Measurement of Breakdown Electric Field Strength for Vegetation and Hydrocarbon Flames

A significant number of fire-induced power disruptions are observed in several countries every year. The faults are normally phase-to-phase short circuiting or conductor-to-ground discharges at mid-span region of the high-voltage transmission system. In any case, the wildfire plumes provide a conductive path. The electrical conductivity is due to intense heat in combustion zone of the fire which creates ion and electrons from flame inherent particulates. Increase in the ion concentration increases the electrical conductivity of the fire plume. The main purpose of this study was to measure dielectric breakdown electric field for vegetation and hydrocarbon flames. The experimental data is needed for validation of simulation schemes which are necessary for evaluation of power grid systems reliability under extreme wildfire weather conditions. In this study, hydrocarbon and vegetation fuels were ignited in a cylindrically shaped steel burner which was fitted with type-K thermocouples to measure flame temperature. The fuels consisted of dried weeping wattle (Peltophorum africanum) litter, butane gas and candle wax. Two pinned copper electrodes supported by retort stands were mounted to the burner and energized to a high voltage. This generated a strong electric field sufficient to initiate dielectric breakdown in the flames. Breakdown electric field strength (Ecrit) obtained from the experiment decreased from 10.5 to 6.9 kV/cm for the flames with temperature range of 1003 to 1410 K, respectively.

The effect of polymer type on electric breakdown strength on a nanosecond time scale

Based on the concepts of fast polarization, effective electric field and electron impact ionization criterion, the effect of polymer type on electric breakdown strength （EBD） on a nanosecond time scale is investigated, and a formula that qualitatively characterizes the relation between the electric breakdown strength and the polymer type is derived. According to this formula, it is found that the electric breakdown strength decreases with an increase in the effective relative dielectric constants of the polymers. By calculating the effective relative dielectric constants for different types of polymers, the theoretical relation for the electric breakdown strengths of common polymers is predicted. To verify the prediction, the polymers of PE （polyethylene）, PTFE （polytetrafluoroethelene）, PMMA （organic glass） and Nylon are tested with a nanosecond-pulse generator. The experimental result shows EBD （PTFE） 〉 EBD （PMMA） 〉 EBD （Nylon） 〉 EBD （PE）. This result is consistent with the theoretical prediction.

Improved Breakdown Strength in(Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4))_(0.85)Bi_(0.1)TiO_3 Ceramics with Addition of CaZrO_3 for Energy Storage Application

（Ba（0.6） Sr（0.4））（0.85） Bi（0.1） TiO3 ceramics doped with x wt%CaZrO3（x= 0-10） were synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The effects of CaZrO3 amount on the dielectric properties and structure of（Ba（0.6）Sr（0.4））（0.85） Bi（0.1） TiO3 ceramics were investigated. X-ray diffraction results indicated a pure cubic perovskite structure for all samples and that the lattice parameter increased till x=5 and then slightly decreased. A homogenous microstructure was observed with the addition of CaZrO3. Dielectric measurements revealed a relaxor-like characteristic for all samples and that the diffusivity γ reached the maximum value of 1.78 at x=5. With the addition of CaZrO3, the dielectric constant dependence on electric field was weakened, insulation resistivity enhanced and dielectric breakdown strength improved obviously and reached 19.9 k V/mm at x=7.5. In virtue of low dielectric loss（tan d〈0.001 5）, moderate dielectric constant（er 〉1 500） and high breakdown strength（Eb 〉17.5 k V/mm）, the CaZrO3 doped（Ba（0.6）Sr（0.4））0.85 Bi（0.1） TiO3 ceramic is a potential candidate material for high power electric applications.

Mpulse Breakdown Strength of Nano-ZnO/XLPE Nanocomposite Material on Temperature Rise

Development of new materials using composite materials has been much interest. XLPE is a kind of power cable in high voltage insulation. Recently research for cable insulating material has shown that nano-size filler added to XLPE is electrically and physically stable. In this paper, Impulse strength was measured in XLPE that composite by adding na-no-ZnO with different mass proportions. There is positive and negative impulse voltage. However, there is no differ-ence between them on the film specimen. Therefore we tested only positive voltage. In order to understand temperature properties of XLPE nanocomposite sample, experiment of impulse breakdown strength were measured at room temper-ature and maximum allowable temperature (90℃). From this result, it can be considered that the breakdown strength of addition of

微波脉冲大气击穿临界场强估计

针对高功率微波在大气传输中可能出现的击穿现象,研究了脉冲序列中首次击穿时的延迟脉冲数,发现其与种子电子、脉冲击穿概率以及微波场强密切相关。研究发现,微波场强可通过作用于种子电子间接影响脉冲击穿概率和延迟脉冲数,由此提出利用延迟脉冲数估计微波击穿临界场强的方法,并定义在脉冲击穿概率大于一定值时的微波临界场强作为击穿阈值。推导了脉冲击穿概率的估计公式,并对估计量的性能进行了分析,随后利用S波段微波大气击穿模拟装置开展了实验验证。实验结果表明,在一定范围内,重复频率微波脉冲击穿延迟脉冲数仅与种子电子产生率和脉宽成反比,能用于估计脉冲击穿概率,进而给出击穿临界场强。

用静电纺丝技术制备纳米片取向结构复合电介质材料

金属化薄膜电容器因其具有超高功率密度而在新能源行业领域受到广泛关注。为了提升薄膜电容器的储能密度,将高绝缘氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)引入到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)基聚合物中以制备电容器用高储能复合电介质材料,并利用静电纺丝技术实现BNNS均匀取向的分布。结果表明,均匀取向分布的高绝缘纳米片可以抑制载流子迁移并提升复合材料的击穿场强。结合相场模拟分析可知,均匀取向分布的BNNS结构能调控外电场分布且更有效地阻滞复合材料被击穿,最终在396 MV/m的电场强度下实现高达10.5 J/cm^(3)的储能密度。

沉析纤维尺寸和含量对间位芳纶纸性能的影响

使用不同目数的筛网对自制的Z沉析纤维进行筛分,将得到的不同尺寸的沉析纤维与间位芳纶短切纤维按一定质量比配抄成纸,制备间位芳纶纸;通过红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜及热失重、动态滤水分析对自制的Z沉析纤维的化学结构、热性能、动态滤水性能进行表征,并与进口的J沉析纤维对比;研究了沉析纤维的尺寸和含量对间位芳纶纸性能的影响。结果表明:Z沉析纤维与J沉析纤维均为膜状结构,化学结构基本一致,动态滤水性能及热性能相当;经30目或50目的筛网筛分后的沉析纤维可以与短切纤维更好地抱合,间位芳纶纸的抗张强度、断裂伸长率、撕裂度、击穿强度均达到较大值;间位芳纶纸的撕裂度随沉析纤维含量的增加逐渐降低,间位芳纶纸的抗张强度、断裂伸长率、击穿强度随沉析纤维含量的增加呈现先增后降的变化趋势,当沉析纤维质量分数为55%时,间位芳纶纸的抗张强度、断裂伸长率、击穿强度均达到最大值,分别为3.0 kN/m、5.50%、18.7 kV/mm。

热态C_(5)F_(10)O/CO_(2)混合气体电击穿特性研究

热态气体的临界击穿场强是评估高压断路器弧后电击穿特性的基础数据,文中研究了C_(5)F_(10)O/CO_(2)混合气体在C_(5)F_(10)O混合比例k=0~10%、压强0.1~2.0 MPa、温度300~4 000 K范围内的临界击穿场强。基于质量作用定律数学模型,得到不同温度下混合气体的平衡组分,采用两项近似方法求解玻尔兹曼方程,分析混合气体的电子能量分布函数、折合电离和吸附系数,获得混合气体的临界折合击穿场强和临界击穿场强。结果表明:0.6 MPa下,温度低于3 000 K时,随着温度降低,k=0~10%混合气体的临界击穿场逐渐低于SF_(6);在温度高于3 000 K时,混合气体的临界击穿场强为SF_(6)的1.2倍以上,具有较强的绝缘能力。研究结果可为C_(5)F_(10)O/CO_(2)混合气体高压断路器弧后电击穿特性研究提供参考。

短切纤维含量对间位芳纶纸性能影响及其构效关系机理分析

为研究短切纤维含量对间位芳纶纸绝缘性能和力学性能的影响及其构效关系机理,该文制备了不同短切纤维含量的对间位芳纶纸样品,测试了拉伸强度、杨氏模量、击穿强度、体电导率和电荷陷阱特性,将不同纤维含量样品的测试结果进行对比,并结合相场击穿模拟和分子动力学仿真分析了其构效关系机理。结果表明,随着短切纤维含量的增加,间位芳纶纸的力学性能先上升后下降,在短切纤维质量分数为20%时达到最佳,拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别达到31.9MPa和2.39GPa;其击穿强度在引入少量短切纤维时出现了下降的情况,在短切纤维质量分数达到30%时,短切纤维形成了一种“层状交联”结构,增强了其对载流子迁移的阻碍作用,其击穿强度高于纯浆粕纸,达到180.9 kV/mm。

Enhanced High-Temperature Energy Storage Performance of All-Organic Composite Dielectric via Constructing Fiber-Re in forced Structure

Optimizing the high-temperature energy storage characteristics of energy storage dielectrics is of great significance for the development of pulsed power devices and power control systems.Selecting a polymer with a higher glass transition temperature(T_(g))as the matrix is one of the effective ways to increase the upper limit of the polymer operating temperature.However,current high-T_(g)polymers have limitations,and it is difficult to meet the demand for high-temperature energy storage dielectrics with only one polymer.For example,polyetherimide has high-energy storage efficiency,but low breakdown strength at high temperatures.Polyimide has high corona resistance,but low high-temperature energy storage efficiency.In this work,combining the advantages of two polymer,a novel high-T_(g)polymer fiber-reinforced microstructure is designed.Polyimide is designed as extremely fine fibers distributed in the composite dielectric,which will facilitate the reduction of high-temperature conductivity loss for polyimide.At the same time,due to the high-temperature resistance and corona resistance of polyimide,the high-temperature breakdown strength of the composite dielectric is enhanced.After the polyimide content with the best high-temperature energy storage characteristics is determined,molecular semiconductors(ITIC)are blended into the polyimide fibers to further improve the high-temperature efficiency.Ultimately,excellent high-temperature energy storage properties are obtained.The 0.25 vol%ITIC-polyimide/polyetherimide composite exhibits high-energy density and high discharge efficiency at 150℃(2.9 J cm^(-3),90%)and 180℃(2.16 J cm^(-3),90%).This work provides a scalable design idea for high-performance all-organic high-temperature energy storage dielectrics.

气压湿度对空气隙绝缘特性的影响研究

外界环境条件影响以空气为介质的电力设备外绝缘性能,为了研究空气放电的物理特性,文中基于Boltzmann方程研究空气中电子与分子碰撞的微观过程,计算分析气压、湿度对空气隙绝缘性能的影响规律。结果表明,温度为300 K,气压为1.0 atm(1 atm=101 kPa)时,空气相对湿度的升高会改变电子能量分布函数和电子输运参数。相对湿度每升高30%,电子平均能量下降约0.2 eV,约化电子迁移率下降约0.25×10^(23)(V∙m∙s)^(-1),约化电子扩散系数下降约0.2×10^(24)(m∙s)^(-1),空气相对湿度从0%升高到30%,临界击穿场强升高486 V/cm,空气相对湿度从30%升高到60%,临界击穿场强升高729 V/cm,空气隙绝缘性能增强;温度为300 K,相对湿度为0%时,气压每升高0.2 atm,临界击穿场强升高约6 kV/cm,空气隙绝缘性能增强。

聚丙烯/弹性体复合材料结晶调节机制与性能

高压直流电缆绝缘用聚丙烯虽具有良好的电性能和热稳定性,但是机械强度较差,需要进行改性克服其缺点。该文分析共混改性和热处理两种结晶调节方式。首先,在聚丙烯中共混不同质量分数的弹性体,并对共混物进行热处理,控制非等温结晶过程中冷却速率,得到不同结晶形态的聚丙烯/弹性体共混物。结合物理和电性能测试结果,分析弹性体含量和冷却速率与结晶形态的关系,研究结晶调节对机械性能和直流击穿场强的影响机制与改性效果。实验结果表明,弹性体含量为10%、20%和30%时,受冷却速率影响,结晶时成核方式发生变化,进而影响绝缘性能;弹性体含量为40%时,冷却速率对成核方式的影响减弱,同时,小而密的球晶结构使共混物获得较好机械性能和较高直流击穿场强,在各个冷却速率时击穿场强都能达到160 kV/mm。可知,不同成核方式导致的结晶形态差异是影响聚丙烯/弹性体共混物性能的关键,研究聚丙烯/弹性体共混物的结晶调节机制与性能,对开发用于高压直流电缆绝缘的聚丙烯材料具有重要意义。

短切纤维特性对间位芳纶纸电气绝缘性能的影响

本文研究了短切纤维特性对间位芳纶纸击穿强度、电导率、陷阱特性和力学相关性能的影响。结果表明,在参照样品(直径为25μm、长度为6 mm、结晶温度为300℃、沉析纤维与短切纤维的配比为7∶3)的基础上,纤维直径增加至45μm会降低沉析对短切纤维的包覆程度,诱发界面孔隙,芳纶纸的击穿强度和拉伸强度降幅可达16%和24%;纤维长度增加至18 mm,会造成短切纤维翘曲并形成“硬质”界面,击穿强度降幅可达63%,拉伸强度则无明显变化;结晶温度降低至230℃,会降低短切纤维结构稳定性,导致其热压熔融,击穿强度和拉伸强度降幅可达36%和50%;当短切纤维配比增加时,芳纶纸的击穿强度随致密度呈先升后降趋势,拉伸强度则随短切纤维含量的增加单调递增,体现了短切纤维对芳纶纸稳定成型的必要性和过量短切纤维对绝缘的削弱作用。此外,低击穿强度芳纶纸会呈现电导率提高和电荷陷阱浅化的现象,可作为芳纶纸绝缘性能判别的参考指标。

金属化膜击穿与自愈性能研究

薄膜电容器凭借体积小、储能密度高、安全性好等优点,在直流输电、轨道交通、脉冲功率装置等方面具有重要应用。薄膜电容器常用介质材料包括双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)薄膜和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜,本文以两种介质薄膜为研究对象,通过真空蒸镀制备不同方阻的金属化膜,研究了金属层厚度对薄膜击穿强度和自愈性能的影响。两种聚合物的金属化膜都表现为:降低金属层厚度可在一定程度上提高薄膜的击穿强度,由于自愈能量具有统计性,其随电压升高增大,而高方阻薄膜的自愈能量更小,自愈性能更好。实验中也观察到重复自愈现象并对出现的原因做出了解释。

SiO_(2)包覆层对BaTiO_(3)@SiO_(2)复合陶瓷微观结构和储能性能的影响

为了获得高击穿场强和高能量密度的复合陶瓷材料储能电容器,其难点之一是研究应用于复合陶瓷材料的纳米颗粒的界面和边界层的影响。对表面包覆了不同厚度SiO_(2)的不同尺寸的BaTiO_(3)纳米颗粒经烧结得到的BaTiO_(3)@SiO_(2)复合陶瓷材料进行微观表征与储能性能对比研究。研究发现,采用SiO_(2)包覆BaTiO_(3)颗粒烧结的方法提高了陶瓷材料的击穿强度和放电能量密度。减小BaTiO_(3)纳米颗粒的尺寸使BaTiO_(3)与SiO_(2)的界面大量增加,这影响了新相的形成并且使晶体结构发生变化。导致使用较大填料颗粒的BaTiO_(3)@SiO_(2)复合陶瓷材料比使用极细填料颗粒的BaTiO_(3)@SiO_(2)复合陶瓷材料具有更致密的金相组织,更高的击穿场强和更高的放电能量密度。

核壳结构BNNS@SiO_(2)/环氧复合电介质的电-热击穿特性

本文制备不同填料含量的核壳结构BNNS@SiO_(2)/环氧复合电介质,研究复合电介质界面区的化学特征与微观形貌,通过热刺激去极化电流法与击穿测试研究环氧复合电介质的陷阱特性与击穿性能。结果表明:BNNS@SiO_(2)具有核壳结构,且包覆的SiO_(2)厚度在纳米级别;BNNS@SiO_(2)表面存在明显化学键合作用,与环氧基体可形成较强的界面区,提升其与环氧基体的相容性。少量BNNS@SiO_(2)可有效提升复合电介质的电气强度,当BNNS@SiO_(2)的质量分数为1%时,复合电介质的电气强度可提升52.3%。当BNNS@SiO_(2)纳米粒子含量较少时,环氧复合电介质中的深陷阱增加,当纳米粒子含量较多时,深陷阱数量有所减少,浅陷阱数量增加。此外,核壳结构BNNS@SiO_(2)/环氧复合电介质的热导率明显提高,有利于高电场下的绝缘散热。通过深陷阱效应与导热性能提升的综合作用,环氧复合电介质的击穿性能得到显著提升。

IGBT灌封用苯基改性有机硅凝胶的耐热及介电性能研究

随着绝缘栅双极型晶体管(insulated gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)向高电压、大功率化方向发展,其产生的热量和运行温度快速上升,致使其绝缘封装系统失效问题愈发突出。为满足IGBT日益严苛的工作环境,亟需研发一种高性能的有机硅灌封材料。该文通过化学合成制备苯基改性有机硅凝胶(phenyl modified silicone gel,PMSG),研究其耐热和介电性能。结果表明:PMSG失重5%的热失重温度为383℃,室温击穿场强可达32.62 kV/mm,比纯有机硅凝胶(pure silicone gel,PSG)提高17.42%,且150℃击穿场强相较于室温击穿场强仅下降25.38%,展现出更优良的高温耐电特性。同时,其相比于PSG具有更低的介电损耗。因此,PMSG作为IGBT封装材料时,整体性能更加优良。该研究将为IGBT封装用新型高性能绝缘材料的研制提供有效思路和理论基础。

The mechanisms of enhanced thickness-dependent DC breakdown strength of EP/MWCNTs nanocomposites

Owing to advanced power electronic and electrical applications developing towards miniaturisation and integration,the thickness-dependent DC breakdown mechanism of epoxy/multiwall-carbon-nanotube nanocomposites is under investigation.The results indicate that the breakdown strength of nanocomposites containing 0.05 wt%multiwall-carbon-nanotubes rises by~18%,and the breakdown strength falls exponentially with increasing thickness.To clarify the microscopic mechanism,a simulation model of DC breakdown,including carriers transport and segmental dynamics,is developed,and the accordant simulation results with experimental results indicate that the thickness-dependent DC breakdown of epoxy/multiwall-carbon-nanotube nanocomposites is determined both by segment chain dynamics and charge transport.According to the breakdown model analysis,the effects of multiwall-carbon-nanotube on enhanced breakdown strength are caused by the increased amount of deep traps in the interfacial region,while the influence of thickness is attributed to the enlarged segment chain displacement and electric field distortion as the voltage raising time increases.

水热条件对冻融土电阻率及击穿特性影响研究

我国冻土面积占国土面积的一半以上,存在大量冻融土与雷暴共存区域,直接影响电力系统接地性能。首先,分析了冻融土的导电机理,构建了冻融土的导电模型;其次,设计并搭建了冻融土电阻率与电击穿特性试验平台;最后,对我国4种冻土区典型土壤和细砂进行试验,测量土壤电阻率、临界击穿场强随水热条件变化数据,并分析变化产生的本质原因。试验结果表明:水热条件对冻融土电阻率和临界击穿场强的影响可分为冻土段、冻融土混合段和融土段;电阻率ρ和临界击穿场强Ec都随着温度的升高而降低,但只在冻融土混合段发生跳变。