Estimation of Landfill Gas and Its Renewable Energy Potential from the Polesgo Controlled Landfill Using First-Order Decay (FOD) Models

Methane generation in landfills and its inadequate management represent the major avoidable source of anthropogenic methane today. This paper models methane production and the potential resources expected (electrical energy production and potential carbon credits from avoided CH4 emissions) from its proper management in a municipal solid waste landfill located in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The modeling was carried out using two first-order decay (FOD) models (LandGEM V3.02 and SWANA) using parameters evaluated on the basis of the characteristics of the waste admitted to the landfill and weather data for the site. At the same time, production data have been collected since 2016 in order to compare them with the model results. The results obtained from these models were compared to experimental one. For the simulation of methane production, the SWANA model showed better consistency with experimental data, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.59 compared with the LandGEM model, which obtained a coefficient of 0.006. Thus, despite the low correlation values linked to the poor consistency of experimental data, the SWANA model models methane production much better than the LandGEM model. Thus, despite the low correlation values linked to the poor consistency of the experimental data, the SWANA model models methane production much better than the LandGEM V3.02 model. It was noted that the poor consistency of the experimental data justifies these low coefficients, and that they can be improved in the future thanks to ongoing in situ measurements. According to the SWANA model prediction, in 27 years of operation a biogas plant with 33% electrical efficiency using biogas from the Polesgo landfill would avoid 1,340 GgCO2e. Also, the evaluation of revenues due to electricity and carbon credit gave a total revenue derived from methane production of US$27.38 million at a cost of US$10.5/tonne CO2e.

填埋场产气规律的模型预测

垃圾填埋产气率预测对于评估填埋场能源气体产生潜力,确定填埋气体利用方式极为关键.通过对南京水阁垃圾填埋场的现场取样、抽气试验及工程运行等数据的分析,讨论了对于填埋气体产生的两步一级反应耦合模型的求解方法;建立了基于有机物分解数据和现场抽气试验数据的2类求解途径,并对各自的适用范围进行了分析;给出了最大产气率、最大产气率发生时间和最大产气率发生时已产气量的解析解,其中最大产气率与反应速率常数(K)和总产气量(L0)有关,最大产气率发生时间仅与K有关,而最大产气率发生时的已产气量占总产气量的比率为常数,与反应介质、反应条件等均无关.结果表明,填埋气体两步一级反应耦合模型的预测结果与实测结果较吻合.

沼气产生的两步一级反应耦合模型

根据有机物厌氧产生沼气的生化机理,假设沼气通过两步相互衔接的一级反应生成,即复杂有机物的水解酸化反应和简单有机酸的产气反应.根据假设,建立了基于两步一级反应耦合的沼气产气率与产气量随时间变化的数学模型.该模型用统一的数学公式对沼气产气率随时间变化的倒"U"形曲线进行了解释,指出这一过程是两步相互衔接的一级反应相互作用的结果.已知有机物质量,通过拟合或根据经验得出K值后,利用该模型可解出任一时刻有机物的产气率、产气量、最大产气率及其发生的时间.拟合表明,两步反应的反应常数趋于相等.利用该模型可导出已有的Scholl Canyon模型,并可对Palos Verdes模型和Sheldon Arleta模型的经验假设进行解释.

填埋场设计新理念及其工程应用

对现代垃圾填埋技术的设计要点进行归纳,并结合上海市老港填埋场四期工程介绍其在工程设计中的具体应用。

Chemical short-range orders in high-/medium-entropy alloys

High(or medium)-entropy alloys(H/MEAs)are complex concentrated solid solutions prone to develop the chemical short-range orders(CSROs),as an indispensable structural constituent to make H/MEAs essentially different from the traditional alloys.The CSROs are predicted to play roles in dislocation behaviors and mechanical properties.So far,the image of CSROs is built up by the theoretical modeling and computational simulations in terms of the conventional concept,i.e.,the preference/avoidance of elemental species to satisfy the short-ranged ordering in the first and the next couple of nearest-neighbor atomic shells.In these simulated CSROs,however,the structural image is missing on the atomic scale,even though the lattice periodicity does not exist in the CSROs.Further,it is pending as to the issues if and what kind of CSRO may be formed in a specific H/MEA.All these are ascribed to the challenge of experimentally seeing the CSROs.Until recently,the breakthrough does not appear to convincingly identify the CSROs in the H/MEAs by using the state-of-the-art transmission electron microscope.To be specific,the electron diffractions provide solid evidence to doubtlessly ascertain CSROs.The structure motif of CSROs is then constructed,showing both the lattice structure and species ordering occupation,along with the stereoscopic topography of the CSRO.It is suggested that the CSROs,as the first landscape along the path of development of the local chemical ordering,offer one more route to substantially develop the ordered structure on the atomic scale in the H/MEAs,parallel to the existing grain-leveled microstructure.The findings of CSROs make a step forward to understand the CSROs-oriented relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties.This review focuses on the recent progress mainly in the experimental aspects of the identification,structure motif,and mechanical stability in CSROs,along with the chemical medium-range orders as the growing CSROs。

A Kinetic Study of Anaerobic Biodegradation of Food and Fruit Residues during Biogas Generation Using Initial Rate Method

A kinetic study of biogas production from Urban Solid Waste (USW) generated in Dar es Salaam city (Tanzania) is presented. An experimental bioreactor simulating mesophilic conditions of most USW landfills was developed. The goal of the study was to generate the kinetic order of reaction with respect to biodegradable organic waste and use it to model biogas production from food residues mixed with fruit waste. Anaerobic biodegradation was employed under temperature range of 28℃ - 38℃. The main controls were leachate recirculation and pH adjustments to minimize acid inhibitory effects and accelerate waste biodegradation. The experimental setup comprised of three sets of bioreactors. A biodegradation rate law in differential form was proposed and the numerical values of kinetic order and rate constant were determined using initial rate method as 0.994 and 0.3093 mol0.006·day-1, respectively. Results obtained were consistent with that found in literature and model predictions were in reasonable agreement with experimental data.

设垃圾坝填埋场平移破坏可靠度分析

在考虑垃圾土物理力学参数随机性的条件下,研究设垃圾坝垃圾填埋场抵抗平移破坏的稳定性。对设垃圾坝垃圾填埋场采用梯形–三楔体方法和可靠度分析方法,考虑垃圾土重度、内摩擦角及黏聚力作随机变量并且服从独立正态分布,通过一次二阶矩法可以得到垃圾填埋场边坡稳定性的可靠度指标。研究发现,岩土结构可靠度分析广泛要求可靠度指标达到3.0,为了满足这一要求,不同的破坏模式对安全系数的要求不尽相同。综合这2个指标(安全系数和可靠度指标)能够更好地评估设垃圾坝填埋场边坡的稳定性。

不同臭氧催化氧化体系处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的效果及能耗分析

老龄垃圾渗滤液因其成分复杂且可生化性差,故传统技术无法对其进行有效降解,且利用臭氧催化氧化体系处理垃圾渗滤液缺乏系统性评估报道。为解决上述问题,采用臭氧/过二硫酸盐(S2O2^−8,PS)、臭氧/过一硫酸盐(HSO^−5,PMS)和臭氧/过氧化氢(H2O2)氧化体系,探讨了处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的可行性,考察了初始pH、温度、O3及H2O2、Na2S2O8、KHSO5的投加量等因素对其处理效果的影响,并对其能源效率进行了分析。结果表明,优化条件下,O3/PMS、O3/H2O2和O3/PS的单位数量级能耗(electrical energy per order,EE/O)分别为1007.5、1233.7、662.6 kWh·m^−3,O3/PMS氧化体系处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的效果与O3/H2O2氧化体系相似,且优于O3/PS。由综合处理效果与能耗评估结果可知,O3/H2O2氧化体系最佳,在温度为25℃,pH=6,O3和H2O2投加量分别为3 g·h^−1和2125 mg·L^−1,反应时间为60 min条件下,能耗最低,EE/O降至443.9 kWh·m^−3,且TOC去除率和反应速率常数分别为27.1%和0.0053 min^−1,BOD5/COD也由0.18增至0.26。综合上述结果,基于臭氧体系的高级氧化法能耗较高,可将臭氧催化氧化与低成本的生物处理技术相结合,从而实现对污染物高效经济降解。上述研究结果可为臭氧高级氧化技术的工程化应用提供参考。

垃圾填埋场区域地下水铅的修复方案比选:以拉萨市为例

拉萨市垃圾填埋场随着使用年限的增长,填埋场区域地下水中重金属铅的含量偏高。为了更好地保护地下水,采用物理屏蔽法、抽出处理法和原位修复法作为修复方案。运用AHP-TOPSIS方法来选取最佳修复方案:先通过AHP层次分析法确定权重,选取了建设条件、经济条件、技术条件、环境条件、污染物特征、水化学特征6个指标体系来建立层次分析模型;然后采用TOPSIS接近理想目标的排序方法对修复方案的选取进行优劣排序分析。结果表明:2种方法综合分析得到的权重值由大到小的顺序为原位修复法、物理屏蔽法、抽出处理法,最后确定原位修复技术更加适合于该场区地下水修复。