Effects of Operation Conditions on Service Life of Ladle Lining

Effects of operation conditions such as ladle temperature, remining time of molten steel, slag basicity, slag oxidation, slag viscosity , vacuum treatment, ultra-high temperature, gas blowing and stirring, intermittent operation, and different refining equipment on service life of ladle lining refractories were researched. The following conclusions are drawn ： （1） molten steel temperature rising, remaiaing time prolonging, slag oxidation ability enhancing, slag viscosity and basicity decreasing can aecelerate the corrosion of ladle lining ; （2） ultra-high temperature and vacuum treatment of ladle not only acceler- ate the fusion corrasion of ladle lining, but also make the carbon containing refractories react forming gases leading to more corrosion, so carbon containing refractories are not stdtable.for the smelting conditions of long term vacuum treatment and ultra-high temperature, especially carbon containing refractories added with conventional additives such as A1 and Si powders ; （ 3 ） argon blowing does not accelerate the corrosion of ladle lining obvioasly, but oxygen blowing does; （4） the corrosion degree of refractories varies with the refining equipment, and the service life of ladle lining decreases according to a certain proportion with the refining ratio increasing.

Necessary Conditions and Situational Variables of Payments for Ecosystem Services

Clarifying the necessary conditions for the emergence of payments for ecosystem services (PES) and the situational variables that affect PES is the basis for their interpretation, prediction, and selection. This article proposes an analytical framework for the emergence of PES and argues that the key to determining whether PES can occur and whether a selected PES program is appropriate is to evaluate the net gain. When payers anticipate that a PES program will provide a satisfactory number of ES and a net gain over the opportunity cost and will cover all costs, it is assumed that the program will be implemented. When it is difficult to accurately evaluate the net gain of PES, the situational variables that affect the costs and benefits need to be examined. The group characteristics, ES characteristics, spatial and temporal contacts between the suppliers and demanders, correlation with private goods and additionality are important situational variables that affect the emergence and choice of PES.

Shaping a New Level of Bus Service under a Novel Concept of Bus Interaction: A Meta-Review

Public transport services, particularly bus services, play an important role in a sustainable transportation system. However, despite various efforts, bus ridership has decreased. The appearance of shared and on-demand vehicle services is one of the main reasons for this issue. In addition, bus tourism services have been successfully developed to meet the exigent needs of tourists. Therefore, a new level of daily bus service is necessary to adapt to the changing demands of customers. Bus interaction (BI) plays an important role in bus services. Nevertheless, the conventional concept of BI mainly refers to users, physical interaction, and safety, but it does not address non-users, non-physical interactions, service quality, and other aspects. This study aims to elaborate on a new concept of bus services. Based on this, we developed a theoretical framework for BI. A meta-analysis was then conducted to identify the achievements and untouched aspects. The results of this study provide three main contributions. First, an unprecedented novel concept of BI is defined, including 13 types of interactions. Second, a comprehensive theoretical framework of BI is established based on the relationships between eight sustainable bus system sub-aspects and 13 BI types. Third, based on the theoretical framework and findings of the reviewed studies, a common finding comprehensive framework of BI is completed, which is accompanied by 1) key findings of the 13 BI types, 2) conclusions of traffic conditions affecting BI research, 3) BI research gaps, and 4) 16 main suggestions for future BI research.

RF-CLASS： A remote-sensing-based flood crop loss assessment cyber-service system for supporting crop statistics and insurance decision-making

Floods often cause significant crop loss in the United States. Timely and objective information on flood-related crop loss, such as flooded acreage and degree of crop damage, is very important for crop monitoring and risk management in ag- ricultural and disaster-related decision-making at many concerned agencies. Currently concerned agencies mostly rely on field surveys to obtain crop loss information and compensate farmers＇ loss claim. Such methods are expensive, labor intensive, and time consumptive, especially for a large flood that affects a large geographic area. The results from such methods suffer from inaccuracy, subjectiveness, untimeliness, and lack of reproducibility. Recent studies have demonstrated that Earth observation （EO） data could be used in post-flood crop loss assessment for a large geographic area objectively, timely, accurately, and cost effectively. However, there is no operational decision support system, which employs such EO-based data and algorithms for operational flood-related crop decision-making. This paper describes the development of an EO-based flood crop loss assessment cyber-service system, RF-CLASS, for supporting flood-related crop statistics and insurance decision-making. Based on the service-orientated architecture, RF-CLASS has been implemented with open interoperability specifications to facilitate the interoperability with EO data systems, particularly the National Aeronautics and Space Administration （NASA） Earth Observing System Data and Information System （EOSDIS）, for automatically fetching the input data from the data systems. Validated EO algorithms have been implemented as web services in the system to operationally produce a set of flood-related products from EO data, such as flood frequency, flooded acreage, and degree of crop damage, for supporting decision-making in flood statistics and flood crop insurance policy. The system leverages recent advances in the remote sensing-based flood monitoring and assessment, the near-real-time availability of EO data, the service-oriented architecture, geospatial interoperability standards, and the standard-based geospatial web service technology. The prototypical system has automatically generated the flood crop loss products and demonstrated the feasibility of using such products to improve the agricultural decision-making. Evaluation of system by the end-user agencies indicates that significant improvement on flood-related crop decision-making has been achieved with the system.

Informal Caregiving for Persons with Chronic Conditions: Trends and Considerations

Aging adults with chronic conditions rely heavily on an informal network of caregivers to remain within their communities of choice. This reliance can take a significant toll on caregivers through the lens of physical and psychological problems, financial issues, and social isolation. These variables may then lead to less desirable outcomes for care recipients. This review highlights existing support services in their many forms, including: psychosocial interventions, environmental interventions, respite care, and health information technology as a method of delivery. Given the current trend with informal caregivers assuming increased responsibility in healthcare, programs and services supporting these caregivers must be understood and trialed to ensure that their needs are not overlooked.

Service Life Design for Concrete Engineering in Marine Environments of Northern China Based on a Modified Theoretical Model of Chloride Diffusion and Large Datasets of Ocean Parameters

In this study,through experimental research and an investigation on large datasets of the durability parameters in ocean engineering,the values,ranges,and types of distribution of the durability parameters employed for the durability design in ocean engineering in northern China were confirmed.Based on a modified theoretical model of chloride diffusion and the reliability theory,the service lives of concrete structures exposed to the splash,tidal,and underwater zones were calculated.Mixed concrete proportions meeting the requirement of a service life of 100 or 120 years were designed,and a cover thickness requirement was proposed.In addition,the effects of the different time-varying relationships of the boundary condition(Cs)and diffusion coefficient(Df)on the service life were compared;the results showed that the time-varying relationships used in this study(i.e.,Cscontinuously increased and then remained stable,and Dfcontinuously decreased and then remained stable)were beneficial for the durability design of concrete structures in marine environment.

Inference of Reference Conditions for Nutrient Concentrations of Chaohu Lake Based on Model Extrapolation

In the mid-eastern China,there are few or no lakes which are in the absence of anthropogenic disturbances,or their sediments remain undisturbed.As a result,the reference lakes distribution and paleolimnological reconstruction approaches usually are inappropriate to estimate lake reference conditions for nutrients.This yields the necessity of using the extrapolation methods to estimate the lake reference conditions for nutrients within those regions.The lake reference conditions for nutrients could be inferred inversely from the law of mass conservation,current lake nutrient concentration,and the loadings from watershed.Considering the scarcity of hydrological and water quality data associated with lakes and watersheds in China,as well as the low requirement of the watershed nutrient loadings models for these data,the soil conservation service(SCS) distributed hydrological model and the universal soil loss equation(USLE) were applied.The SCS model simulates the runoff process of the watershed,thereby calculating dissolved nutrients annually.The USLE estimates the soil erosion and particulate nutrients annually in a watershed.Then,with the loadings from atmospheric deposition and point source,the previous annual average nutrient concentrations could be acquired given the current nutrient concentrations in a lake.Therefore,the nutrient reference conditions minimally impacted by human activities could be estimated.Based on the proposed model,the reference conditions for total nitrogen and total phosphorus of Chaohu Lake,Anhui Province,China are 0.031 mg/L and 0.640 mg/L,respectively.The proposed reference conditions estimation model is of clear physical concept,and less data required.Thus,the proposed approach can be used in other lakes with similar circumstances.

基于网络开放数据的区域消防救援总体有效覆盖率评估

高效准确地掌握消防救援有效覆盖率是优化消防站点资源配置的前提。将判断是否有效覆盖的消防救援行程时间阈值定为240 s,建立了基于时间加权的区域消防救援总体有效覆盖率评估模型。基于网络开放数据收集了长沙的50座消防站作为消防救援供给点、5746家被抽查到的社会单位作为消防救援需求点,并调用网络地图应用程序编程接口基于实时路况来仿真消防救援行程时间。在连续7 d内设置197个评估场景,共获得了1131962个有效样本,进而得出:长沙消防救援总体有效覆盖率为21.22%,结果等级为“C”,消防救援水平一般,需加强消防站建设。这种基于网络开放数据的区域消防救援有效覆盖率评估,具备高效和准确的特点,可为优化消防站点资源配置、提升公共安全水平提供关键理论和方法支撑。

洞庭湖流域生态状况时空分异及影响因素

掌握生态状况时空特征及影响因素,是国土空间的优化和生态功能的提升的关键。目前研究大多侧重于生态系统结构或功能的单一变化,尚未综合考虑人为干扰因素,导致生态修复分区以单一生境或要素的修复为主,无法较好地解决人地关系矛盾。以洞庭湖流域作为研究区域,利用景观格局指数、InVEST模型分析了2000年和2018年景观分布特征和生态系统服务,运用模糊推理算法探究2000—2018年洞庭湖流域生态状况特征,基于此揭示人类-自然因素对生态状况的影响。结果表明:(1)洞庭湖流域整体景观更加破碎化,景观形状趋于复杂,聚集程度不断下降,景观类型更加离散。(2)研究期间,食物供给服务呈现稳定上升的趋势,生境质量服务和碳储量服务总体呈下降趋势。(3)洞庭湖流域生态状况整体转好,生态指数上升区域(74%)明显大于下降区域(26%)。生态系统退化区域主要分布在人口较为密集、城市化水平较高的城镇地区,而生态恢复区域多分布在远离各城市中心的山地丘陵区域。(4)洞庭湖地区各影响因素对生态系统退化的影响显著性最高的地区主要分布在生态系统退化的高值区和人类活动强度较为集中的地区,具有显著影响的地区重心逐渐由西部转移到东部。其中,人口密度、GDP、路网密度和夜间灯光指数对洞庭湖地区的生态系统退化主要表现为负相关关系。坡度、降水量和日照时数对生态系统退化产生的正向影响呈逐渐增强的趋势。本研究利用模糊推理方法计算出洞庭湖流域的生态指数,从而识别出生态退化区域,并揭示了其影响因素,为区域生态保护修复规划提供了科学依据。

快速路晴雨天环境运行特征差异及最佳服务流率

城市快速路雨天较晴天通行缓慢、拥堵频发,通过对比雨天、晴天环境下快速路运行特征,揭示晴雨环境下服务流率与车速的动态关系,是城市快速路智能化动态管理的首要问题,为此研究快速路晴雨天环境下的最佳服务流率分析方法。首先,利用线圈检测数据分析雨天和晴天环境下流率、速度、占有率的分布特征,采用K-S检验证实了晴雨天交通流存在显著差异;分别对雨天和晴天进行通行能力及运行失效分析,结果显示按现行规范标准确定的饱和度(V/C)并不适用于雨天交通流服务水平分析,存在侧重强调最大通过量而对发生交通失效后表达不准确的局限性。鉴于此,提出兼顾一定运行车速且最大化服务交通量的方法,给出最佳服务流率的概念及其确定方法。建立综合流量—速度—占有率的3维K-Means聚类模型,得到雨天、晴天运行失效前后的交通状态聚类结果,阐释了运行失效前后的服务流率与服务水平关系,指出运行失效前稳定流率可以作为最佳服务流率。

“互联网+”公共卫生服务可持续发展的约束条件研究

目的分析并解决当前“互联网+”公共卫生服务发展的痛点问题。方法通过文献检索法,全面梳理“互联网+”公共卫生服务现状,逐步聚焦至可快速突破或改善的典型性、根本性约束条件。结果当前“互联网+”公共卫生发展质量参差不齐、效果乏善可陈,距离跨界融合、创新驱动、重塑结构、生态开放等理想的目标效果甚远,因此从政策法规、标准规范、市场和资本、管理与安全4个方面梳理“互联网+”公共卫生约束条件,以能进行聚集和突破。结论研究“互联网+”公共卫生各约束条件的根本因素,探讨从3个关键的层面进行发展及改善,进一步为探寻出一套可快速实施、具有实操性的机制与模式提供研究基础。

社区慢性病共病药物治疗决策的困境与应对路径

慢性病共病是指个体同时患有2种及以上的慢性疾病。共病患者常联用多种药物治疗,给社区全科医生的科学用药决策带来了挑战。本文分析了社区共病药物治疗决策困境形成的原因与影响因素,并提出了一种动态的综合性决策框架,即共病药物治疗决策框架(MDMF)。该框架由社区全科医生接诊共病患者的5个阶段构成,包括“健康问题回顾”“用药综合评估”“医患共同决策”“药物治疗记录”和“安排随访计划”。MDMF能够促使社区全科医生为共病患者制定个体化的药物治疗方案,但也对其诊疗能力提出了一定要求。因此,建议对社区全科医生开展以MDMF为核心的培训、提供决策辅助支持,并采取合理的激励与监督措施,推动社区医疗机构提供以患者为中心的药物治疗方案,提升药物治疗的安全性和有效性,减轻患者的治疗负担。

顾及动态交通路况的高速公路消防救援可达性评估

消防救援可达性评估是优化消防站布局、提升消防服务水平的重要前提。现有研究主要聚焦于面形区域消防救援可达性评估,且多分析消防救援在距离上的可达性,暂无研究以线形、半封闭特征的高速公路为对象,并考虑实时路况来分析消防救援在时间上的可达性。通过划分不同消防救援可达区间,基于时间加权方法建立高速公路消防救援可达性指标评估模型。以长沙市为例,收集了11455个高速公路区间点作为消防救援需求点,53座消防站作为消防救援供给点,并调用在线地图(如百度地图)实时路况数据来模拟消防救援行程时间。结果表明,长沙市高速公路消防救援总体可达性为48.46,消防救援服务水平为“中”,该地区高速公路应对火灾风险能力不强,有必要增加高速公路沿线消防站数量。该研究可为优化高速公路沿线消防站布局提供理论和方法支撑。

门急诊服务敏感疾病住院的管理策略研究

门急诊服务敏感疾病住院(ACSH)问题造成了我国每年至少千亿元卫生资源的浪费。实施精准干预措施以减少ACSH是卫生系统健康可持续发展的重要内容,有助于减缓疾病的发生发展,提升群众健康水平,降低经济负担。本研究旨在系统分析ACSH的影响因素,总结归纳减少ACSH的国际经验并探索适用于我国医疗卫生服务体系的ACSH管理策略。研究发现,ACSH受个体因素、卫生服务系统因素和社会因素的影响。国际上主要通过医疗卫生服务模式、服务提供和服务管理三方面举措减少ACSH。本研究结合国际经验和实际情况对我国ACSH管理工作提出如下建议:首先,将ACSH纳入医疗卫生服务评价体系,对门急诊服务敏感疾病(ACSCs)进行全面监测和综合管理,其次,提高医疗卫生服务能力,推动ACSCs管理的规范化与同质化,并基于循证理念改善管理水平;再次,应深入开展ACSCs本土化研究,促进高质量证据转化实施;最后,持续提高人口健康素养,强化患者和公众对减少ACSH的正确认识。

门急诊服务敏感疾病的研究进展:基于CiteSpace的文献计量分析

背景门急诊服务敏感疾病(ACSCs)指通过及时有效的门急诊服务可以避免住院的疾病。随着全球对提升医疗卫生服务质量与效率的日渐关注,深入了解ACSCs的发生发展和研究动态至关重要。目的分析近30年ACSCs研究领域的热点、前沿与趋势。方法2023年3月,检索并分析Web of Science数据库中与ACSCs相关的英文文献,使用CiteSpace 6.1.R6信息可视化软件进行数据汇总和分析,包括发表年份、作者、研究机构、关键词和参考文献。时间跨度设置为“1992-2023年”,时间分区设置为5年。网络节点关联强度选择“Cosine”算法。根据分析主题,选择“Author”“Institution”“Keyword”作为节点进行可视化分析,分别得到作者、机构、关键词共现的知识图谱。结果初检获得文献1701篇,经CiteSpace识别后,最终纳入分析1698篇。近年来关注ACSCs的研究数量总体呈现上升趋势,发文量排名前3位的机构分别是哈佛大学[81篇(4.77%)]、加利福尼亚大学[63篇(3.71%)]及密歇根大学[47篇(2.77%)]。关键词聚类图谱得到“nursing home”“public health”“primary care”“integrated care”“impact”“potentially avoidable hospitalizations”“management”“performance”8个聚类主题。引文分析显示,ACSCs领域高被引研究重点聚焦于可避免住院的现状与影响因素、可避免住院与医疗卫生服务的关系、减少可避免住院的措施三方面。结论近30年,ACSCs领域的研究迅速发展,目前已被世界主要发达国家广泛用于评估和改进医疗卫生服务。然而,研究者和机构之间缺乏跨区域合作,研究热点随时间演进不断变化,主题涵盖ACSCs及门急诊服务敏感疾病住院(ACSH)的研究意义与政策含义、影响因素、实践应用和政策启示四大类。国内对这些关键领域的探讨不足,未来需给予更多关注。

单晶高温合金的蠕变性能薄壁效应

单晶高温合金的薄壁效应是指当试样、零件厚度小于1 mm时,其持久寿命减少、蠕变速率增加以及其他力学性能发生显著衰减的现象。随着先进航空发动机单晶叶片零件内部冷却结构的发展,其部分区域结构厚度的减小使其属于典型的薄壁结构,因此在设计与制造叶片的过程中将薄壁区域的薄壁效应纳入考量具有重要工程意义。蠕变性能是航发叶片单晶高温合金材料最重要的性能之一,本文总结了单晶高温合金蠕变性能薄壁效应方面的研究以及薄壁效应研究中发展的先进实验设备。引起蠕变性能薄壁效应的机制包括氧化作用相对增强、各向异性效应更加显著、微观组织的变化、缺陷的萌生与运动方式变化,对蠕变薄壁效应产生影响的因素则有实验条件(温度、应力等),加工方式(直接铸造,机械加工),几何外形(矩形截面、环形截面、打气膜孔)。对单晶高温合金薄壁效应的研究属于工程应用范畴,薄壁件作为“积木式”验证评价技术中“元件级/模拟件级”的一环,在服役环境或近服役环境条件下研究薄壁效应就使得研究结果更具有应用价值,为此,国内外发展了各式各样的实验设备平台用于模拟叶片在发动机内的某一个或几种耦合服役条件(高温、高压、腐蚀/冲蚀、离心加载)。未来薄壁效应的研究应当在更接近实际服役条件下进行,即按实际叶片制造工艺制备实验试样,并在模拟服役环境设备上进行实验。

考虑脱空深度影响的机场刚性道面工作性能研究

为了分析道面脱空深度对跑道安全的影响规律,该文采用有限差分方法开展数值模拟研究,考虑了不同机型、道面尺寸、脱空深度以及脱空面积等因素,共设计了208组工况。基于考虑结构状况指数衰减的道面寿命模型,提出评估脱空对道面使用寿命影响的分析方法。研究结果表明:随着脱空深度的增加,道面弯沉和应力逐步增加,但增长速率越来越缓;脱空深度与脱空面积的影响存在耦联效应,当脱空面积较大时,脱空深度的影响才开始显现。在道面弯沉与应力的影响云图中,均存在非敏感区;提出的道面弯沉速率发展指数与应力发展指数可对脱空的影响趋势进行评价,且随着脱空面积与深度的增加,上述指数均存在峰值区。根据不同荷载、道面结构以及起落架次,绘制了脱空程度与剩余使用寿命影响图,可对脱空的影响进行快速评价与分析,从而保障场道结构安全。

Can whole steps of grain production be outsourced? Empirical analysis based on the three provinces of Jiangsu,Jilin,and Sichuan in China

Certain outsourcing services for agricultural management in China,such as pest control in grain production,have experienced prolonged sluggishness,contrasting with the relatively high level of outsourcing services observed in harvesting,land preparation,and sowing.This study examines the feasibility of implementing whole-step outsourcing in grain production by conducting a case study of rice and maize production in Jiangsu,Jilin,and Sichuan provinces in China.The provision of outsourcing services hinges on two essential conditions:technological advancements fostering specialized production and economies of scale,coupled with a market size sufficient to realize the aforementioned potential economies of scale.The results showed that outsourcing pest control or harvesting services had varying economies of scale.The outsourcing services in pest control were less common than in harvesting services,and their marginal growth space of the economies of scale with technological change was also smaller.Determined by the operational characteristics of pest control itself,the market scale of its professional services is small.Therefore,achieving the whole-step outsourcing of grain production necessitates not only technological innovation but also effective policy interventions to overcome the constraints of market scale.Such interventions include(1)optimizing crop layouts between planning regions and reducing land fragmentation and(2)supplying timely and effective inter-regional agricultural information for service providers aided by information technology.

使用工况对锂离子电池电化学性能的影响

[目的]锂离子电池储能技术在近年来得到快速发展和广泛应用,但在实际应用中发现具体使用工况对锂离子电池储能的实际使用寿命和盈利能力有着巨大影响,文章旨在研究使用工况对于锂离子电池电化学性能的影响,为今后的锂离子电池储能项目建设提供参考。[方法]测试并分析工作荷电区间、放电倍率、工作温度对锂离子电池实际工作性能的影响。[结果]充放电荷电区间、使用倍率、工作温度都会对锂离子电池的实际工作性能产生巨大影响。一方面,适当调节充放电荷电区间会明显提高电池的使用寿命;另一方面,目前调频储能项目常用的2 C配置方式会明显降低锂离子电池的使用寿命,而将倍率降低至1 C配置虽然会增加初始投资,但有望获得更低的周期度电成本。此外,温度控制对锂离子电池的使用寿命也极为重要,即使是个位数的温度差异也有可能造成长期使用后显著的电池不一致性。[结论]锂离子电池储能具有响应速度快、调节精度高、配置灵活等优点,随着“碳达峰、碳中和”工作的深入和电力市场的逐步建设,锂离子电池储能将会在提高电能质量方面发挥重要作用。注重使用工况对于锂离子电池性能的影响将会进一步提高锂离子电池储能的使用效能。要根据实际应用需求实际设计电池的使用工况,并以此为依据配置锂离子电池储能各项参数指标,从而赋予锂离子电池储能更加优异的性能,助力我国“双碳”目标的实现。

An Innovative Person-Centered Model for Provision of Mental, Social and Medical Care for People Living with Dementia

Globally there is an increased digitalization going on with an increasing number of people having access to the internet, having smartphones and now also in many countries being expected to access health-related information and schedule appointments through websites, apps or web-based portals. Healthcare providers have also adopted this with an increasing number of public or private organizations providing web-based portals as well as app interfaces to some of the largest electronic healthcare systems. The benefit of this is easier access, more efficient provision of services, increased transparency and improved workflows. This may increase the population’s capability to manage their conditions and reduce the contacts to, thereby burdening healthcare professionals. But not all will be able to benefit from this digital (r)evolution. Those who will not be able to include people with dementia. For people with dementia to also be able to take advantage of digital health tools and services, it will require planning and involvement of caregivers. In 2017, we presented the Epital Care Model as a framework to organize an efficient people-centered cross-disciplinary and cross-sectoral way to organize activities, roles, responsibilities and describe geographical locations and used technologies in response to individuals’ specific diagnoses and everyday changes in their condition. In 2021, an EU-funded project was initiated to investigate how living labs and scaling up could be done building upon the ECM. One of the living labs was organized around an organization providing care to PWD in Netherlands. In the period 2021 to 2024, we have tried to identify ways for how the ECM could be used to digitally enable the services provided by the organization. In 2022, the care organization tanteLouise started a project originally named Daycare Centre2.0 (now called “Van Thuis Uit” meaning “From Home”), together with healthcare insurance company CZ, and developed a model for onboarding people with dementia and introducing them to specific interventions based on their personal goals and needs. We here present how the ECM and the “Van Thuis Uit” can be mapped within each other to create synergy in creating a healthcare setting for people with dementia. This work may serve as a model for other conditions, where individuals are likely to need more intensive support from their informal caregivers due to a relatively rapid progression of the condition or development of severe impairments. Examples here can be neurologic conditions such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or the final stage of conditions that require palliation.