cumulative variance explained rate was 57.974%.Confirmatory factor analysis also supported the division of the scale into four dimensions,and the fitting indices were x^(2)=1417.656,x^(2)/df=29.534,goodness-of-fit index=0.974,adjusted goodnessof-fit index=0.958,parsimonious goodness-of-fit index=0.600,normed fit index=0.938,incremental fit index=0.940,Tucker-Lewis index=0.917,comparative fit index=0.939,and root mean square error of approximation=0.056.Except for x^(2)/df,all the indices reached the fitting standard,and the above results showed that the construct validity of the scale reached an acceptable level.Conclusions:The HHAS-HSS has good validity and reliability for Chinese high school students.It is a convenient self-report measure of hidden hunger risk.

Hidden Hierarchy Based on Cipher-Text Attribute Encryption for IoT Data Privacy in Cloud

Most research works nowadays deal with real-time Internetof Things (IoT) data. However, with exponential data volume increases,organizations need help storing such humongous amounts of IoT data incloud storage systems. Moreover, such systems create security issues whileefficiently using IoT and Cloud Computing technologies. Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) has the potential to make IoT datamore secure and reliable in various cloud storage services. Cloud-assisted IoTssuffer from two privacy issues: access policies (public) and super polynomialdecryption times (attributed mainly to complex access structures). We havedeveloped a CP-ABE scheme in alignment with a Hidden HierarchyCiphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (HH-CP-ABE) access structure embedded within two policies, i.e., public policy and sensitive policy.In this proposed scheme, information is only revealed when the user’sinformation is satisfactory to the public policy. Furthermore, the proposedscheme applies to resource-constrained devices already contracted tasks totrusted servers (especially encryption/decryption/searching). Implementingthe method and keywords search resulted in higher access policy privacy andincreased security. The new scheme introduces superior storage in comparisonto existing systems (CP-ABE, H-CP-ABE), while also decreasing storage costsin HH-CP-ABE. Furthermore, a reduction in time for key generation canalso be noted.Moreover, the scheme proved secure, even in handling IoT datathreats in the Decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (DBDH) case.

Application of"Six Thinking Hats"in the Investigation and Improvement of Hidden Dangers in Food Safety

With the development of economy,people's living standards are constantly improving,and the requirements for food safety are getting higher and higher.The Food Safety Law stipulates that enterprises should implement the main responsibility of food safety,and the investigation and improvement of food safety hazards plays an important role in improving the food safety management level of enterprises and reducing food safety risks.This paper combines the innovative thinking mode of six thinking hats with food safety,discusses the application mode of six thinking hats in food safety investigation and improvement,and hopes to improve food safety level through this way.

Hidden Hearing Loss: Causes, Current Knowledge, and Future Directions

Introduction: Hidden hearing loss (HHL) is a type of auditory disorder that affects the auditory neural processing and hearing sensitivity in subjects with normal hearing thresholds. Unlike central auditory processing disorders, HHL happens when the cochlea (the peripheral auditory organ) is affected. There are several known risk factors to HHL which includes noise exposure, ototoxic drugs, and peripheral neuropathies, and age. Recent studies have shed light on this type of hearing loss, its etiology, prevalence, and how it can affect the auditory acuity in humans. Methods: This paper covers the current research regarding HHL, its causes, the different mechanisms involved in this disorder, and the diagnosis and potential treatments related to it. We will delve deeply into different researches concerning HHL. 4 articles from 285 were selected focusing on normal hearing individuals with bad speech intelligibility were discussed in this paper. In addition, articles discussing the effects of noise exposure on hearing impaired individuals were not considered as this study solely aims to focus on normal hearing sensitivity individuals with HHL, resulting in 4 articles from 285. Results: Numerous literatures over the decades have suggested that HHL is due to the degeneration of cochlear ribbon synapses, or hair cells synapses without hair cell damage. Their association with HHL was noted several times through this study, whether we were studying the effect of noise exposure, of age, or of ototoxicity. In all cases, no significant hair cell damage was observed, and normal thresholds were recovered. However, a decline in the amplitude of Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) peak I from auditory nerve (AN) responses in noise exposed subjects and a decline in compound action potential (CAP) was measured when certain drugs were applied to the round window of Guinea pigs. Conclusion: Most studies, have proven that cochlear synaptophysin is the major contributor to noise induced, age, and ototoxic related HHL. There are several audiometric tests that were used to help identify HHL including Puretone audiometry in background noise, ABR, CAP, Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE).

Prediction of Hidden Blood Loss During Posterior Spinal Surgery

Objective Identification of the risk factors for extraordinary hidden blood loss(HBL) could clarify the underlying causes and provide more appropriate management. This study aims to identify the predictors of HBL in spinal surgery.Methods Medical records were retrospectively retrieved to collect the data of patients who undergoing posterior thoracic and lumbar fusion surgery or scoliosis surgery. Demographic information, perioperative visible blood loss volume, as well as laboratory results were recorded. The patients receiving fusion surgery or scoliosis surgery were further divided into the HBL positive subgroup and the HBL negative subgroup. Differences in the variables between the groups were then analyzed. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors associated with HBL.Results For patients undergoing posterior spinal surgery, the independent risk factors associated with HBL were autologous transfusion(for fusion surgery P = 0.011, OR: 2.627, 95%CI: 1.574-2.782; for scoliosis surgery P < 0.001, OR: 2.268, 95%CI: 2.143-2.504) and allogeneic transfusion(for fusion surgery P < 0.001, OR: 6.487, 95%CI: 2.349-17.915; for scoliosis surgery P < 0.001, OR: 3.636, 95%CI: 2.389-5.231).Conclusion Intraoperative blood transfusion might be an early-warning indicator for perioperative HBL.

基于标记树对象抽取技术的Hidden Web获取研究

目前标准的搜索引擎能够检索的仅仅是WorldWideWeb提供的小部分称为可索引的Web信息。大量的HiddenWeb信息(估计容量是可索引Web的500倍)对这些搜索引擎是不可见的。这些信息隐藏在Web页面的搜索表单后面,保存在大型的动态数据库中。该文提出了一套检索HiddenWeb信息的方法,给出了系统的框架结构,并详细讨论了实现的关键技术。系统采用新的基于标记树的对象抽取(Tag-Tree-basedObjectExtraction)方法自动地从Web页面中抽取HiddenWeb信息,然后在此基础上给出了结构化的HiddenWeb信息查询算法。文章最后对实验结果进行了讨论。

基于启发式查询词选择算法的Hidden Web获取研究

Hidden Web因为其隐蔽性而难以直接抓取,因此成为信息检索研究的一个新领域。提出了一种获取Hidden Web信息的方法,讨论了实现的关键技术。通过设计提出的启发式查询词选择算法,提高了抓取的效率。实验证明了该模型和算法的有效性。

Ontology mapping based on hidden Markov model

The existing ontology mapping methods mainly consider the structure of the ontology and the mapping precision is lower to some extent. According to statistical theory, a method which is based on the hidden Markov model is presented to establish ontology mapping. This method considers concepts as models, and attributes, relations, hierarchies, siblings and rules of the concepts as the states of the HMM, respectively. The models corresponding to the concepts are built by virtue of learning many training instances. On the basis of the best state sequence that is decided by the Viterbi algorithm and corresponding to the instance, mapping between the concepts can be established by maximum likelihood estimation. Experimental results show that this method can improve the precision of heterogeneous ontology mapping effectively.

民航主题Hidden-Web爬虫的设计与实现

分析了现今搜索引擎技术在民航主题Hidden-Web获取方面的缺陷,以此为鉴设计并实现了一个民航主题Hidden-Web爬虫。此爬虫使用主题分类等相关技术发现并抓取民航主题Hidden-Web所对应的前台Form,生成相应的Form库,然后利用启发式规则对Form库中的Form进行填写并搜集含有匹配结果的页面集。实验证明此爬虫的性能令人满意且对其它Hidden-Web的应用研究具有借鉴意义。

TONE MODELING BASED ON HIDDEN CONDITIONAL RANDOM FIELDS AND DISCRIMINATIVE MODEL WEIGHT TRAINING

The use of hidden conditional random fields （HCRFs） for tone modeling is explored. The tone recognition performance is improved using HCRFs by taking advantage of intra-syllable dynamic, inter-syllable dynamic and duration features. When the tone model is integrated into continuous speech recognition, the discriminative model weight training （DMWT） is proposed. Acoustic and tone scores are scaled by model weights discriminatively trained by the minimum phone error （MPE） criterion. Two schemes of weight training are evaluated and a smoothing technique is used to make training robust to overtraining problem. Experiments show that the accuracies of tone recognition and large vocabulary continuous speech recognition （LVCSR） can be improved by the HCRFs based tone model. Compared with the global weight scheme, continuous speech recognition can be improved by the discriminative trained weight combinations.

Hidden Web信息获取

如今Web上越来越多的信息可以通过查询接口获得,但为了获取某Hidden Web站点的页面,用户不得不键入一系列的关键词。由于没有直接指向Hidden Web页面的静态链接,当前大多搜索引擎不能发现和索引这些页面。然而,研究表明,由Hidden Web站点提供的高质量的信息对许多用户来说非常有价值。文章通过研究针对特定类型的表单,建立一个有效的Hidden Web爬虫,以便获取Hidden Web后台数据库信息。

Optimal state and branch sequence based parameter estimation of continuous hidden Markov model

A parameter estimation algorithm of the continuous hidden Markov model isintroduced and the rigorous proof of its convergence is also included. The algorithm uses theViterbi algorithm instead of K-means clustering used in the segmental K-means algorithm to determineoptimal state and branch sequences. Based on the optimal sequence, parameters are estimated withmaximum-likelihood as objective functions. Comparisons with the traditional Baum-Welch and segmentalK-means algorithms on various aspects, such as optimal objectives and fundamentals, are made. Allthree algorithms are applied to face recognition. Results indicate that the proposed algorithm canreduce training time with comparable recognition rate and it is least sensitive to the training set.So its average performance exceeds the other two.

IMPROVEMENTS IN HIDDEN LINE REMOVAL ALGORITHM FOR BI-PARAMETRIC SURFACES

A hidden line removal algorithm for bi parametric surfaces is presented and illustrated by some experimental results. The enclosure test is done using area coordinates. A technique of moving box of encirclement is presented. It is found that the algorithm is of general purpose, requires minimal computer storage, has high accuracy and simplicity, and is very easy to be implemented on a computer.

Study on Problems and Countermeasures of English Hidden Curriculum Construction in Higher Vocational Colleges in the Era of “Internet Plus”

As the extension and supplement of explicit curriculum,the English hidden curriculum in higher vocational colleges plays animportant role in cultivating students' behaviors,stimulate their interest and arouse their enthusiasm,initiative and creativity in learningEnglish.This paper analyzes the problems of English hidden curriculum construction in higher vocational colleges under the back-ground o"fInternet plus",and puts forward some corresponding countermeasures to bring the role of college English hidden curriculuminto full play.