Investigation of Tree Structure Parameters of High-quality and High-yielding Y-shaped Pear Orchards

In order to study reasonable tree structure parameters of Y-shaped pear orchards in natural conditions and at management technical level of Tai'an area, the tree structure and population structure of high-quality and high-yielding Y-shaped pear orchards were investigated. The results showed that when the yield of Y-shaped 'Oshu' was 2 550 kg/667 m^2 in the early fully fruiting period, the quantity of the branches per 667 m^2 was about 54 000, and the number of short branches was the largest, accounting for 80.1% of total number of branches, followed by middle branches, long branches and developmental branches. As the yield of Y-shaped 'Qiuyue' was 2 875 kg/667 m^2 in the early fully fruiting period, the quantity of the branches per 667 m^2 was 51 000, and the number of short branches was the largest, accounting for 75.6% of total number of branches, followed by middle branches, long branches and developmental branches. When the yield of Y-shaped 'Niitaka' was 3 000 kg/667 m^2 in the early fully fruiting period, the quantity of the branches per 667 m^2 was 43 000, and the number of short branches was the largest, accounting for 82.0% of total number of branches, followed by long branches, middle branches and developmental branches.

The principle of stability control of surrounding rock-bearing structures in high stress soft rock roadways

Through the description of the deformational features of the surrounding rockaround high stress engineering soft rock roadways,the coupling stabilization principle ofinner and outer structures in surrounding rock was put forward.The supporting principlesof high stress engineering soft rock roadway (high resistance and yielding support,timelysupport,high strength and high stiffness supports) were proposed,which were applied inengineering practices,and obtained better achievements.

DFT Study on Two C_4N_(12)O_4 Isomers with Pagodane- and Isopagodane-like Structures

Geometries, energies, and vibrational frequencies for two C4N12O4 isomers with pagodane- and isopagodane-like structures have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G＊ level.Isomers 1 and 2 are of D2h and D2d symmetry, respectively. Heats of formation for the two C4N12O4 isomers have been estimated in this paper, indicating they would be reasonable candidates for high energy density materials.

Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

Material Mechanical Properties Necessary for the Structural Intervention of Concrete Structures

Structural intervention involves the restoration and/or upgrading of the mechanical performances of structures. In addition to concrete and steel, which are typical materials for concrete structures, various ber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), cementitious materials with bers, polymers, and adhesives are often applied for structural intervention. In order to predict structural performance, it is necessary to develop a generic method that is applicable to not only to steel, but also to other materials. Such a generic model could provide information on the mechanical properties required to improve the structural performance. External bonding, which is a typical scheme for structural intervention, is not applied for new structures. It is necessary to clarify material properties and structural details in order to achieve better bonding strength at the interface between the substrate concrete and an externally bonded material. This paper presents the mechanical properties of substrate concrete and relevant intervention material for the fol- lowing purposes: ① to achieve better shear strength and ultimate deformation of a member after struc- tural intervention;and ② to achieve better debonding strength for external bonding. This paper concludes that some of the mechanical properties and structural details for intervention materials that are necessary for improvement in mechanical performance in structures with structural intervention are new, and differ from those of structures without intervention. For example, high strength and stiff- ness are important properties for materials in structures without structural intervention, whereas high fracturing strain and low stiffness are important properties for structural intervention materials.

连云港海相软土固结状态及地质成因

软土的固结状态是分析其沉降变形的一个重要指标。为了研究连云港海相软土的固结状态,进行了多组原位十字板剪切(FVT)试验、标准固结试验和金属基索状光缆的沉降监测。结果表明:由于表层作用,导致浅部和深部软土显示出不同的固结状态,固结状态存在一个临界深度(5~6 m)。原位土抗剪强度与埋深的拟合曲线表明视超固结比(OCR_(1))大于1,但这包含了土体结构强度,不能反映土体在地质历史上曾经受过的最大有效应力,临界深度(5m)以上OCR_(1)平均值为1.74,临界深度以下OCR_1平均值为1.01,整体均为轻微超固结土。基于标准固结试验,采用塑状样试验数据计算临界深度以下软土超固结比(OCR_(2)),OCR_(2)小于1,表明其为欠固结土,在地质历史上所遭受的最大有效应力小于现在土体上覆有效应力。FVT试验得出的OCR_(1)值大于标准固结试验得出的OCR_(1),这与室内试验样的扰动和土体应力状态的改变有关,基于室内压缩试验的数据会低估OCR_(1)。基于金属基索状光缆的软土沉降监测数据在深度上的分布规律与软土OCR_(1)分布规律基本一致,OCR_(1)虽不是真正的超固结比,但这一指标直接与工程建设有关。

长江下游地区味优高产协同粳稻的品种特性

【目的】探明长江下游地区味优高产协同粳稻品种共性农艺与生理特征,为实现区域稻米产量和品质协同提升提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】于2018年和2022年,分别采用14个和13个常规粳稻品种开展品种筛选试验,系统比较不同品种的产量及构成、食味品质及质构特性,以及生物量、茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)、群体光合势(LAD)等农艺与生理指标的差异。【结果】品种间的食味值和产量具有较大变幅,为此,按食味值和产量进行聚类,将不同水稻品种分为味中低产(ML)、味中高产(MH)和味优高产(GH)3种类型。GH类型品种2年的平均食味值和产量分别为68.5和10.2 t·hm^(-2),较MH和ML综合提高食味值6.8%、产量14.6%。从产量和品质性状的表现来看,与MH和ML相比,GH类型品种表现最高的结实率和口感得分。从生物量积累的过程来看,GH类型品种增加了灌浆初期的干物质积累比例,表现最高的抽穗-抽穗后15d的干物质积累。进一步分析此阶段干物质积累成因发现,GH类型品种在稳定增加LAD的同时,显著增加了茎鞘中NSC的转运率。相关性分析表明,水稻结实率与口感得分、抽穗-抽穗后15 d的干物质积累和LAD及NSC转运率均呈极显著正相关关系。【结论】在保持较高的抽穗-抽穗后15 d LAD(100.4 m^(2)·m^(-2)·d)的同时,进一步提高灌浆期茎鞘NSC的转运率(79.9%)促进灌浆启动,增加抽穗-抽穗后15 d干物质积累(3.6 t·hm^(-2)),提高水稻结实率(95.4%)和口感(9.6),是该区域味优高产协同水稻品种的共性特征。此外,研发以提高灌浆期NSC转运量和抽穗期植株茎鞘NSC积累为目标的水肥管理技术,有望进一步发挥上述味优高产协同品种的产量和食味品质潜力。

长期玉米连作下不同产量水平0-100 cm土层黑土与淡黑钙土理化性状差异

【目的】比较长期玉米连作条件下,0—100 cm土层黑土和淡黑钙土土壤物理和化学性状的差异,分析影响产量的主导因素,为黑土地保护与利用提供理论指导。【方法】在吉林省中部黑土区和西部淡黑钙土区,各选取玉米连作种植年限超过15年的代表性地块18个,在每个地块采集深度为0—10、10—20、20—30、30—50、50—70和70—100 cm的土壤样品,并进行土壤理化性状分析。按照高、中、低3个产量水平将土壤样品划分为3组,综合比较黑土和淡黑钙土不同产量水平0—100 cm土层土壤理化性状的差异。【结果】中部黑土0—100 cm土壤肥力指标均高于西部淡黑钙土,其0—100 cm土层土壤氮、磷、钾素储量分别为12.3、4.8、175.1 t/hm2,分别比西部淡黑钙土高2.4%、13.3%、43.5%。黑土和淡黑钙土20—100 cm土层有机质和全氮含量均以高产田最高;高产田与中产田耕层(0—20 cm)土壤全量和速效氮、磷、钾含量均明显高于下层(20—100 cm)。中部黑土20—30 cm存在一个较明显的保水保肥层,30 cm以下土层的土壤理化性状与产量多呈显著相关,0—100 cm土层土壤pH为5.15~7.07,高产田土壤固、液、气三相比例更理想,0—100 cm各土层广义土壤结构指数(GSSI)的高低表现为高产田>中产田>低产田,高产田土壤含水量高于其他两个产量水平,高产田与中产田0—100 cm各土层土壤全磷含量较为接近,二者耕层速效钾含量明显高于低产田。西部淡黑钙土无明显的保水保肥层,20—30 cm土层的理化指标与产量密切相关,0—100 cm土层土壤pH为6.61~8.31,高产田70—100 cm土层硝态氮累积量仅占0—100 cm土体总量的5.2%,而中、低产田该比例分别为22.3%和22.7%,硝态氮下移趋势明显。黑土与淡黑钙土区0—20 cm土壤均呈现酸化趋势,尤其是黑土区低产田表层土壤酸化现象明显。【结论】中部黑土区30—50 cm土层土壤理化指标对产量影响较大,高产田20 cm以下土层养分持续供应能力是其实现稳定高产的重要保证。西部淡黑钙土区20—30 cm土层理化指标对产量影响较大,土壤结构是影响产量的核心指标,持续土壤培肥是实现高产的重要措施。

带可更换低屈服点耗能梁段-端板连接的钢框筒结构抗震性能试验研究

为研究带可更换低屈服点耗能梁段-端板连接的钢框筒结构(SFTS-RSLs)抗震性能和震后可更换能力,以耗能梁段长度和楼板组合效应为研究变量,设计3个2/3缩尺的单层单跨SFTS-RSLs子结构平面试件。框筒柱和裙梁采用Q460高强钢,耗能梁段采用低屈服点钢LYP225。通过水平低周往复加载试验对结构的破坏模式、刚度、承载力、耗能能力、延性、可更换能力以及耗能梁段塑性转角与超强系数进行研究。试验结果表明:试件滞回曲线饱满,延性高,具有稳定、良好的耗能能力和塑性变形能力;耗能梁段的破坏模式主要为翼缘严重屈曲且翼缘-端板焊缝撕裂或腹板撕裂;耗能梁段超强系数均值约为1.95,极限塑性转角超过0.18rad,远大于AISC 341-16规定的塑性转角限值0.08rad;楼板组合效应对结构承载力、耗能能力、延性、可更换能力、耗能梁段塑性转角和超强系数影响不大,对结构的弹性刚度影响显著;减小耗能梁段长度能够提高结构承载力、抗侧刚度、耗能梁段塑性转角和超强系数,但会降低结构的耗能能力和延性;加载过程中,结构的塑性变形与损伤集中在耗能梁段,框筒柱和裙梁处于弹性状态,有利于结构震后修复与正常使用功能的快速恢复。

高性能建筑结构用钢SN400B热轧工艺研究

针对某用户高性能建筑结构用钢SN400B的技术条件,并结合该钢种的高要求应用场合,进行了成分、热轧工艺设计,分析优化出炉温度、终轧温度、卷取温度、终轧与卷取温度差及层流冷却模式等参数,得出结论:较高的出炉温度可以提高强度却不利于延伸率提升;终轧与卷取温度差越大,强度越高,延伸率越低;密集冷却会造成强度较高而塑性较低,一般冷却可得到强度和塑性较佳的综合性能。

Structural isomer and high-yield of Pt1Ag28 nanoduster via one-pot chemical wet method

In order to understand the structure-property correlation and explore the application of metal nanoclusters, it is important and intriguing to determine their crystal structure and obtain high-yield. At the same time, this is also a challenge in nanoscience and technology. Here, we report the highly efficient synthesis of Pt1Ag28 nanocluster via one-pot chemical wet method. The crystal structure of Pt1Ag28 nanocluster was determined by X-ray crystallography to be a face centered cubic (FCC) kernel. This novel structure is the structural isomerization of Pt1Ag28 nanocluster reported before. This phenomenon is first discovered in the synthesis of alloy nanoclusters. In addition, Pt1Ag28 nanocluster has high yield and exhibits potential optics in the near infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging. The time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculation implied that the optical property of Pt1Ag28 was sensitive to its structure. This work provides a simple method to synthesize alloy nanoclusters with structural isomerization.

高层建筑斜交网格结构抗侧移受力机理分析

为研究不同平面形式对高层建筑斜交网格结构受力性能及刚度退化的影响,开展了正八边形斜交网格结构模型的水平推覆试验,建立了平面形式为四边形、六边形、八边形、十二边形和二十四边形的斜交网格结构,并与四边形框筒结构模型进行对比,分析了平面形式对斜交网格结构侧向刚度、延性、内力、剪力滞后和屈服顺序等影响.研究结果表明:不同平面形式斜交网格结构模型的延性系数分布范围为4.27~5.22,随着结构平面边数增加,整体抗侧刚度逐渐增加,且延性越好,受力机理越合理;由于斜交网格结构主要通过斜柱传递轴力,剪力滞后效应明显比框筒结构小,随着平面边数增加,斜交网格结构受压翼缘部的剪力滞比由1.32降为0.82,平面形式为正六边形、正八边形、正十二边形、正二十四边形的斜交网格结构均较平面形式为正四边形时更接近于1.00;在斜交网格结构的水平推覆试验过程中,翼缘部与腹部相交区域的斜柱先屈服,塑性变形增大,再向翼缘部与腹部中部延展,随后沿结构底部向上扩展.

四季蜜芒反季节栽培丰产稳产园树体结构指标调查

为探明丘陵山地条件下四季蜜芒反季节栽培丰产稳产果园的树体结构相关指标以用于指导生产,以树龄为12年、行株距为4.0m×2.8m、连续4年平均产量30994.5 kg/hm^(2)的四季蜜芒反季节栽培丰产丘陵地形果园为调查对象,在果园的山顶、山腰、山脚各取样4株进行冠高、冠径、枝条数、枝粗、枝长、叶片数及叶片长度、宽度、厚度等方面调查与统计分析。结果表明:丰产稳产果园的植株树冠形状为自然圆头形,冠高2.88m,行向冠径3.30m,株向冠径3.11m,冠高率89.1%;株间交叉0.31m,行间空距0.70m,果园密株不密行;单株末级梢数239条,单枝长度20.08 cm、粗度0.853 cm;末级梢叶片数15.34片,最大叶片的长度、宽度、厚度分别是19.85 cm、6.51 cm、0.29mm。

Rapid room-temperature synthesis of hierarchical porous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks with high space-time yield

Hierarchical porous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks （ZIFs） have potential for adsorption, catalysis and chemical sensing applications. Ultrafast synthesis of ZIFs at room temperature and pressure is particularly desirable for large-scale industrial production. Here, we developed a green and versatile method using organic amines as supramolecular templates （organic amine-template） to rapidly synthesize hierarchical porous ZIFs （ZIF-8, ZIF-61 and ZIF-90） at room temperature and pressure. The synthesis time was reduced dramatically to within 1 min, and the resulting ZIFs had multimodal hierarchical porous structures with mesopores/ macropores interconnected with micropores. Notably, the space-time yield （STY） of hierarchical porous ZIF-8 was up to 1.29×10^4 kg m^-3 d^-1, which is more than three times higher than that reported using other methods. Furthermore, the morphologies and porosities of the produced ZIFs could be readily tuned by controlling the synthesis time or type of organic amine. The organic amine played two roles in the synthesis： （1） a protonation agent to deprotonate organic ligands, facilitating the formation of ZIF crystals, and （2） an structure directing agent to direct mesopore/macropore formation. The resulting hierarchical porous ZIF-8 exhibited enhanced uptake capacities and diffusion rates for guest molecules relative to its microporous counterpart. This work provides a new direction for the green and efficient synthesis of various hierarchical porous ZIFs with high STYs for a wide range of applications.

High Li^(+)coordinated solvation sheaths enable high-quality Li metal anode

An advance Li-sphere possessing a definitely regular morphology in Li deposition enables a well-defined more robust structure and superior solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI)to achieve high-efficiency long-term cycles in Li metal anode.Here,a new sight of high Li^(+)cluster-like solvation sheaths coordinated in a localized high-concentration NO_(3)^(-)(LH-LiNO_(3))electrolyte fully clarifies for depositing advanced Li spheres.Moreover,we elucidate a critical amorphouscrystalline phase transition in the nanostructure evolution of Li-sphere deposits during the nucleation and growth.Li-sphere anode exhibits ultrastable structural engineering for suppressing Li dendrite growths and rendering ultralong life of 4000 cycles in symmetrical cells at 2 mAcm^(-2).The as-constructed Li spheres/3DCMjLiFePO_(4)(LFP)full cell delivers a high capacity retention of 90.5%at 1 C after 1000 cycles,and a robust dendrite-free structure also stably exists in Li-sphere anode.Combined with high-loading LFP cathodes(6.6 and 10.9 mg cm^(-2)),superb capacity retentions are up to 96.5%and 92.5%after 800 cycles at 1 C,respectively.Cluster-like solvation sheaths with high Li^(+)coordination exert significant influence on depositing a highquality Li-sphere anode.

高吸能比大变形锚索让压结构优化研究

为了提高巷道锚索吸能让压结构的吸能效率及其变形稳定性,采用力学测试和有限元数值仿真两种方法对粗腰鼓形、直管、楔形槽、长槽以及直管V形槽5种不同吸能让压结构进行研究。研究表明形状及结构特征决定了峰值抗压强度、极限变形量、吸能效率以及结构整体稳定性。5 mm壁厚直管吸能结构虽然相对于粗腰鼓形、楔形槽及长槽结构吸能效率分别提高48%、66%和56%,但受压过程中容易发生局部应力集中,进而偏压诱发变形不均匀和结构失稳。内侧设有变形诱导V形槽的直管结构吸能效率为45.29 kJ/g,相对于直管吸能让压结构吸能效率仅仅降低6%,受到V形槽的变形诱导作用,避免了局部应力集中导致的偏压问题,比直管吸能让压结构变形更加稳定,将V形槽吸能让压结构应用于现场锚索,巷道变形得到了有效控制。

近年我国玉米超高产田的分布、产量构成及关键技术

2006—2010年,全国玉米栽培学组专家在全国不同区域开展了玉米高产潜力探索及小面积超高产创建工作。本文对经过严格测产且产量达到和超过15000kghm-2的159个地块的地理分布、产量构成因素及关键技术分析表明:(1)大多数高产田分布在较高纬度(40°～43°N)、较高海拔(1000～1500m)地区,这些地区具有昼夜温差大、光照充足等利于高产的自然因素,选择这样的区域是实现超高产的重要因素;(2)平均单产16692kghm-2,88950穗hm-2、每穗541粒,千粒重360.0g,穗粒重191.8g;通径分析表明,穗数和粒数对产量的贡献最大;(3)高产关键技术主要是,采用耐密型高产稳产品种,合理提高密度,充足的水肥供给,科学管理和地膜覆盖等。

种植密度对新疆高产棉花群体光合作用、冠层结构及产量形成的影响

在新疆气候生态条件下 ,研究了种植密度对棉花 (Gossypiumhirsutum)群体光合作用、冠层结构和产量形成的影响 ,探讨了新疆棉花高产的生理机理及进一步提高产量的途径。结果表明 :群体光合速率在盛铃期以前随密度增加明显增强 ,盛铃期以后 ,低密度 6万株·hm-2 的群体光合速率仍为最低 ,高密度 30万株·hm-2 群体光合速率迅速下降 ,中密度 1 8万株·hm-2 则保持较高水平。叶面积指数的变化与群体光合速率的变化相似 ,其峰值出现在盛铃期。冠层结构各指标的变化表现为 ,随密度增加平均叶簇倾角变大 ,株型变紧凑 ,但密度过大 ,群体散射辐射与直射辐射透过系数小 ,冠层结构不良 ,造成生育后期群体光合速率较快下降。增加密度能增加单位面积总铃数 ,但密度过高削弱了棉株个体发育 ,生育后期群体光合速率下降早 ,造成单铃重降低。群体总光合物质累积与群体光合速率在各生育时期呈显著正相关 ,籽棉产量与群体光合速率仅在盛铃期和吐絮期呈显著正相关 ;生产上要实现棉花高产及超高产 ,应使棉花生育前期群体光合速率稳定上升 ,至盛铃期达到高峰值 ,吐絮期群体光合速率保持较高水平。

高产小麦品种冠层形态结构及其与产量性状的关系

在高产栽培条件下,以多穗型、中穗型、大穗型3种类型9个小麦品种为材料,研究了高产小麦品种的冠层形态结构及其与产量性状的关系。结果表明,高产品种与丰产品种相比,冠层结构具有:上三叶较宽、短,叶片较厚、挺,具有相对较小的基角、开张角和披垂度,株型较紧凑,植株较矮(80cm左右),穗下节间和旗叶鞘较长。冠层形态性状与产量及其构成因素的相关分析结果表明,旗叶宽度、比叶重、倾斜角度及穗下节长和叶鞘长是决定产量构成因素和产量的制约性状。

黄淮冬麦区超高产小麦品种的产量结构模式研究

采用相关和回归分析 ,研究了黄淮冬麦区超高产小麦品种的产量结构及其相互间的关系。结果表明 :多穗型品种要实现超高产必须三要素协调 ,在保证足够穗数的前提下 ,提高穗粒数和千粒重 ,其最佳产量结构为穗数 6 80 6× 10 6 穗 /hm2 左右 ,穗粒数 38 16粒左右 ,千粒重4 0 34g左右 ;大穗型品种实现超高产的关键是提高穗粒数和千粒重 ,其最佳产量结构为穗数4 6 76× 10 6 穗 /hm2 左右 ,穗粒数 4 9 73粒左右 ,千粒重 4 9 38g左右。