Modern computer techniques have been in use for several years to generate three-dimensional visualizations of human anatomy. Very good 3-D computer models of the human body are now available and used routinely in anat...Modern computer techniques have been in use for several years to generate three-dimensional visualizations of human anatomy. Very good 3-D computer models of the human body are now available and used routinely in anatomy instruction. These techniques are subsumed under the heading “virtual anatomy” to distinguish them from the conventional study of anatomy entailing cadavers and anatomy textbooks. Moreover, other imaging procedures (X-ray, angiography, CT and MR) are also used in virtual anatomy instruction. A recently introduced three-dimensional post-processing technique named Cinematic Rendering now makes it possible to use the output of routine CT and MR examinations as the basis for highly photo-realistic 3-D depictions of human anatomy. We have installed Cinematic Rendering (enabled for stereoscopy) in a high-definition 8K 3-D projection space that accommodates an audience of 150. The space’s projection surface measures 16 × 9 meters;images can be projected on both the front wall and the floor. A game controller can be used to operate Cinematic Rendering software so that it can generate interactive real-time depictions of human anatomy on the basis of CT and MR data sets. This prototype installation was implemented without technical problems;in day-to-day, real-world use over a period of 22 months, there were no impairments of service due to software crashes or other technical problems. We are already employing this installation routinely for educational offerings open to the public, courses for students in the health professions, and (continuing) professional education units for medical interns, residents and specialists—in, so to speak, the dissecting theater of the future.展开更多
目的对比常规薄层图像和高分辨率联合最大密度投影(high resolution combined with maximum intensity projection,HR-MIP)重建图像在检出肺内结节方面的差异,评价HR-MIP对肺内结节的检出效能。方法随机选取天津医科大学朱宪彝纪念医院2...目的对比常规薄层图像和高分辨率联合最大密度投影(high resolution combined with maximum intensity projection,HR-MIP)重建图像在检出肺内结节方面的差异,评价HR-MIP对肺内结节的检出效能。方法随机选取天津医科大学朱宪彝纪念医院2021年12月至2022年6月期间行胸部CT检查的患者共90例,其中男性52例,女性38例,年龄18~82(43±12.5)岁。分别利用2 mm层厚的常规薄层图像和HR-MIP(厚度4 mm)重建图像观察肺内结节的情况,根据结节大小分为<5 mm和≥5 mm两组。两位诊断医师分别对两组图像进行阅片并记录结节的数量、大小及性质(实性、部分实性、磨玻璃),同时记录阅读每例患者阅片时所耗费的时间。比较常规薄层图像和HR-MIP在结节检出率及耗费时间方面的差异。采用配对t检验、χ^(2)检验进行统计学分析。结果90例患者共有结节313个,<5 mm 255个、≥5 mm 58个,其中常规薄层图像和HR-MIP分别检出结节的总数为253个(80.1%)、285个(91.0%),HR-MIP检出率高于常规薄层图像,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=13.523,P<0.001);其中常规薄层图像和HR-MIP检出<5 mm及≥5 mm结节的数量分别为(208比235)和(45比50),<5 mm组差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=12.517,P<0.001),≥5 mm组差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=1.408,P=0.237)。结节性质方面:实性、部分实性及磨玻璃密度结节分别有261、22、30个;常规薄层图像和HR-MIP检出实性、部分实性和磨玻璃密度结节分别为(210比245)、(15比17)和(28比23),其中两种方法实性结节检出率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=34.812,P<0.001),部分实性和磨玻璃密度结节检出率差异均无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.631,P=0.407;χ^(2)=1.231,P=0.224)。常规薄层图像耗时为(215.3±23.8)s,HR-MIP耗时为(133.2±19.1)s,差异有统计学意义(t=18.013,P<0.001)。结论利用HR-MIP重建后阅片能够提高肺内实性小结节的检出率并且可以缩短阅片时间、提高诊断效率,但是对于部分实性及磨玻璃密度小结节仍需仔细观察。展开更多
文摘Modern computer techniques have been in use for several years to generate three-dimensional visualizations of human anatomy. Very good 3-D computer models of the human body are now available and used routinely in anatomy instruction. These techniques are subsumed under the heading “virtual anatomy” to distinguish them from the conventional study of anatomy entailing cadavers and anatomy textbooks. Moreover, other imaging procedures (X-ray, angiography, CT and MR) are also used in virtual anatomy instruction. A recently introduced three-dimensional post-processing technique named Cinematic Rendering now makes it possible to use the output of routine CT and MR examinations as the basis for highly photo-realistic 3-D depictions of human anatomy. We have installed Cinematic Rendering (enabled for stereoscopy) in a high-definition 8K 3-D projection space that accommodates an audience of 150. The space’s projection surface measures 16 × 9 meters;images can be projected on both the front wall and the floor. A game controller can be used to operate Cinematic Rendering software so that it can generate interactive real-time depictions of human anatomy on the basis of CT and MR data sets. This prototype installation was implemented without technical problems;in day-to-day, real-world use over a period of 22 months, there were no impairments of service due to software crashes or other technical problems. We are already employing this installation routinely for educational offerings open to the public, courses for students in the health professions, and (continuing) professional education units for medical interns, residents and specialists—in, so to speak, the dissecting theater of the future.
文摘目的对比常规薄层图像和高分辨率联合最大密度投影(high resolution combined with maximum intensity projection,HR-MIP)重建图像在检出肺内结节方面的差异,评价HR-MIP对肺内结节的检出效能。方法随机选取天津医科大学朱宪彝纪念医院2021年12月至2022年6月期间行胸部CT检查的患者共90例,其中男性52例,女性38例,年龄18~82(43±12.5)岁。分别利用2 mm层厚的常规薄层图像和HR-MIP(厚度4 mm)重建图像观察肺内结节的情况,根据结节大小分为<5 mm和≥5 mm两组。两位诊断医师分别对两组图像进行阅片并记录结节的数量、大小及性质(实性、部分实性、磨玻璃),同时记录阅读每例患者阅片时所耗费的时间。比较常规薄层图像和HR-MIP在结节检出率及耗费时间方面的差异。采用配对t检验、χ^(2)检验进行统计学分析。结果90例患者共有结节313个,<5 mm 255个、≥5 mm 58个,其中常规薄层图像和HR-MIP分别检出结节的总数为253个(80.1%)、285个(91.0%),HR-MIP检出率高于常规薄层图像,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=13.523,P<0.001);其中常规薄层图像和HR-MIP检出<5 mm及≥5 mm结节的数量分别为(208比235)和(45比50),<5 mm组差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=12.517,P<0.001),≥5 mm组差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=1.408,P=0.237)。结节性质方面:实性、部分实性及磨玻璃密度结节分别有261、22、30个;常规薄层图像和HR-MIP检出实性、部分实性和磨玻璃密度结节分别为(210比245)、(15比17)和(28比23),其中两种方法实性结节检出率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=34.812,P<0.001),部分实性和磨玻璃密度结节检出率差异均无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.631,P=0.407;χ^(2)=1.231,P=0.224)。常规薄层图像耗时为(215.3±23.8)s,HR-MIP耗时为(133.2±19.1)s,差异有统计学意义(t=18.013,P<0.001)。结论利用HR-MIP重建后阅片能够提高肺内实性小结节的检出率并且可以缩短阅片时间、提高诊断效率,但是对于部分实性及磨玻璃密度小结节仍需仔细观察。
