Optimization of Extrusion Process Parameters of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene-Thermoplastic Starch Composite for Fused Filament Fabrication

High-density poly-ethylene (HDPE) is a nonbiodegradable recyclable plastic which is widely utilized in single use packaging applications. Consequently, it constitutes a significant amount of plastic waste found in landfills. From literature, it has been shown that parts produced using composites of HDPE with carbohydrate-based polymers, such as thermoplastic starch (TPS), experience mechanical degradation through hydrolytic degradation process. The possible utilization of recycled-HDPE (rHDPE) and TPS composite in nonconventional manufacturing processes such as Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has however not been explored. This study explores the potential application of rHDPE and TPS composites in FFF and optimizes the extrusion process parameters used in rHDPE-TPS filament production process. Taguchi method was utilized to analyze the extrusion process. The extrusion process parameters studied were the spooling speed, extrusion speed and the extrusion temperatures. The response variable studied was the filament diameter. In this research, the maximum TPS content achieved during filament production was 40 wt%. This filament was however challenging to use in FFF printers due to frequent nozzle clogging. Printing was therefore done with filaments that contained 0 - 30 wt% TPS. The experimental results showed that the most significant parameter in extrusion process was the spooling speed, followed by extrusion speed. Extrusion temperature had the least significant influence on the filament diameter. It was observed that increase in TPS content resulted in reduced warping and increased rate of hydrolytic degradation. Mechanical properties of printed parts were investigated and the results showed that increasing TPS content resulted in reduction in tensile strength, reduction in compression strength and increase in stiffness. The findings of this research provide valuable insights to plastic recycling industries and researchers regarding the utilization of recycled HDPE and TPS composites as substitute materials in FFF.

Insights into the swelling process and drug release mechanisms from cross-linked pectin/high amylose starch matrices

Cross-linked pectin/high amylose mixtures were evaluated as a new excipient for matrix tablets formulations,since the mixing of polymers and cross-linking reaction represent rational tools to reach materials with modulated and specific properties that meet specific therapeutic needs.Objective:In this work the influence of polymer ratio and cross-linking process on the swelling and the mechanism driving the drug release from swellable matrix tablets prepared with this excipient was investigated.Methods:Cross-linked samples were characterized by their micromeritic properties(size and shape,density,angle of repose and flow rate)and liquid uptake ability.Matrix tablets were evaluated according their physical properties and the drug release rates and mechanisms were also investigated.Results:Cross-linked samples demonstrated size homogeneity and irregular shape,with liquid uptake ability insensible to pH.Cross-linking process of samples allowed the control of drug release rates and the drug release mechanism was influenced by both polymer ratio and cross-linking process.The drug release of samples with minor proportion of pectin was driven by an anomalous transport and the increase of the pectin proportion contributed to the erosion of the matrix.Conclusion:The cross-linked mixtures of high amylose and pectin showed a suitable excipient for slowing the drug release rates.

Effect of Ultra High Pressure Processing on the Particle Characteristics of Lotus-seed Starch

In this paper, the time dependent effects of various pressure treatments on the characteristics of lotus-seed starch which was modified by ultra-high pressure （UHP） were investigated. The results showed that the polarization cross of lotus-seed starch granules was weakening gradually with increasing the treatment time, which indicated the termination of their ordered crystallite structures. The morphologies of granules were collapsed once the UHP was kept at 500 MPa for 60 minutes. The particle size analysis demonstrated that the granule size and distribution of lotus-seed starches increased as the treatment time was prolonged. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the intensity of the feature diffraction peaks of starch decreased and eventually disappeared with increasing the treatment time, and B-type transformation pattern was observed. The Fourier transform infrared spectra （FTIR） analysis of starch showed that the UHP is a physical modification processing because no new groups formed. The research showed that UHP processing at certain degree is capable to achieve the modification of lotus-seed starch. It is of significance for the deep processing of lotus-seed products.

Structural, Pasting, and Thermal Properties of Ultra-high Pressure-treated Lotus Seed Starch

Lotus seed starch （15%, w/w） was subjected to ultra-high pressure （UHP） at 500 MPa for 10～60 min. The effects of UHP on the structural, pasting, and thermal properties of starch were investigated using solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, HPSEC-MALLS-RI, and a rapid visco analyzer. The 13C CP/MAS NMR results revealed a reduction in the relative crystallinity and peak intensity of the crystalline state with increasing the UHP time. The molecular weight of native starch was 1.433 × 107 Da, which was higher than that of the UHP-treated starch. Viscograms of UHP-treated starch revealed an increase in paste viscosity, peak time, and pasting temperature and a reduction in breakdown and setback viscosity compared to the native starch. Furthermore, the DSC results showed a reduction in gelatinization temperature and gelatinization enthalpy with increasing the UHP time.

Effect of high temperature on the expressions of genes encoding starch synthesis enzymes in developing rice endosperms

High temperature is the major environmental factor affecting grain starch properties of cooking rice cultivars. In this study, two non-waxy indica rice genotypes, cv. 9311 and its mutant with extremely high amylose phenotype（9311eha） were used to study the differential expressions of genes in starch synthesis and their responses to high temperature（HT）. Significant increase in apparent amylose content and hot-water-soluble starch content in mutant 9311 eha were genetically caused by a substitution from AGTTATA to AGGTATA at the leader intron 5′ splice site in Wx gene. This mutation resulted in different m RNA transcript levels, m RNA splicing efficiencies and protein levels of Wx between the two rice genotypes, which also lead to the genotype-dependent alteration in the temporal pattern of Wx transcription and granule-bound starch synthase（GBSS） activity in response to HT. However, changes in the activities of other starch synthesizing enzymes and their expressions of distinct isoform genes were not significant with the Wx gene mutation, thus only minor difference in the particle size of starch granule, chain-length distribution and gelatinization enthalpy were found between the two genotypes. The temporal-specific expression of multiple isoform genes responsive to different temperature regiments indicated that the reduction of GBSS transcript expression under HT was generally accompanied by the decreased expressions of SSSIIa, SSSIIIa and SBEIIb. Consequently, high temperature-ripened grains in 9311 eha showed high proportion of intermediate and long B chains and somewhat lower level of short A chain compared to the wildtype. The temperature-dependent alteration of amylose content was not only attributed to the reduced expression of GBSS, but also associated with the complimentary effect of SSSIIa and SBEIIb.

STDUY ON RETENTION AND DRAINAGE PROPERTIES OF THE HIGH SUBSTITUTED DEGREE CATIONIC STARCH

This paper deals with the retention and drainage properties of the high substituted degree cationic starch (HCS) prepared by half-dry process. The experiments show that HCS has remarkable effects on filler retention and drainage in papermaking industry. With the degree of substitution (DS) of HCS increasing, the effects on filler retention and drainage increase. When the DS of HCS is 0.509 and the dosage is 0.08%, the freeness decreases about 12oSR and the filler retention is 79.82%.

The Effect of High Temperature after Anthesis on Rice Quality and Starch Granule Structure of Endosperm

To ascertain the effect mechanism of high temperature after anthesis on rice quality, the experiment was conducted with two rice lines, the heat-tolerant line 996 and heat-sensitive line 4628, with high temperature and optimal temperature in the growth chamber to investigate the effect of high temperature stress after anthesis on rice appearance quality, milling quality, cooking and eating quality and starch granule structure of endo- sperm. The result showed that milled rice rate, head rice rate, amylose content and gel consistency of both lines decreased under high temperature stress after anthesis, while the ratio of grain length to width, chalky rate, chalkiness, protein content increased. Under high temperature treatments, gelatinization temperature, final viscosity, set back and peak time increased, breakdown decreased, Mg content and K content increased, Mg/K ra- tio decreased. Under same treatment, the extent of rice quality of heat tolerant line 996 affected by high temperature was lower than that of heat sensitive line 4628. Under high temperature stress after anthesis, starch granule arranged untightly, most of starch granules existed in the form of a single starch endosperm, refractive index decreased, transparency reduced, and led to the formation of chalk. Under high temperature stress af- ter anthesis, the increase of protein content, the decrease of Mg/K, the changes of rice RVA profile characteristics and starch granule structure of endosperm could be the main reason for the decrease of rice cooking and eating quality and appearance quality.

Suppression of starch synthase I(SSI) by RNA interference alters starch biosynthesis and amylopectin chain distribution in rice plants subjected to high temperature

Based on known cDNAs of rice starch synthase isoforms,we constructed dsRNA interference vectors for starch synthase I(SSI)to produce transgenic plants containing starch with a moderately high amylose content.We investigated the effect of SSI suppression on grain quality traits,starch biosynthesis,and amylopectin chain distribution in rice plants exposed to two different temperature regimes.The activities and transcripts of BEs,DBEs,and other SS isoforms were further investigated to clarify the effect of SSI suppression on these key enzymes and their specific isoforms under different temperature treatments.Suppression of SSI by RNAi altered grain starch component and amylopectin chain distribution,but it exerted only a slight effect on total starch content(%)and accumulation amount(mg kernel?1)and on starch granule morphology and particle size distribution.Under normal temperature(NT),insignificant differences in kernel weight,chalky kernel proportion,chalky degree,and starch granule morphology between SSI-RNAi line and its wild type(WT)were observed.However,amylose content(AC)level and granule-bound starch synthase(GBSS)activity in rice endosperms were markedly increased by SSI-RNAi suppression.The chalky kernel proportion and chalky degree of SSIRNAi lines were significantly higher than those of WT under high temperature(HT)exposure at filling stage.Inhibition of SSI by RNAi affected amylopectin chain distribution and raised starch gelatinization temperature(GT)in two ways:directly from the SSI deficiency itself and indirectly by reducing BEIIb amounts in an SSI-deficient background.The deficiency of SSI expression led to an alteration in the susceptibility of grain chalkiness occurrence and starch gelatinization temperature to HT exposure,owing to a pleiotropic effect of SSI deficiency on the expression of other genes associated with starch biosynthesis.

采食高淀粉高油日粮奶牛的泌乳性能、乳成分变化及乳腺差异表达基因筛选

【目的】研究高淀粉高油日粮对奶牛泌乳性能和乳腺组织转录组的影响,探索乳脂下降综合征(Milk fat depression,MFD)的分子机制。【方法】选用8头荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,随机分为对照组和处理组(4头/组),采用2×2反转试验设计,分为2期,每期23 d,期间2组对调。每期的前16 d,对照组奶牛饲喂低淀粉低油的基础饲粮,对照组日粮的泌乳净能为6.78 MJ/kg;处理组奶牛在基础饲粮基础上添加266 g/kg(DM基础)细粉碎玉米和46 g/kg(DM基础)大豆油;后7 d 2组奶牛均喂基础饲粮,处理组日粮的泌乳净能为7.66 MJ/kg。分别于每期的第1、4、7、10、13、16、19和22天测定产奶量和乳成分,第16天采集乳腺组织用于检测转录本的变化。【结果】与对照组相比,处理组第13、16天奶牛的干物质采食量和产奶量显著降低(P<0.05);饲喂高淀粉高油饲粮7 d后乳脂率开始降低,其中,第10、13、16和19天的乳脂率和乳脂产量显著降低(P<0.05);第13、16和19天的乳蛋白、乳糖和非脂固形物含量显著提高(P<0.05)。在奶牛乳腺对照组和处理组中共检测到235个显著差异表达的基因,其中,64个上调、171个下调。GO分析表明,差异表达基因主要与炎症反应、α−氨基酸代谢、有机氮化合物代谢、细胞发育、脂质生物合成和脂肪细胞分化等相关;KEGG分析表明,差异表达基因主要与轴突导向、NF-κB信号通路、钙信号通路等相关。结合差异表达基因与泌乳性能的相关性分析,本研究筛选出了部分与脂质调控相关的基因作为研究奶牛MFD状态下脂质代谢的候选基因,包括在乳腺中下调表达的FGFR4、VDR、HTR2B、CCL21和TYRP1。【结论】高淀粉高油饲粮饲喂奶牛降低了干物质采食量、产奶量和乳脂率,提高了乳蛋白、乳糖和非脂固形物含量,下调了奶牛乳腺中脂肪酸合成相关基因的表达。本研究为科学配制日粮和研究MFD的分子机制研究提供了数据参考。

淀粉-枸杞复合物的制备及其稳定性研究

为了探讨淀粉(CS)与枸杞(LB)在高速剪切过程中形成淀粉-枸杞复合物(CS-LB)的可能性及客体分子的稳定性,本文考察了高速剪切时间、转速及LB/CS质量比对CS-LB中枸杞色素(LP)质量分数及稳定性的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及热重分析(TGA)对所形成的复合物进行表征。结果表明,当高速剪切时间为1.5 h,转速为12000 r/min,LB与CS的质量比为3:1时,每克产物中LP的含量为0.99±0.03 mg。SEM结果显示产物呈现团聚状;XRD结果显示高速剪切处理破坏了淀粉颗粒的结晶域,转为无定形结构,CS与LB各组分间相互作用使得CS-LP的晶型转变为V型;FT-IR结果显示3421 cm^(-1)处的吸收峰发生变化,可知CS和LB中的活性物质通过氢键结合;TGA结果显示该产物具有较好的热稳定性,600℃时复合物的质量保留率为36%,由此说明高速剪切处理能够较好地制备CS-LB,通过对复合物的稳定性研究发现该复合物可有效降低温度,氧气和光照对客体分子稳定性的影响,延长客体分子的保存期限,使其更好地发挥相关功能。

淀粉及其改性产品对东鞍山细粒赤铁矿聚团——磁选的影响

针对东鞍山强磁选抛尾存在粒度小于20μm的微细粒铁矿物流失的问题,研究了不同种类淀粉及其改性产品对微细粒赤铁矿的选择性聚团效果,通过团聚—磁选试验确定了适宜的团聚药剂和用量,借助偏光显微镜和红外光谱等手段检测了药剂与赤铁矿和石英作用前后的形貌特征,最后通过研究高分子药剂的作用机理,论述了药剂的选择性和团聚效果。结果表明:在药剂用量为200 g/t时,交联玉米淀粉的选矿指标优于其他几种药剂,团聚药剂的加入能实现微细粒赤铁矿的选择性聚团,使铁精矿回收率提高2.13~3.94个百分点,选矿效率提高2.77~3.46个百分点,但由于赤铁矿被团聚后呈不规则絮状,在较大的聚团中会夹杂少量石英,导致磁选精矿铁品位略微降低。

超高压处理对“和尚头”小麦淀粉结构和特性的影响

该文以西北特产的旱地“和尚头”小麦粉为材料,采用超高压处理对小麦淀粉进行改性,并研究改性淀粉的结构和特性。实验结果表明,与原淀粉相比,100~400 MPa处理下,小颗粒淀粉所占的比重增加(P<0.05),随着处理压力的增加,淀粉颗粒膨胀和聚集,粒径变大;400 MPa处理下的溶解度和膨胀度分别比原淀粉降低了27.32%和8.84%;100 MPa压力处理后,淀粉的T_(O)、T_(P)、T_(C)及ΔH均显著下降(P<0.05),处理压力达到400 MPa以上,检测不到热力学相关数据,表明此条件下小麦淀粉可能完全凝胶化。综上,压力超过400 MPa时,改性淀粉的结构和特性变化显著。

酶解-动态高压微射流制备纳米淀粉及对其结构性质的影响

为探究蜡质玉米淀粉(WMS)经普鲁兰酶协同动态超高压微射流技术(P-DHPM)制备纳米淀粉后对其结构及性质的变化规律,本文探讨了处理前后淀粉微观结构、结晶结构、分子结构、粒径、分子量及热性能的变化趋势。结果表明,随着酶解时间的增加,淀粉圆球形颗粒变碎片状、结晶结构逐渐消失、淀粉短程有序性增加、分子量显著(P<0.05)减小;同时,淀粉糊化峰值温度由71.23℃降低至55.81℃,糊化焓值(ΔH)显著(P<0.05)减小至4.68 J/g;酶解淀粉进一步经微射流处理后,粒径降低至纳米级,淀粉颗粒变成更加无规则的小碎片,糊化峰值温度(T_p)降低至55.37℃,糊化焓值(ΔH)增大至14.13 J/g。通过酶解-微射流技术处理WMS淀粉,可制备得到粒径可控且具有短程有序的纳米尺寸淀粉颗粒,提供了一种环境友好、操作简单的制备方法,同时为继续探讨其在淀粉纳米乳液及淀粉基活性包装材料中的应用奠定基础。

高温胁迫下水稻胚乳磷酸化与泛素化蛋白质组学联合分析

水稻胚乳的代谢依赖于多个翻译后修饰信号网络的精确调控,包括磷酸化和泛素化修饰。本研究通过磷酸化与泛素化蛋白质组学的联合分析,发现水稻胚乳中有143个蛋白质同时具有磷酸化和泛素化位点,这为研究磷酸化和泛素化修饰之间的串扰机制提供了组学基础。一方面,磷酸化修饰通过影响泛素-蛋白酶体系统中的关键蛋白来调控泛素化修饰;另一方面,泛素化修饰通过影响蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶来间接调控植物体内的磷酸化信号网络。高温胁迫下,磷酸化和泛素化修饰协同调控酚类化合物的合成通路,并最终影响酚类化合物清除活性氧的能力以及植物在逆境中的抗性。多种淀粉代谢相关酶同时具有磷酸化和泛素化修饰,并且有18对具有不同修饰类型的位点出现在同一蛋白质的相邻位置,揭示了不同修饰之间的串扰机制以及高温胁迫中磷酸化与泛素化修饰对淀粉代谢的协同调节作用。

不同取代度乙酰化淀粉的制备、表征及热塑性分析

为了使淀粉作为高分子材料更好地应用在材料行业,需要将淀粉进行改性,本研究以木薯淀粉为原料,依次对其进行预处理和无水介质的乙酰化处理,通过控制反应时间的变化,制备了不同取代度乙酰化淀粉。并且通过X射线衍射、偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、接触角测量、差示扫描量热分析等表征手段探究了预处理对乙酰化淀粉颗粒理化性质的影响、高取代度淀粉与低取代度淀粉理化性质的差异。结果表明:预处理可缩短原淀粉乙酰化所需时间,高取代度乙酰化淀粉晶体衍射峰消失,偏光十字消失,形貌由圆形变为多孔状,可以在丙酮等有机溶剂中溶解,预处理淀粉乙酰化反应0.5 h其疏水接触角就可达69.006°±0.520°,淀粉熔融温度降到155℃,分解温度由280℃增加到340℃,使淀粉热稳定性增强,具有热塑性。该研究可在半小时内制备出取代度为2.5的乙酰化淀粉,可以溶解在有机溶剂中,为淀粉在材料行业的应用提供了新思路。

超高压对湿粉条腐败菌的杀菌效果及品质变化

实验研究了不同超高压条件对湿粉条中腐败霉菌黑曲霉(Aspergillus 305.01和Aspergillus 305.02)杀菌效果以及对粉条蒸煮特性的影响。实验结果表明随着处理压力升高和时间延长,超高压对黑曲霉的杀菌效果增强。经400 MPa/10 min的超高压处理后,粉条的Aspergillus 305.01与Aspergillus 305.02均下降了6.01个对数值;与未处理菌悬液相比,Aspergillus 305.01和Aspergillus 305.02的核酸吸光值分别从0.03和0.04增加至0.56和0.48、蛋白质吸光值分别从0.04和0.08增加至0.70和0.44、电导率分别从0.04 mS/cm和0.06 mS/cm增加至0.12 mS/cm和0.20 mS/cm。在400 MPa处理下,提高超高压处理时间,电导率、核酸损失和蛋白质损失增多,表明超高压是通过改变细胞膜的部分功能,引起胞内核酸、蛋白质和电解质等物质流出,从而导致细胞死亡。此外,随着处理时间增加,粉条的煮沸损失、膨润度增大,而断条率变化不显著。综合超高压对湿粉条的杀菌效果和蒸煮特性的影响,400 MPa处理10 min是湿粉条杀菌的较优条件,为超高压改善湿粉条的杀菌效果和品质提供了理论依据。

高压处理对淀粉结构与性能的影响研究进展

作为一种新型的物理改性方式,高压处理已广泛应用于淀粉的加工和生产中。本文系统综述了高压处理对淀粉结晶结构、糊化、回生、消化、热学及流变学特性的影响。高压处理可显著降低淀粉的相对结晶度,并使淀粉A型或C型结晶结构转变为B型结晶结构。高压处理对淀粉结晶结构的破坏主要通过破坏双螺旋的规则排列实现,而不是直接破坏双螺旋结构。高压处理可提高淀粉的回生速率,并使抗性淀粉含量显著上升。高压处理提高了淀粉的表观黏度、屈服应力、储能模量和损耗模量。但高压处理对不同品种淀粉的糊化、热学性能、流动性指数和稠度系数有不同的影响趋势。高压处理技术在R3型抗性淀粉的制备及新型淀粉材料领域具有重要的应用前景。

高温条件下早籼稻灌浆期生理变化与垩白形成的关系

为探究高温条件下水稻垩白形成的生理机制,以高垩白性状湘早籼24号(X24)及其来源亲本湘早籼11号(X11,高垩白性状)和湘早籼7号(X7,低垩白性状)为材料进行盆栽试验,在抽穗后第6天移入温室,进行为期15 d的高温处理(27~42℃),以常温处理(23~37℃)作为对照,研究灌浆期高温条件下剑叶净光合速率、籽粒灌浆速率、籽粒直链淀粉含量及淀粉合成相关基因的相对表达量等的变化。结果表明:高温条件下X7、X11和X24的稻米垩白度比常温对照处理的分别增加了2.53、4.82、6.66个百分点;高温造成X11和X24的叶片净光合速率在抽穗后第8、12、16天显著低于常温对照的,而X7的叶片净光合速率在抽穗后第16天反而高于常温对照的;高温条件下水稻在抽穗后第8天灌浆速率加快,并在抽穗后第12天达到最大值,较常温处理的提前了4~8 d;基因相对表达量差异分析表明,X11和X24籽粒淀粉合成相关基因Os SSIIIa、Os AGPSL2和GBSSI在抽穗后第12、16天的表达显著下调,导致籽粒直链淀粉含量降低及垩白度增加。

Temperature Stress at Grain Filling Stage Mediates Expression of Three Isoform Genes Encoding Starch Branching Enzymes in Rice Endosperm

An early-maturity indica rice variety Zhefu 49, whose grain quality and starch structure are sensitive to environmental temperature, was subjected to different temperatures （32℃ for high temperature and 22℃ for optimum temperature） at the grain filling stage in plant growth chambers, and the different expressions of three isoform genes （SBEI, SBEIII and SBE/V） encoding starch branching enzyme （SBE） in the endosperms were studied by the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR （FQ-PCR） method. Effects of high temperature on the SBE expression in developing rice endosperrns were isoform-dependent. High temperature significantly down-regulated the expressions of SBEI and SBEIII, while up-regulated the expression of SBEIV. Compared with SBEIV and SBEIII, the expression of SBEI gene in Zhefu 49 rice endosperms was more sensitive to temperature variation at the grain filling stage. This study indicates that changes in weather/climate conditions especially temperature stress influence rice grain formation and its quality as evidenced by isoform expression.