Standard-definition White-light,High-definition White-light versus Narrow-band Imaging Endoscopy for Detecting Colorectal Adenomas:A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective This study aimed to compare the performance of standard-definition white-light endoscopy(SD-WL),high-definition white-light endoscopy(HD-WL),and high-definition narrow-band imaging(HD-NBI)in detecting colorectal lesions in the Chinese population.Methods This was a multicenter,single-blind,randomized,controlled trial with a non-inferiority design.Patients undergoing endoscopy for physical examination,screening,and surveillance were enrolled from July 2017 to December 2020.The primary outcome measure was the adenoma detection rate(ADR),defined as the proportion of patients with at least one adenoma detected.The associated factors for detecting adenomas were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.Results Out of 653 eligible patients enrolled,data from 596 patients were analyzed.The ADRs were 34.5%in the SD-WL group,33.5%in the HD-WL group,and 37.5%in the HD-NBI group(P=0.72).The advanced neoplasm detection rates(ANDRs)in the three arms were 17.1%,15.5%,and 10.4%(P=0.17).No significant differences were found between the SD group and HD group regarding ADR or ANDR(ADR:34.5%vs.35.6%,P=0.79;ANDR:17.1%vs.13.0%,P=0.16,respectively).Similar results were observed between the HD-WL group and HD-NBI group(ADR:33.5%vs.37.7%,P=0.45;ANDR:15.5%vs.10.4%,P=0.18,respectively).In the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses,neither HD-WL nor HD-NBI led to a significant difference in overall adenoma detection compared to SD-WL(HD-WL:OR 0.91,P=0.69;HD-NBI:OR 1.15,P=0.80).Conclusion HD-NBI and HD-WL are comparable to SD-WL for overall adenoma detection among Chinese outpatients.It can be concluded that HD-NBI or HD-WL is not superior to SD-WL,but more effective instruction may be needed to guide the selection of different endoscopic methods in the future.Our study’s conclusions may aid in the efficient allocation and utilization of limited colonoscopy resources,especially advanced imaging technologies.

High-definition colonoscopy with i-Scan:Better diagnosis for small polyps and flat adenomas

AIM： To investigate if high-definition （HD） colonoscope with i-Scan gave a higher detection rate of mucosal le- sions vs standard white-light instruments. METHODS： Data were collected from the computer- ized database of the endoscopy unit of our tertiary referral center. We retrospectively analyzed 1101 con- secutive colonoscopies that were performed over 1 year with standard white-light （n = 849） or HD＋ with i-Scan （n = 252） instruments by four endoscopists, in an outpatient setting. Colonoscopy records included patients＇ main details and family history for colorectal cancer, indication for colonoscopy （screening, diagnos- tic or surveillance）, type of instrument used （standard white-light or HD＋ plus i-Scan）, name of endoscopist and bowel preparation. Records for each procedure included whether the cecum was reached or not and the reason for failure, complications during or imme- diately after the procedure, and number, size, location and characteristics of the lesions. Polyps or protruding lesions were defined as sessile or pedunculated, and nonprotruding lesions were defined according to Paris classification. For each lesion, histological diagnosis was recorded. RESULTS： Eight hundred and forty-nine colonosco- pies were carried with the standard white-light video colonoscope and 252 with the HD＋ plus i-Scan video colonoscope, The four endoscopists did 264, 300, 276 and 261 procedures, respectively; 21.6%, 24.0%, 21.7% and 24.1% of them with the HD＋ plus i-Scan technique. There were no significant differences be- tween the four endoscopists in either the number of procedures done or the proportions of each imaging technique used. Both techniques detected one or more mucosal lesions in 522/1101 procedures （47.4%）. The overall number of lesions recognized was 1266; 645 in the right colon and 621 in the left. A significantly higher number of colonoscopies recognized lesions in the HD＋ plus i-Scan mode （171/252 = 67.9%） than with the standard white-light technique （408/849 = 48.1%） （P 〈 0.0001）. HD＋ with i-Scan colonoscopies identified more lesions than standard white-light imag- ing （459/252 and 807/849, P 〈 0.0001）, in the right or left colon （mean ：1： SD, 1.62±1.36 vs 1.33±0.73, P 〈 0.003 and 1.55±0.98 vs 1.17±0.93, P = 0.033）, more lesions 〈 10 mm （P 〈 0.0001） or nonprotruding （P 〈 0.022）, and flat polyps （P = 0.04）. The cumulative mean number of lesions per procedure detected by the four endoscopists was significantly higher with HD＋ with i-Scan than with standard white-light imaging （1.82 ± 2.89 vs 0.95± 1.35, P 〈 0.0001）. CONCLUSION： HD imaging with i-Scan during the withdrawal phase of colonoscopy significantly increased the detection of colonic mucosal lesions, particularly small and nonprotruding polyps.

Optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps using high-definition i-scan: An educational experience

AIM:To examine performances regarding prediction of polyp histology using high-definition (HD) i-scan in a group of endoscopists with varying levels of experience. METHODS:We used a digital library of HD i-scan still images, comprising twin pictures (surface enhancement and tone enhancement), collected at our university hospital. We defined endoscopic features of adenomatous and non-adenomatous polyps, according to the following parameters:color, surface pattern and vascular pattern. We familiarized the participating endoscopists on optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps using a 20-min didactic training session. All endoscopists were asked to evaluate an image set of 50 colorectal polyps with regard to polyp histology. We classified the diagnoses into high confidence (i.e., cases in which the endoscopist could assign a diagnosis with certainty) and low confidence diagnoses (i.e., cases in which the endoscopist preferred to send the polyp for formal histology). Mean sensitivity, specificity and accuracy per endoscopist/image were computed and differences between groups tested using independent-samples t tests. High vs low confidence diagnoses were compared using the pairedsamples t test. RESULTS:Eleven endoscopists without previous experience on optical diagnosis evaluated a total of 550 images (396 adenomatous, 154 non-adenomatous). Mean sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for diagnosing adenomas were 79.3%, 85.7% and 81.1%, respectively. No significant differences were found between gastroenterologists and trainees regarding performances of optical diagnosis (mean accuracy 78.0%vs 82.9%,P = 0.098). Diminutive lesions were predicted with a lower mean accuracy as compared to non-diminutive lesions (74.2% vs 93.1%, P = 0.008). A total of 446 (81.1%) diagnoses were made with high confidence. High confidence diagnoses corresponded to a significantly higher mean accuracy than low confidence diagnoses (84.0% vs 64.3%, P = 0.008). A total of 319 (58.0%) images were evaluated as having excellent quality. Considering excellent quality images in conjunction with high confidence diagnosis, overall accuracy increased to 92.8%. CONCLUSION:After a single training session, endoscopists with varying levels of experience can already provide optical diagnosis with an accuracy of 84.0%.

A Reliable Adaptive High-Definition Transmission System for Distance Learning

There is an increasing demand for supporting high-quality real-time audiovisual services for the next generation wired and wireless networks. However, due to variety of bandwidths of different networks, it is a great challenge for deployment. In this paper, a novel high-definition (HD) video transmission system was proposed which depends upon reliable compound multicast protocols and QoS control over the various kinds of networks. This system detects client's network condition and assigns it to a proper proxy. Each proxy is capable of detecting network parameters and adaptively tuning such transport parameters as bit rate, video resolution, frame rate and QoS mechanisms to this condition. It also provides FEC error recovery under consideration of characteristics of MPEG4 video codec. Our simulation demonstrates that different network clients such as ADSL, CERNET, and CERNET2 can receive more video reliability with less delay.

Assessment of the right and left ventricular function in patients with cor pulmonale using high-definition CT

Background Cor pulmonale is often associated with changes of structure and function of the right ventricle （RV） and thus further affects functional changes of the left heart.Our study aimed to assess the left ventricular （LV） and RV function in patients with cor pulmonale using high-definition CT （HDCT）.Methods We prospectively studied 18 cor pulmonale patients determined by the pulmonary function test,clinical examination,chest radiograph,electrocardiogram,and echocardiogram.The subject group was compared to a control group consisting of 18 subjects.The RV and LV functions and RV myocardial mass （MM） were obtained by HDCT in the two groups.The results were compared between the two groups using the independent sample t test.Echocardiographic examination for cardiac function analysis was performed on the same day.Results The RV end-diastolic volume （EDV）,RV end-systolic volume （ESV） and RV myocardial mass were significantly larger in the 18 cor pulmonale patients than in the control group （P〈0.05）.The right ventricular ejection fraction （RVEF） was significantly lower in the 18 cor pulmonale patients than in controls （P〈0.01）.The left ventricular EDV （LVEDV） and LVEF were significantly lower in cor pulmonale patients than in controls （P〈0.01）.There were strong correlations between MDCT and echocardiography,rRVEF=0.839 and rLVEF=0.916,respectively.Conclusions HDCT can accurately quantify RV and LV function.The right ventricular function is impaired in patients with cor pulmonale,while at the same time the left ventricular function is also impaired.

Wavelet Transform-Based High-Definition Map Construction From a Panoramic Camera

High-definition(HD)maps are key components that provide rich topologic and semantic information for decision-making in vehicle autonomous driving systems.A complete ground orthophoto is usually used as the base image to construct the HD map.The ground orthophoto is obtained through inverse perspective transformation and image mosaicing.During the image mosaicing,multiple consecutive orthophotos are stitched together using pose information and image registration.In this study,wavelet transform is introduced to the image mosaicing process to alleviate the information loss caused by image overlapping.In the orthophoto wavelet transform,high-frequency and low-frequency components are fused using different strategies to form a complete base image with clearer local details.Experimental results show that the accuracy of the orthophotos generated using this method is improved.

Precision in detecting colon lesions:A key to effective screening policy but will it improve overall outcomes?

Colonoscopy is the gold standard for the screening and diagnosis of colorectal cancer,resulting in a decrease in the incidence and mortality of colon cancer.However,it has a 21%rate of missed polyps.Several strategies have been devised to increase polyp detection rates and improve their characterization and delimi-tation.These include chromoendoscopy(CE),the use of other devices such as Endo cuffs,and major advances in endoscopic equipment[high definition,magnification,narrow band imaging,i-scan,flexible spectral imaging color enhancement,texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI),etc.].In the retrospective study by Hiramatsu et al,they compared white-light imaging with CE,TXI,and CE+TXI to determine which of these strategies allows for better definition and delimitation of polyps.They concluded that employing CE associated with TXI stands out as the most effective method to utilize.It remains to be demonstrated whether these results are extrapolatable to other types of virtual CE.Additionally,further investigation is needed in order to ascertain whether this strategy could lead to a reduction in the recurrence of excised lesions and potentially lower the occurrence of interval cancer.

Automatic Lane-Level Intersection Map Generation using Low-Channel Roadside LiDAR

A lane-level intersection map is a cornerstone in high-definition(HD) traffic network maps for autonomous driving and high-precision intelligent transportation systems applications such as traffic management and control, and traffic accident evaluation and prevention. Mapping an HD intersection is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive with conventional methods. In this paper, we used a low-channel roadside light detection and range sensor(LiDAR) to automatically and dynamically generate a lane-level intersection, including the signal phases, geometry, layout, and lane directions. First, a mathematical model was proposed to describe the topology and detail of a lane-level intersection. Second, continuous and discontinuous traffic object trajectories were extracted to identify the signal phases and times. Third, the layout, geometry, and lane direction were identified using the convex hull detection algorithm for trajectories. Fourth, a sliding window algorithm was presented to detect the lane marking and extract the lane, and the virtual lane connecting the inbound and outbound of the intersection were generated using the vehicle trajectories within the intersection and considering the traffic rules. In the field experiment, the mean absolute estimation error is 2 s for signal phase and time identification. The lane marking identification Precision and Recall are96% and 94.12%, respectively. Compared with the satellite-based,MMS-based, and crowdsourcing-based lane mapping methods,the average lane location deviation is 0.2 m and the update period is less than one hour by the proposed method with low-channel roadside LiDAR.

Progress on CASEarth Satellite Development

CASEarth satellite is the first space Earth science satellite produced by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.The satellite has three payloads:high-definition Thermal Infrared Spectrometer(TIS),highdefinition Glimmer Imager for Urbanization(GIU),and high-definition Multispectral Imager for Inshore(MII).These payloads are used to explore the urbanization level and residential layout,the coastal ecosystem,and new methods and approaches of environmental detection during night-time and even under conditions of polar aurora and provide scientific evidence for the refined depiction of human traces.The CASEarth satellite can provide space observation data for A Project on Big Earth Data Science Engineering as well as scientific and application studies inside and outside China.

Light and sound- emerging imaging techniques for inflammatory bowel disease

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are known to have a high demand of recurrent evaluation for therapy and disease activity. Further, the risk of developing cancer during the disease progression is increasing from year to year. New, mostly non-radiant, quick to perform and quantitative methods are challenging, conventional endoscopy with biopsy as gold standard. Especially, new physical imaging approaches utilizing light and sound waves have facilitated the development of advanced functional and molecular modalities. Besides these advantages they hold the promise to predict personalized therapeutic responses and to spare frequent invasive procedures. Within this article we highlight their potential for initial diagnosis, assessment of disease activity and surveillance of cancer development in established techniques and recent advances such as wide-view full-spectrum endoscopy, chromoendoscopy, autofluorescence endoscopy, endocytoscopy, confocal laser endoscopy, multiphoton endoscopy, molecular imaging endoscopy, B-mode and Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, ultrasound molecular imaging, and elastography.

Dimension-Enhanced Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Ion Mobility-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Combined with Intelligent Peak Annotation for the Rapid Characterization of the Multiple Components from Seeds of Descurainia sophia

The complex composition of herbal metabolites necessitates the development of powerful analytical techniques aimed to identify the bioactive components.The seeds of Descurainia sophia(SDS)are utilized in China as a cough and asthma relieving agent.Herein,a dimension-enhanced integral approach,by combining ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/ion mobility-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UHPLC/IMQTOF-MS)and intelligent peak annotation,was developed to rapidly characterize the multicomponents from SDS.Good chromatographic separation was achieved within 38 min on a UPLC CSH C18(2.1×100 mm,1.7μm)column which was eluted by 0.1%formic acid in water(water phase)and acetonitrile(organic phase).Collision-induced dissociation-MS^(2)data were acquired by the data-independent high-definition MS^(E)(HDMS^(E))in both the negative and positive electrospray ionization modes.A major components knockout strategy was applied to improve the characterization of those minor ingredients by enhancing the injection volume.Moreover,a self-built chemistry library was established,which could be matched by the UNIFI software enabling automatic peak annotation of the obtained HDMS^(E)data.As a result of applying the intelligent peak annotation workflows and further confirmation process,a total of 53 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized from the SDS,including 29 flavonoids,one uridine derivative,four glucosides,one lignin,one phenolic compound,and 17 others.Notably,four-dimensional information related to the structure(e.g.,retention time,collision cross section,MS^(1)and MS^(2)data)was obtained for each component by the developed integral approach,and the results would greatly benefit the quality control of SDS.

QoE Assessment and Prediction Method for HighDefinition Video Stream Using Image Damage Accumulation

The accuracy of the traditional assessment method of the quality of experience(Qo E) has been facing challenges with the growth of high-definition(HD) video streaming services.Image display-quality damage is the main factor that affects the Qo E in HD video services through UDP network transmission.In this paper,we introduce a novel objective factor known as image damage accumulation(IDA) to assess user's Qo E in HD video services.First,this paper quantitatively analyzed the effect on user quality of experience by IDA and established a mapping relationship between mean opinion scores and IDA.Furthermore,the probability of image damage caused by compression and transmission were analyzed.Based on this analysis,an objective Qo E assessment and prediction method for HD video stream service that evaluated the user experience according to IDA are proposed.The proposed method can achieve assessment and prediction accuracy on three distinct subjective tests.

Feasibility of Transabdominal Real-time CDFI and HDFI Techniques for Fetal Pulmonary Vein Display in the First Trimester

Objective This study aimed to assess the feasibility and usefulness of transabdominal color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI)technology and the high-definition flow imaging(HDFI)technique in detecting fetal pulmonary veins(PVs)in the first trimester(11–13^(+6)weeks).Methods From December 2018 to October 2019,328 pregnant women with 328 normal singleton fetuses(crown-rump length:45–84 mm)who had undergone CDFI and HDFI scans for fetal heart and vessel examination were enrolled in this study.The cases were divided into three groups according to the gestational age:group A,11^(+0)−11^(+6)weeks;group B,12^(+0)−12^(+6)weeks;and group C,13^(+0)−13^(+6)weeks.Baseline sonograms and CDFI and HDFI images were analyzed by two senior radiologists independently and blindly.The abilities of CDFI and HDFI to display PVs were compared.Results Successful PV display rates via CDFI and HDFI were 2.3%and 68.2%(P<0.01),22.4%and 82.4%(P<0.01),41.5%and 91.2%(P<0.01)for group A,group B,and group C,respectively.The total successful display rates for the two methods were 28.9%(CDFI)and 84.8%(HDFI)(P<0.01).Conclusions The HDFI technique is more valuable than CDFI for detecting PVs in early pregnancy(11–13^(+6)weeks).HDFI can detect at least one PV in all cases and may be used to detect pulmonary venous anomalies early.

A320系列飞机新型娱乐系统的维护和故障处理

飞机的娱乐系统主要功能是向旅客提供重要信息提醒和娱乐影视服务,如果出现故障,则需要乘务员进行信息提醒并降低旅客的乘机娱乐体验。新型娱乐系统由于维修手册中的信息较少,因而对维护和故障不能及时有效的处理。

Lane Detection:A Survey with New Results

Lane detection is essential for many aspects of autonomous driving,such as lane-based navigation and high-definition(HD)map modeling.Although lane detection is challenging especially with complex road conditions,considerable progress has been witnessed in this area in the past several years.In this survey,we review recent visual-based lane detection datasets and methods.For datasets,we categorize them by annotations,provide detailed descriptions for each category,and show comparisons among them.For methods,we focus on methods based on deep learning and organize them in terms of their detection targets.Moreover,we introduce a new dataset with more detailed annotations for HD map modeling,a new direction for lane detection that is applicable to autonomous driving in complex road conditions,a deep neural network LineNet for lane detection,and show its application to HD map modeling.

Assessments of tear meniscus height, tear film thickness, and corneal epithelial thickness after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty

Objective： To assess the lower tear meniscus height（LTMH）, central tear film thickness（CTFT）, and central corneal epithelial thickness（CCET） after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty（DALK）. Methods： This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 20 patients who had DALK in one eye over a three-month period. LTMH, CTFT, and CCET of the operated eyes and the unoperated fellow eyes were measured using high-definition optical coherence tomography（HD-OCT）. Correlations between three OCT assessments and age, time following surgery, graft size, bed size, and the number of residual sutures were analyzed. Results： Compared to patients with keratoconus, patients with other corneal conditions had significantly higher CCET in the fellow eye（P=0.024）. For all patients, CCET in the operated eye was significantly negatively correlated with the number of residual sutures（R=-0.579, P=0.008）, and was significantly positively correlated with time following surgery（R=0.636, P=0.003）. In the fellow eye, a significant positive correlation was found between age and CCET（R=0.551, P=0.012）, and a significant negative correlation between age and CTFT（R=-0.491, P=0.028）. LTMH was found to be significantly correlated between operated and fellow eyes（R=0.554, P=0.011）. There was no significant correlation between LTMH and age, bed/graft size, time following surgery, or residual sutures（all possible correlations, P0.05）. Conclusions： Patients with keratoconus tend to have a thinner central corneal epithelium. Corneal epithelium keeps regenerating over time after DALK. DALK did not induce a significant change in tear volume compared with the fellow eye. Postoperative tear function might depend on an individual＇s general condition, rather than on age, gender, bed/graft size, time following surgery, or residual sutures.

Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents of Zuogui Wan in Rat Serum and its Effects on Early Embryonic Development of Mice

Objective:Zuogui Wan(ZGW)has been used as a typical prescription for tonifying kidney essence in traditional Chinese medicine.The objective of this study is to elucidate the phytochemical constituents of ZGW-treated rat serum(ZGWRS)using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/quadrupole-time-of-flight high-definition mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS).Methods:ZGW was administered to rats,and the phytochemical constituents in rat serum were determined using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS.MetaboLynx analysis in negative ion mode was adopted to characterize the chemical constituents of ZGWRS.Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis was applied for the discovery of constituents of ZGW that entered the serum of rats.The fertilized eggs collected from the same experiment were randomly divided into four groups,including the normal,40 mmol/L glucose,40 mmol/L glucose 5%control rat serum,and 40 mmol/L glucose 5%ZGWRS groups.They were cultivated at 37°C and 5%CO2 in a saturated humidity CO2 incubator.The blastocyst rate and two-cell rate were used to evaluate the effects of ZGWRS on embryonic development.Results:Thirteen constituents were identified in the ZGWRS,among which sweroside,loganin,morroniside,loganic acid,and 8-epiloganic acid were from Fructus Corni(Shan Zhu Yu).5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural-glucuronide,2-H-5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural-glucuronide,3-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid,andβ-D-ribofuranuronic acid methyl ester triacetate were from Radix Rehmanniae Preparata(Shu Di Huang).Coumaric acid was from Fructus Lycii(Gou Qi Zi).Kaempferol-3-beta-O-glucuronide and cuscutamine were from Semen Cuscutae(Tu Si Zi).The embryonic development was significantly inhibited using 40 mmol/L glucose.Compared with the normal group,the blastocyst rate of the glucose group was decreased.The blastocyst rate of the 40 mmol/L glucose 5%ZGWRS group was significantly higher than that of the glucose group,indicating that ZGWRS negates the effect of glucose on mouse embryonic development.Conclusion:The results verified that a rapid and robust UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS-based platform had been successful for identifying multiple constituents of ZGW.ZGWRS is rich in active constituents of iridoid glycosides.The results of this study also showed that ZGWRS could negate the effect of glucose on mouse embryonic development.

An efficient hardware design for HDTV H.264/AVC encoder

This paper presents a hardware efficient high definition television (HDTV) encoder for H.264/AVC. We use a two-level mode decision (MD) mechanism to reduce the complexity and maintain the performance, and design a sharable architecture for normal mode fractional motion estimation (NFME), special mode fractional motion estimation (SFME), and luma motion compensation (LMC), to decrease the hardware cost. Based on these technologies, we adopt a four-stage macro-block pipeline scheme using an efficient memory management strategy for the system, which greatly reduces on-chip memory and bandwidth requirements. The proposed encoder uses about 1126k gates with an average Bjontegaard-Delta peak signal-to-noise ratio (BD-PSNR) decrease of 0.5 dB, compared with JM15.0. It can fully satisfy the real-time video encoding for 1080p@30 frames/s of H.264/AVC high profile.