High Density Lipoprotein Phospholipids as a Marker of Coronary Heart Disease of Shen-Yang Deficiency Syndrome

Objective: To seek a new biochemical index for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD) of shen-Yang deficiency syndrom (CHD-SYD). Methods: Sixty-one patients with CHD were divided into 3 groups according to their TCM Syndrome type, 10 patients in the group without Xin-Qi deficiency (Group A), 25 in the group with Xin-Qi deficiency but without Shen-Yang deficiency (Group B) and 26 in the group both with Xin-Qi deficiency and Shen-Yang deficiency (Group C). Levels of 17-hydroxy-corticoste-roid in urine (urinary 17-OHCS) per 24 hrs, and serum level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high density lipoprotein phospholipid (HDL-PL) in them were determined in synchrostep and compared with those in the control group of 23 healthy aged persons, urinary 17-OHCS per 24 hrs was taken as the diagnostic standard to screen a new index for diagnosis of Shen-Yang deficiency Syndrome, and preliminary appraisal to the index was made. Results: Serum HDL-PL in the CHD-SYD patients( Group C) was 616+157 mg/L, which was obviously lower than that in the patients of Group A and B. With low HDL-PL(<650 mg/L) used as the index to diagnose CHD-SYD, the sensitivity was 73%, the specificity 86% and the accuracy 80%. Conclusion: HDL-PL <650 mg/L could be adopted as an index for CHD-SYD diagnosis, which is simple and practical.

Metabolism of high density lipoproteins in liver cancer

Liver plays a vital role in the production and catabolism of plasma lipoproteins. It depends on the integrity of cellular function of liver, which ensures homeostasis of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. When liver cancer occurs these processes are impaired and high-density lipoproteins are changed.

SNP Detection of High Density Lipoprotein Binding Protein Gene (HBP) and Its Correlations with Growth Traits in Largemouth Bass(Micropterus salmoides)

High density lipoprotein binding protein （HBP） plays an important role in lipid metabolism of animals. Lipids are indispensable energy materials for fi- shes, especially for carnivorous fishes with low utilization efficiency of carbohydrates. The single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） of HBP gene may affect the fat metabolism, thereby exerting an effect on the growth traits of largemouth bass （Micropterus salmoides）. Investigating the correlations between SNP and growth traits can provide candidate markers for molecular marker-assisted selection. In this study, partial genomic fraganents of HBP gene （ GenBank accession number： KF652241 ） were amplified based on the sequences of an available contig in the EST-SNP database of largemouth bass. Three SNP mutation loci were identified in the 3＇ non-ceding region of HBP gene by direct sequencing, including H1 （G ＋ 2782T）, 142 （T ＋ 2817C） and H3 （G ＋ 2857A）. Three SNP loci of 165 randomly selected largemouth bass individuals were detected and genotyped by SnaPshot assay. Genetic structure was analyzed by POPGENE32 software. By using spssl7.0 software, a general linear model （GLM） was established for correlation analysis between different genotypes at SNP loci of HBP gene and various growth traits. The results showed that three SNP loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. To be specific, loci H1 and H2 formed two haplotypes （ A and B）, and three geno- types （AA, AB, and BB） were observed; loci H1, H2 and H3 formed six diplotypes （DI, I）2, D3, D4, D5 and D6）. According to the correlations between dif- ferent genotypes and various growth traits, the body weight and total length of largemouth bass individuals with genotype BB were significantly higher than those of individuals with genotype AB （ P 〈 0.05 ） ; the body weight and total length of largemouth bass individuals with diplotype D6 were significantly higher than those of individuals with diplotype D4 （P 〈0.05）. In this study, SNP markers correlated with growth traits were obtained in the 3＇ non-coding region ofHBP gene in large-mouth bass, which could be used as candidate genetic markers for subsequent molecular marker-assisted selection breeding of largemouth bass.

The pleiotropic vasoprotective functions of high density lipoproteins(HDL)

The pleiotropic functions of circulating high density lipoprotein（HDL） on peripheral vascular health are well established. HDL plays a pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport and is also known to suppress inflammation,endothelial activation and apoptosis in peripheral vessels. Although not expressed in the central nervous system, HDL has nevertheless emerged as a potential resilience factor for dementia in multiple epidemiological studies. Animal model data specifically support a role for HDL in attenuating the accumulation of P-amyloid within cerebral vessels concomitant with reduced neuroinflammation and improved cognitive performance. As the vascular contributions to dementia are increasingly appreciated, this review seeks to summarize recent literature focused on the vasoprotective properties of HDL that may extend to cerebral vessels, discuss potential roles of HDL in dementia relative to brainderived lipoproteins, identify gaps in current knowledge, and highlight new opportunities for research and discovery.

Oxidative modification of high density lipoprotein induced by cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells

Objective: To observe the oxidative modification of high density lipoprotein (HDL) induced by cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Methods: HDL cocultured with SMCs at 37℃ in 48 h was subjected, and native HDL (N-HDL) served as control. Oxidative modification of HDL was identified by using agarose gel electrophoresis. Absorbances of conjugated diene (CD) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) were measured with ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 234 and 560 nm respectively, and fluorescence intensity of thiobarbuturic acid reaction substance (TBARS) with fluorescence spectrophotometry at 550 nm emission wavelength with excitation at 515 nm. Results: In comparison with N-HDL, the electrophoretic mobility of SMCs-cocultured HDL was increased, and the contents of CD, LOOH and TBARS HDL were very significantly higher than those of the control HDL (P<0.01). Conclusion: Oxidative modification of HDL can be induced by human arterial SMCs.

Research progress of monocyte/high density lipoprotein ratio in cardiovascular diseases

In recent years,monocyte to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio(MHR)has attracted wide attention as a new marker of inflammatory response.This indicator includes two aspects:inflammatory response and lipid accumulation,which are the two most basic characteristics of Atherosclerosis(AS).AS is closely related to the occurrence of Cardiovascular diseases(CVD).A large number of existing studies have confirmed that MHR is an inflammatory marker that can dynamically reflect the trend of inflammation,can reflect the chronic inflammatory response in blood vessels,and can evaluate the occurrence,development and prognosis of cardiovascular disease in a non-invasive manner.This article reviews recent studies on the role of monocytes and high-density lipoproteins in chronic inflammation of blood vessels,as well as the current status of research on MHR and cardiovascular disease in the light of recent literature.

Apparent protective effect of high density lipoprotein against coronary heart disease in the elderly

Background This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary heart disease (CHD) death and to explore the protective effect of HDL against CHD in the elderly Chinese.Methods Started from 1986, 1211 retirees (92% males) were enrolled consecutively and studied prospectively. The average starting age was 70±9 years, and that at the end of the study was 80±9 years. During the follow-up study, all the participants received yearly physical examination and blood chemistry survey from 1986-2000. The average duration of the follow up study was 11.2 years. The end point of this study was either attacks of AMI or death due to CHD and other causes. CHD risk factors were screened by logistic regression analysis. According to their HDL-C levels, cases were divided into low (<1.03 mmol/L), medium (or normal, 1.03-1.56 mmol/L) and high (>1.56 mmol/L) level groups, the differences in incidence of AMI and CHD death in each group were analyzed.Results The cumulative attacks of acute coronary syndrome (mostly AMI) were 214 cases, including 89 cases of coronary death and 308 death caused by other diseases during the follow up study. AMI occurrence and CHD death in normal HDL-C group were lower than those in the low HDL-C group by 40% and 53%; and those in the high HDL-C group were lower than in the normal group by 56% and 50%, respectively. Statistical analysis on normal lipid cases (411 cases, total cholesterol<5.17mmol/L, triglyceride<1.69 mmol/L) revealed that the cases at low HDL-C level had similar rates of AMI events and CHD mortality as those of the entire group (including hyperlipidemia); however, AMI attacks and CHD deaths decreased significantly at the normal and high HDL-C levels. The results demonstrated that the protective effect of HDL against coronary artery disease is more prominent in people with low lipid level.Conclusion Low HDL is an important independent risk factor for AMI attacks and CHD death in the elderly; high HDL has significant protective effect against coronary artery disease.

Study on the Relationship between Serum High Density Lipoprotein and Pi-deficiency Syndrome in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Objective： To explore the relationship of Pi （脾）-deficiency syndrome in TCM with the change of serum high density lipoprotein （HDL） in blood lipid metabolic disorder. Methods： Sixty-eight patients with confirmed coronary heart disease （CHD） were selected for TCM syndrome typing into Pi- deficiency （PD） group and non-Pi-deficiency （NPD） group. Routine blood lipids and serum lipoprotein electrophoretogram （SLPG） were determined in all patients to analyze the total content of HDL and its relative contents of sub-components HDL1-5, as well as their relation with PD syndrome. Besides, a healthy control group （62 cases） was set up. Results： The level of serum HDL-C was lowered, SLPG abnormality rate increased in the patients with CHD, with total HDL and the relative contents of sub- component HDL1 and HDL3 significantly lower than those in the healthy control group （P〈0.01）. The total HDL, HDL1 and HDL3 in the PD group were also lower than those in the NPD group （P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Serum HDL and its sub-components showed a definite relation with TCM PD syndrome type, therefore, further exploring the granular specificity of HDL and its sub-components as well as their influence on reverse cholesterol transport （RCT） may hopefully provide clues for developing RCT regulatory Chinese new drugs and for CHD prevention and treatment.

Risk factors for low high-density lipoprotein among Asian Indians in the United States

AIM To examine the differences in metabolic risk factors(RFs) by gender in the Asian Indian(AI) population in the United States. METHODS Using cross-sectional data from 1038 randomly selected Asian Indians, we investigated the relationship between metabolic syndrome(Met S) RFs, cardiovascular disease,and diabetes. RESULTS A greater percent of women in this group had increased waist circumference and low high density lipoprotein(HDL) levels than men, but AI males had increased blood glucose, increased blood pressure, and increased triglycerides compared to females. Those individuals who met the Met S criteria had increased cardiovascular disease. One of the biggest single RFs for cardiovascular disease and diabetes reported in the literature for AIs is low HDL. CONCLUSION Our results show that lack of knowledge about diabetes, low physical activity, increased body mass index, and age were the factors most significantly correlated with low HDL in this population. Future studies and prospective trials are needed to further elucidate causes of the Met S and diabetes in AIs.

Relationship of Circulating High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Anemia

Circulating level of low HDLC （high-density lipoprotein cholesterol） represents a common critical risk factor for IHD （ischemic heart disease） and may further aggravate the condition in anemic subjects, as the presence of anemia itself is a threat to cardiovascular consequences. To investigate the relationship of circulating HDLC with anemia, first we determined the levels of total hemoglobin （Hb） in a total of 301 subjects （male, n = 158; female, n = 143） randomly, and then examined the circulating levels of HDLC in fasting condition. Age of the study subjects was 47.9 ~ 16.6 （mean ＋ SD） years. Both the male and female subjects were divided into three groups according to their levels of Hb. The relationship of circulating levels of HDLC with the levels of total Hb was statistically analyzed. In case of the male subjects, we found that the levels of HDLC differed significantly among the three groups with different levels of Hb （P = 0.0233） and decrease in the levels of HDLC correlated significantly with the gradual decrease of total Hb level （r = 0.2504; P = 0.0015）. In female subjects, we observed a similar trend of difference among the three groups （P = 0.0685）. However, decrease in the levels of HDLC correlated significantly with the gradual decrease of Hb level （r = 0,2199; P = 0.0083）. Altogether, this study demonstrates that decrease in the circulating HDLC is related to the gradual decrease of Hb level. This study also indicates that circulating level of HDLC may be influenced by the level of total Hb and reveals the cardiovascular risks in anemia as well.

Impact of metabolic syndrome components on clinical outcomes in hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND The incidence of hypertriglyceridemia(HTG)-induced acute pancreatitis(AP)is steadily increasing in China,becoming the second leading cause of AP.Clinical complications and outcomes associated with HTG-AP are generally more severe than those seen in AP caused by other etiologies.HTG-AP is closely linked to metabolic dysfunction and frequently coexists with metabolic syndrome or its components.However,the impact of metabolic syndrome components on HTGAP clinical outcomes remains unclear.AIM To investigate the impact of metabolic syndrome component burden on clinical outcomes in HTG-AP.METHODS In this retrospective study of 255 patients diagnosed with HTG-AP at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,we collected data on patient demographics,clinical scores,complications,and clinical outcomes.Subsequently,we analyzed the influence of the presence and number of individual metabolic syndrome components,including obesity,hyperglycemia,hypertension,and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),on the aforementioned parameters in HTG-AP patients.RESULTS This study found that metabolic syndrome components were associated with an increased risk of various complications in HTG-AP,with low HDL-C being the most significant risk factor for clinical outcomes.The risk of complications increased with the number of metabolic syndrome components.Adjusted for age and sex,patients with highcomponent metabolic syndrome had significantly higher risks of renal failure[odds ratio(OR)=3.02,95%CI:1.12-8.11)],SAP(OR=5.05,95%CI:2.04-12.49),and intensive care unit admission(OR=6.41,95%CI:2.42-16.97)compared to those without metabolic syndrome.CONCLUSION The coexistence of multiple metabolic syndrome components can synergistically worsen the clinical course of HTGAP,making it crucial to monitor these components for effective disease management.

Improving a Patient’s CVD Risk Assessment—Updating the Interpretation of the Lipid Profile

The lipid profile remains an important laboratory assessment to prevent cardiovascular disease. Interpretation of the non-fasting lipid profile has significantly changed based on new information concerning the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In particular, the assessment of risk from cholesterol containing particles following triglyceride metabolism (termed remnant cholesterol) can now be done from a lipid profile. In addition, non-HDL cholesterol as calculated from the lipid profile will provide a complete assessment of total circulating cholesterol containing particles. Furthermore, the formula for measurement of LDL cholesterol from a lipid profile has now been revised so that triglyceride levels exert less interference. Finally, the old concept that the “higher the HDL-c, the better” is no longer tenable. New data indicate that the optimal high density lipoprotein level is below 100 mg/dl for both male and female patients. Correct interpretation of the lipid profile will optimize anti-atherosclerotic therapy and reduce the number one cause of death in the United States.

Lipoprotein based drug delivery: Potential for pediatric cancer applications

While survival rates for patients with childhood cancershave substantially improved, the quality of life of thesurvivors is often adversely impacted by the residualeffects of chemo and radiation therapy. Because of the existing metabolic and physiological disparities between pediatric and adult patients, the treatment of pediatric cancer patients poses special challenges to oncologists. While numerous clinical trials being conducted, to improve treatment outcomes for pediatric cancer patients, new approaches are required to increase the effcacy and to minimize the drug related toxic side effects. Nanotechnology is a potentially effective tool to overcome barriers to effective cancer therapeutics including poor bioavailability and non-specifc targeting. Among the nano-delivery approaches, lipoprotein based formulations have shown particularly strong promise to improve cancer therapeutics. The present article describes the challenges faced in the treatment of pediatric cancers and reviews the potential of lipoprotein-based therapeutics for these malignancies.

Expression of human hepatic lipase negatively impacts apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ production in primary hepatocytes from Lipc-null mice

This study aimed to examine whether expression of human hepatic lipase（hHL） exerted an intracellular effect on hepatic production of apolipoprotein（apo） A-I.The levels of secreted and cell-associated apoA-I were contrasted between primary hepatocytes isolated from Lipc-nuW and C57BL/6 mice,and between Lipc-nuW hepatocytes transfected with either hHL-encoding or control adenovirus.An HSPG-binding deficient hHL protein（hHLmt） was used to determine the impact of cell surface binding on HL action.Accumulation of apoA-I in conditioned media of primary hepatocytes isolated from Lipc-nuW mice was increased as compared to that from C57BL/6 mice.Metabolic labeling experiments showed that secretion of ＇＇S-apoA-I from Lipc-nuW cells was significantly higher than that from C57BL/6 cells.Expression of hHL in Lipc-nuW hepatocytes,through adenovirus-mediated gene transfer,resulted in decreased synthesis and secretion of ＇S-apoA-I,but not S-apoE,as compared with cells transfected with control adenovirus.Expression of HSPG-binding deficient hHLmt in Lipc-nuW cells also exerted an inhibitory effect on apoA-I production,even though hHLmt displayed impaired exit from the endoplasmic reticulum as compared with hHL.Subcellular fractionation revealed that expression of hHL or hHLmt led to increased microsome-association of apoA-I relative to non-transfected control.Expression of hHL negatively impacts hepatic production of apoA-I.

Apolipoprotein B Is a Good Tool for Screening Dyslipidaemia in Apparently Healthy Population

Dyslipidaemia is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) which is the leading cause of death in the world. Even though several lipid parameters are used, currently apolipoprotein B (apoB) is considered as the best predictor of CVD. Thus this study was carried out to find out the association between conventional lipid parameters and apoB in apparently healthy subjects. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 170 apparently healthy volunteers who were not diagnosed with dyslipidaemia. After 12 hours overnight fast venous blood was obtained and Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by enzymatic kit method. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated by Friedewald formula and apoB was analyzed by immune turbid metry using a Konelab® auto analyzer. Among the participants, majority (63.5%) were females. The mean value of apoB concentration of the population was 103 ± 42 mg/dL which was similar and not significantly different between the genders (Males, 102 ± 37 mg/dL and Females, 104 ± 45 mg/dL). All lipid parameters showed a positive correlation with apoB concentration whereas HDL-C had a negative correlation (r = -0.165). HDL-C significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with increase in apoB concentration while LDL-C, TC/HDL-C and non-HDL-C significantly (p < 0.05) increased with an increase in apoB concentration. Present study suggests that serum apoB has better correlations and associations with the parameters that are used in conventional lipid profile and with markers recommended for diagnosing dyslipidaemia. Hence apoB could be used as a single marker for screening dyslipidaemia in apparently healthy people.

Protective Effects of Xiongshao Capsule(芎芍胶囊) on Anti-inflammatory Function of High-Density Lipoprotein in AnAtherosclerosis Rabbit Model

Objective： To observe the effects of Xiongshao Capsule（芎芍胶囊, XSC） on anti-inflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein（HDL）, myeloperoxidase（MPO） and paraoxonase 1（PON1） in serum of atherosclerosis（AS） rabbit model and explore the anti-inflammatory protective effects of XSC on HDL. Methods： Sixty rabbits were randomized into the control, the model, XSC low-, medium-and high-dose（Rhizoma Chuanxiong ＋ Radix Paeoniae rubra ： 0.6＋0.3, 1.2＋0.6, 2.4＋1.2 g·kg-1·day-1, respectively）, and simvastatin（1 g·kg-1·day-1） groups. The model rabbits were fed with high-fat diet and respective drugs for 15 weeks. The blood and thoracic aortas samples were collected at the end of 15 weeks. The levels of serum MPO and PON1 as well as total cholesterol（TC） and free cholesterol（FC） in aorta wall cells were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results： TC and FC in the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group（P〈0.01）. Compared with the model group, TC and FC in the XSC groups were significantly lower（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）, so was simvastatin group（P〈0.01）. There was no significant difference in PON1 level between groups（P〉0.05）, even between model and control groups（P〉0.05）. The serum MPO level in the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group（P〈0.05）, which was significantly lower in XSC groups as well as simvastatin group（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）, and no difference was found between XSC groups and simvastatin group（P〉0.05）. Conclusions： XSC can reduce the serum MPO level in AS rabbits to protect the anti-inflammatory function of HDL, maintaining the normal lipid transport function. TC and FC levels in aorta cells decline, and this process initiated by XSC plays an anti-AS role.

The shape effect of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein nanocarriers on brain delivery and Aβ clearance

Accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid （Aβ） is crucial for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, and the development of novel therapeutic agents that can both accelerate Aβ clearance and inhibit the subsequent pathological cascades is regarded as a promising strategy for AD management. In our previous study, we have constructed discoidal apolipoprotein E3-reconstituted high-density lipoprotein （ApoE3-rHDL） as an efficient nanoplatform that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and accelerate Aβ clearance for a combination treatment of AD. To further improve its drug loading capacity, we hypothesized that spherical rHDL might serve as a more powerful nanocarrier if it has the same brain delivery and Aβ clearance abilities as the discoidal rHDL does. To evaluate the potential of spherical rHDL as a promising alternative for the combination therapy for AD, here, we investigated the effect of the shape of rHDL on its brain delivery, Aβ clearance, and anti-AD efficacy. We found that spherical rHDL had stronger Aβ-binding affinity than discoidal rHDL did, more effectively facilitated microglial uptake and degradation of Aβ-42, achieved better brain distribution after intravenous administration, and more powerfully reduced Aβ deposition, decreased microglia activation, attenuated neurological damage, and rescued memory deficits in a mouse model of AD. Among the rHDLs evaluated, monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside-incorporated spherical rHDL exerted the best effect. The findings of this study for the first time show a shape effect of an rHDL nanocarrier on its biological functions and suggest that a spherical lipoprotein-mimic nanocarrier may serve as a more efficient multifunctional nanoplatforrn for AD therapy.

Use of fibrates in the metabolic syndrome:A review

The use of fibrates in the treatment of dyslipidaemia has changed significantly over recent years.Their role appeared clear at the start of this century.The Helsinki Heart Study and Veterans Affairs High-Density Cholesterol Intervention Trial suggested significant benefit,especially in patients with atherogenic dyslipidaemia.However,this clarity disintegrated following the negative outcomes reported by the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention,Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes and Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes randomised controlled trials.In this review we discuss these and other relevant trials and consider patient subgroups such as those with the metabolic syndrome and those needing treatment to prevent the microvascular complications associated with diabetes in whom fibrates may be useful.We also discuss observations from our group that may provide some explanation for the varying outcomes reported in large trials.The actions of fibrates in patients who are also on statins are interesting and appear to differ from those in patients not on statins.Understanding this is key as statins are the primary lipid lowering agents and likely to occupy that position for the foreseeable future.We also present other features of fibrate treatment we have observed in our clinical practice;changes in creatinine,liver function tests and the paradoxical high density lipoprotein reduction.Our purpose is to provide enough data for the reader to make objective decisions in their own clinical practice regarding fibrate use.

Blood Lipid Profile and Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Chinese Adults

To investigate the plasma lipid levels in a national representative sample of subjects and to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Chinese population. Methods Plasma lipid profile was analyzed using the data obtained during the Chinese national nutrition and health survey （CNHS） in 2002 which involved 14 252 participants at the age of 18 years or older. Results The mean levels of total cholesterol （TC）, triglyceride （TG） and high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） in the participants were 3.81 retool/L, 1.10 mmol/L, and 1.30 mmol/L, respectively. In the groups of participants at the age of 18-44 years, 45-59 years, and over 60 years the mean TC level was 3.70 mmol/L, 4.09 mmol/L and 4.21 mmol/L, respectively, and the mean TG level was 07 mmol/L, 1.21 mmol/L, 1.20 mmol/L, 1.29 mmol/L, 1.33 mmol/L, and 1.33 mmol/L, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults was 18.6% and 22.2% in males and 15.9% in females. Dyslipidemia prevalence was higher in urban districts than in rural areas （21.0% vs. 17.7%）. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol was 2.9%, 11.9%, and 7.4% respectively among the participants. Conclusion Dyslipidemia has become one of the important health risk factors in the Chinese population. There is no significantly difference in the prevalence of dyslipidemia between the groups of participants at the age of 45-59 years and over 60 years. This study provides important lipid profile data for policy making and guideline development for the prevention of dyslipidemia in the Chinese population.

Association of serum lipid levels with diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To assess the association between serum lipids and diabetic retinopathy (DR). · METHODS: Sixty -one diabetic patients without retinopathy (NDR), 55 diabetic patients with non - proliferative retinopathy (NPDR) and 75 diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy (PDR) according to ETDRS grading scale were enrolled in this study. Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglyceride values were compared between the groups. ·RESULTS: The groups were well-balanced in terms of age and gender (P =0.071, P =0.265 respectively). The mean HbA1c values were significantly lower in NDR group than the NPDR and PDR groups(P =0.004, P =0.009 respectively). Mean total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and VLDL levels were not significantly different between the groups (P =0.693, P =0.774, P =0.644, P = 0.910 and P =0.967 respectively, one way ANOVA). Mean total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and VLDL levels were not significantly different between the patients with ME and patients without ME(P =0.622, P =0.113, P =0.955, P =0.735 and P =0.490 respectively, t -test). The mean blood glucose significantly correlated with total cholesterol (r =0.173, P =0.017) and LDL (r =0.190, P = 0.008). The mean HbA1c significantly correlated with total cholesterol (r =0.158, P =0.030) and triglyceride (r =0.148, P =0.042). ·CONCLUSION: Serum lipid levels were not significantly associated with the severity of DR or existence of ME despite the significant correlation between the mean blood glucose, HbA1c and total cholesterol.