Effect of Nitric Oxide on Alcoholic Fermentation and Qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube During Storage

This article investigates the effects of nitric oxide （NO） on alcoholic fermentation and the qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube during storage, and explores the action mechanisms of browning and softening of fruits to provide theoretical proofs for using NO in the storage of Chinese Winter Jujube. Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were fumigated with different concentrations of NO gas （0, 10, 20, 30 μL L^-1） under anaerobic conditions and stored at 22±1℃ and 4± 1℃. The changes in appearance qualities, the contents of pyruvate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） and lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） were investigated. The contents of pyruvate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde were significantly reduced, and the peak of pyruvate content was delayed by 20 μL L^-1 NO. The activities of ADH and LDH in 20 μL L^-1 NO treated fruits were also significantly inhibited. However, the alcoholic fermentation and softening of Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were promoted by 30 μL L^-1 NO during storage. The results indicated that 20 μL L^-1 NO could mitigate the injury of ethanol on Chinese Winter Jujube and effectively delay the browning and softening of fruits during storage.

Oxidation of benzyl alcohols to ketones and aldehydes by O3 process enhanced using high-gravity technology

In this study,a practical process for ozonization of benzyl alcohols to ketones and aldehydes in a rotating packed bed(RPB-O3)reactor has been developed.Using 1-phenylethanol as a model reactant,the performance of RPB-O3 process in different solvents has been compared with the commonly used stirred tank reactor(STR-O3).Ethyl acetate was the optimum solvent for the conversion of 1-phenylenthanol to acetophenone in RPB-O3 process,with 78%yield after 30 min.In a parallel STR-O3 experiment,the yield of acetophenone was50%.Other experimental variables,i.e.O3 concentration,reaction time,high-gravity factor and liquid flow rate were also optimized.The highest yield of acetophenone was obtained using O3 concentration of 80 mg·L-1,reaction time of 30 min,high gravity factor of 40 and liquid flow rate of 120 L·h-1.Under the optimized reaction conditions,a series of structurally diverse primary and secondary alcohols was oxidized with(19%–92%)yield.The ozonization mechanism was studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance(EPR)spectroscopy,monitoring the radical species formed upon self-decomposition of O3.The characteristic quadruple peak with the 1:2:2:1 intensity ratio that corresponds to hydroxyl radicals(·OH)was observed in the electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)spectrum,indicating an indirect oxidation mechanism of alcohols via·OH radical.

Effects of Bacterial Manure from Cassava Alcohol Fermentation Mash on Yield and Starch Content of Cassava

In order to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of cassava alcohol fermentation mash and the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of cassava,compound microbial inoculum was inoculated into the cassava alcohol fermentation mash to prepare bacterial manure,which was then applied to two cassava varieties,Nanzhi 199 and SC 205 to explore the optimum application amount,application method and application concentration. The results showed that when the inoculation amount of the compound microbial inoculum was 2‰ of the mass of the mash,the requirements of industrial production of liquid bacterial manure and agricultural application can be met,saving costs. After the emergence of cassava seedlings,if they were drenched with the bacterial manure of cassava alcohol fermentation mash through roots once according to the amount of 67. 5 t/ha and irrigated with the bacterial manure once every 15 d under drought conditions,both the yield and quality of cassava can be improved significantly. The yield and starch content of Nanzhi 199 reached 26 196. 23 kg/ha and 30. 32%,36. 57% and4. 75 percentage points higher than those of CK. The yield and starch content of SC 205 reached 41 126. 06 kg/ha and 23. 74%,99. 25% and3. 19 percentage points higher than those of CK. Under the application modes of foliar spray,root irrigation and foliar spray + root irrigation,the fertilization effect was more obvious. When undiluted bacterial manure of cassava alcohol fermentation mash was applied according to the amount of 52. 5 t/( ha·time),the fertilization effect of the application mode of foliar spray + root irrigation was the best. The bacterial manure from cassava alcohol fermentation mash can be directly applied without dilution,and the fertilizer efficiency will be reduced significantly after dilution.

Effects of Application of Cassava Alcohol Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid and Mulching of Film on Overwintering and Next Year's Growth and Yield of Banana

The effects of application of cassava alcohol anaerobic fermentation liquid and mulching of film on overwintering and next year's growth and yield of banana were investigated in this study.The results showed that the application of cassava alcohol anaerobic fermentation liquid with COD concentration of 1 200-2 000 mg/L(900 m^3/hm^2) and mulching of film significantly increased the soil organic matter and available potassium contents in banana orchard,improved the cold resistance of banana seedlings,increased the pseudostem height,pseudostem circumference,green leaf number and chlorophyll content of next year's banana seedlings,brought the flower bud emergence period and harvest period forward,and significantly increased the yield per plant.

Optimization of clear liquid fermentation condition for ethanol production from Canna edulis Kerl

In this paper, clear liquid fermentation condition for ethanol production from Canna edulis Kerl with orthogonal design was studied. We have studied five factors that influenced clear liquid fermentation condition for ethanol production from Canna edulis Kerl by the single-factor test. The five factors were α-amylase amount, glu-coamylase amount, pH, nitrogen and auxiliary materials amount. Selected the best amounts of α-amylase, glucoamylase, pH, nitrogen source and auxiliary materials by means of the singe- factors test. And then, we used the Orthogonal test to optimize the fermentation process. The study showed that the best fermentation condi-tions were α-amylase amount 7 u/g C.eduli, glu-coamylase amount 145u/g C. edulis, pH 4.4 and the amount of urea 0.08%, 1% of rice bran as auxiliary materials. The rate of alcohol which was produced by the best fermentation conditions is 21.5% that increased by 1.3% than the rate of alcohol by the single-factor test.

Application Prospects for the Innovation of Defined Fungal Starter in Rice Wine Fermentation

The feasibility of pilot-scale manufacture of defined fungal starter and its application in rice wine production from different local starchy materials were investigated. Starter consisting of Arnylomyces rouxii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae gave high performance in winemaking when prepared in conditions of rice flour 80% and cassava flour 20% with 4 incubation days. The starter level at 20% was favourably employed for manufacture with the initial amount of I0 kg mixed-flours, Dry starter granules which were vacuum packed could adapt ambient temperature （approx. 28-32℃） during 8 months of storage. The defined starter performed as superior inoculum for winemaking from different agricultural starchy resources. The undesirable bacteria were found at approx. 2 Log CFU/g of dry starter. By morphology, biochemical and physiological growth and the genetic partial 16S analyses, three bacterial isolates were characterized as Bacillus subtilis/amvloliquefaciens which may contaminate tbod but not cause food poisoning and not considered as a human pathogen.

Fermented papaya preparation halts the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Oxidative stress is implicated in NASH progression. Fermented papaya preparation (FPP) has oxygen radical scavenging activity and is effective in oxidative stress-related diseases. We investigated the effects of FPP on NASH progression using a rat NASH model. Plasma biochemical parameters and lipid peroxidation in the liver were elevated in NASH rats. Histologically, the liver of NASH rats showed liver fibrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and over-expression of microsomal CYP2E1. Myeloperoxidase activity and nuclear factor-kappaB activation were also markedly increased in NASH. Oral administration of FPP ameliorated these changes in NASH rats. These results suggest that FPP halts NASH progression through its anti-oxidative and antiinflammatory properties.

芽孢杆菌属在烟叶发酵和醇化中的应用研究进展

芽孢杆菌属在烟叶发酵和醇化的过程中起到了十分重要的作用。综述了烟叶发酵和醇化过程中细菌群落的研究进展,对芽孢杆菌属在协调烟叶化学成分、增加烟叶香气物质含量、改善烟叶感官质量、缩短发酵醇化时间和抑制烟叶霉变等方面的应用研究现状进行了总结,并对芽孢杆菌属在雪茄烟叶发酵过程中的研究方向及应用进行了展望,以期为应用芽孢杆菌菌剂提升国产雪茄烟叶品质提供参考。

ORP阶段性控制提高葡萄酒中链脂肪酸乙酯和高级醇含量研究

氧化还原电位(Oxidation-reduction potential,ORP)反映了发酵系统的氧化还原状态,与酵母代谢以及香气化合物合成密切相关,其水平在各酒精发酵阶段存在差异。为了实现ORP在不同发酵阶段的科学控制,通过气相色谱-质谱(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)和感官量化分析法在葡萄酒酒精发酵的不同阶段控制不同水平的ORP,观察酵母生长、香气化合物合成以及感官品质的变化。结果表明,在0~48 h阶段ORP的变化对酵母活菌数和香气化合物含量的影响远高于其他阶段。提高此阶段ORP有利于酵母生长和糖消耗,而较低ORP有利于香气化合物合成。与对照相比,0 mV(0~48 h)-自然条件(48~96 h)-自然条件(96 h至发酵结束)处理组可显著提高中链脂肪酸乙酯中的己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯含量;0 mV-0 mV-60 mV处理组可显著提高乙酸酯含量;60 mV-0 mV-60 mV处理组可显著提高高级醇含量。0 mV-自然条件-自然条件处理增强了赤霞珠葡萄酒中红色水果香气和爱格丽葡萄酒花果类香气,并减弱了爱格丽葡萄酒的动物类气味。ORP的阶段性控制为葡萄酒发酵过程的精准调控提供了依据,为提高葡萄酒香气化合物含量以改善葡萄酒的香气质量提供了基础。

酸枣果酒发酵的工艺优化

以酒精度和感官评价为指标,研究发酵温度、酵母菌接种量、发酵液pH值、发酵液初始糖量对酸枣果酒品质的影响,在此基础上进行正交试验,确定酸枣果酒的最佳发酵工艺参数。正交试验得到的最佳发酵条件为发酵温度26℃,酵母菌接种量4%,发酵初始糖量18%,pH值4.0。采用最佳工艺参数进行发酵,使得酸枣果酒的酒精度达到7.9%Vol,感官评分为90分,制得的果酒颜色为红棕色,澄清透明有光泽,果香酒香、浓郁协调,品尝后口留余香。

酒中高级醇调控的研究进展

酒作为大众喜爱的饮品,人们对其需求量和品质的要求在不断提高。高级醇是酒中最主要的呈味物质之一,适量的高级醇可赋予酒体醇香的口感、增加酒体协调性,而高级醇含量过高或过低均会影响酒体的口感,当高级醇含量超过一定限度时还会对饮用者的身体健康造成损害。因此,调控酒中高级醇的含量及比例对有效提高酒体品质、促进酒产业健康发展具有重要意义。该文系统阐述酒中高级醇的形成机制,总结发酵工艺、酿酒酵母菌株以及菌株选育对高级醇的影响,旨在为酒工业化生产中高级醇精细化调控提供参考。

陈皮酵素对小鼠酒精性肝损伤及肠道菌群的调节作用

目的探讨陈皮酵素(Pericarpium citri reticulatae fermentation liquor,PF)对小鼠酒精性肝损伤和肠道的调节作用。方法将40只C57BL/6雄性小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、阳性药物组[100mg/(kg·d)水飞蓟宾(silibinin,Sly)]和陈皮酵素组[500 mg/(kg·d)PF],每组10只,持续给药干预2周。通过分子生物学检测生物化学和病理学指标;16S rDNA高通量测序技术检测分析粪便微生物群。结果组织切片结果显示陈皮酵素可以显著改善酒精性肝损伤小鼠的肝脏和回肠组织损伤,减少酒精诱导的肝脏脂质积累。此外,陈皮酵素显著降低肝脏组织促炎因子[白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)]的水平,缓解酒精引起的氧化应激。同时,陈皮酵素可修复酒精引起的肠道菌群紊乱,维持肠道菌群数量,修复肠道黏膜屏障损伤。结论陈皮酵素可改善酒精性肝损伤,其机制与抗氧化、抗炎和调节肠道菌群紊乱有关,值得推广应用与开发。

响应面法优化荞麦食醋酒精发酵工艺

为了提高荞麦食醋发酵过程中酒精发酵阶段的乙醇产量,以发酵醪酒精度为响应值,以固液比、酵母接种量、接种温度、发酵温度、发酵时间等因素为自变量,利用单因素结合响应面试验,优化荞麦醋酒精发酵工艺条件。结果表明,最佳酒精发酵工艺为固液比1∶4(g∶mL)、酵母接种量30%、酵母接种温度30℃,发酵温度28℃,发酵时间7 d。在此优化条件下,酒精度为9.52%vol,比优化前(8.51%vol)提高了11.9%。

红茶菌发酵对天麻活性成分及感官品质的影响

利用传统红茶菌菌群液态发酵天麻,研究发酵过程中其主要活性成分含量变化,并进一步分析红茶菌发酵天麻液的感官品质。结果表明,经红茶菌发酵5 d,天麻发酵液的总酸质量浓度显著上升,导致pH值下降,其中乙酸、琥珀酸有机酸质量浓度增加最为明显。红茶菌发酵也显著提高天麻多酚、总黄酮以及对羟基苯甲醇等活性成分的含量。通过电子鼻结合固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法对天麻发酵液的挥发性成分进行分析,结果表明红茶菌发酵产生多种风味物质;经感官评价得出,红茶菌发酵能够明显减少天麻不愉快气味并赋予其果香味。研究结果可为天麻食品深度开发和利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。

外源氨基酸对液态发酵法白酒风味品质的影响

在液态法发酵白酒的基础上,添加不同质量浓度的甘氨酸(Gly)、亮氨酸(Leu)、缬氨酸(Val)、苯丙氨酸(Phe),探究外源氨基酸对液态法发酵白酒产生的酒精度、总酸、总酯和主要风味物质的影响。结果表明,甘氨酸对白酒酒精度、辛酸乙酯含量的影响最大,最大值比空白组分别增加了7.14%、69.75%;亮氨酸对总酸、总酯、异戊醇的影响最大,最大值比空白组分别增加了8.10%、12.07%和92.94%;缬氨酸对异丁醇的影响最大,最大值比空白组增加了404.28%;Phe对苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯的影响最大,最大值比空白组分别增加了81.54%、32.66%;随着四种氨基酸添加量的增加,酒精度和总酸产量先升高后降低,其中甘氨酸和亮氨酸添加量分别为400 mg/L时,酒精度和总酸最大分别为12%vol和0.227 g/L;四种氨基酸对白酒总酯的生成影响明显,其中亮氨酸添加量为600 mg/L时总酯产量最大,为0.43 g/L;由挥发性风味物质聚类结果可知,亮氨酸、缬氨酸和苯丙氨酸对液态发酵法白酒风味物质生成影响较大。在液态发酵法白酒制备中合理添加氨基酸,可明显提高液态发酵法白酒酒精、总酸、总酯的含量,有效调节高级醇产生。

甜酒曲发酵小米酒精饮料工艺优化及其品质分析

为增加小米资源利用率,本文以小米为原料用甜酒曲发酵成小米酒精饮料,采用可溶性固形物、总酸及感官评分为综合评价指标,通过单因素实验和响应面试验研究小米酒精饮料的最佳工艺,并对其营养品质、抗氧化能力和挥发性风味物质进行测定。结果表明:甜酒曲添加量1%、发酵时间3 d、发酵温度32℃为最佳。所得产品可溶性固形物为22.05%,总酸为19.33 g/L,感官评分为89.37分,酒精度0.7%vol,黄酮含量66.78 mg/L,多酚含量65.13 mg/L。所测矿物质中钾含量最高,所测维生素中烟酰胺含量最高,DPPH自由基清除率73.19%,ABTS+自由基清除率34.29%,羟自由基清除率53.72%。此外,共检测到46种挥发性风味物质,种类最多的为酯类和醇类,它们共同赋予小米酒精饮料特有的香气。该产品营养丰富且滋味浓郁、酸甜适中,可为开发以小米为原料的功能性食品提供理论参考。

杏鲍菇发酵苦荞提取物对小鼠酒精性肝、胃损伤的保护作用

目的:研究杏鲍菇发酵苦荞提取物的体外抗氧化活性及体内对酒精性肝脏、胃黏膜损伤的保护作用。方法:本实验检测杏鲍菇发酵苦荞提取物中功能成分的含量,并分析提取物的抗氧化能力;以Lieber-DeCarli酒精液体饲料建立小鼠慢性酒精性肝脏、胃黏膜损伤模型,考察发酵后的苦荞提取物在低、高剂量(1.5 g/kg B.W.、3.0 g/kg B.W.)对肝脏和胃粘膜损伤的保护作用。结果:杏鲍菇发酵苦荞提取液中含有较多的抗氧化成分,其中多酚、黄酮、三萜含量分别为11.40±0.32 mg GAE/g DW、17.19±0.30 mg RE/g DW、7.59±0.24 mg/g,黄酮类物质:芦丁和槲皮素含量分别为13.55±0.05、0.665±0.01 mg/g;杏鲍菇发酵苦荞提取液的铁离子还原抗氧化能力及其对DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率分别为:16.66±0.65、33.49±1.26、15.68±1.17μmol Trolox/g DW;与模型组相比,高、低剂量组均能显著降低丙二醛(P<0.05)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(P<0.01)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(P<0.01)、乳酸脱氢酶(P<0.05)、白细胞介素1β(P<0.05)水平,并显著提高超氧化物歧化酶(P<0.01)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(P<0.01)水平,下调了活性氧(P<0.01)、鼠肉瘤蛋白(P<0.01)、丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(P<0.01)、细胞外信号调节激酶(P<0.05)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶(P<0.05)的蛋白表达量。结论:杏鲍菇发酵苦荞提取物具有较好的抗氧化活性,并对小鼠慢性酒精性肝脏、胃黏膜损伤具有明显的保护作用。

液态发酵法酿造豆渣食醋工艺研究

为增加豆渣的利用率和附加值,以豆渣为主要原料,通过液态发酵法酿造一款豆渣食醋,并探索其酒精发酵、醋酸发酵的最佳工艺条件。首先以酒精度为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对酒精发酵工艺进行优化。其次,以最佳酒精发酵工艺为基础,以食醋的感官评分和总酸含量为评价指标,通过单因素试验和响应面试验对醋酸发酵工艺进行优化。结果表明,以180 mL纯净水为基准,最佳酒精发酵工艺为豆渣干粉添加量14 g、蔗糖添加量6 g、酵母菌接种量0.4%、酒精发酵温度32℃、酒精发酵时间6 d;以100 mL酒精滤液为基准,最佳醋酸发酵工艺为醋酸菌接种量3.85%、醋酸发酵温度29.5℃、醋酸发酵时间5 d。此工艺条件下豆渣食醋的感官评分为83.2分,总酸含量为5.05 g/dL,可溶性无盐固形物含量为3.5 g/dL,氨基酸态氮含量为122.4 mg/dL,菌落总数和大肠菌群均符合国家标准。豆渣食醋成品呈琥珀色,澄清透亮,质地均匀,酸味适中,带有浓郁的醋香和豆渣特有的豆香味,营养价值较高。

多菌种混合发酵神农架猕猴桃果醋的工艺优化及风味分析

以神农架猕猴桃为原料,通过多菌种混合发酵制备猕猴桃果醋。通过单因素及正交试验优化其酒精、醋酸发酵工艺条件,采用氨基酸分析仪及气质联用(GC-MS)技术分别分析果醋的氨基酸、挥发性风味物质组成。结果表明,最佳酒精发酵工艺为:酵母菌接种量0.9%,乳酸菌接种量7%,初始可溶性固形物19°Bx,发酵温度27℃。在此优化条件下,酒精度为(8.82±0.57)%vol,乳酸含量为(12.15±0.73)mg/mL。最佳醋酸发酵工艺为:发酵时间8 d,醋酸菌接种量12%,初始酒精度7%vol,发酵温度32℃。在此优化条件下,醋酸含量为(4.34±0.17)g/100 mL,感官评分为80分。多菌种混合发酵猕猴桃果醋共检出15种氨基酸,包含7种必需氨基酸;共检出37种挥发性风味物质,包括酯类17种,酸类5种,醛类2种,酮类5种,苯类2种,醇类4种,酚类1种,其他类1种。综上,多菌种混合发酵有利于促进氨基酸和挥发性风味物质的形成,从而提升果醋的品质。

毛细管气相色谱法分析米香型白酒发酵液中高级醇

该研究以正丙醇、异丁醇、异戊醇、活性戊醇、β-苯乙醇5种一元醇为测定指标,利用毛细管气相色谱法分析9种酒曲酿造米香型白酒发酵液中的高级醇。结果表明,米香型白酒中异戊醇和异丁醇含量最高,分别占高级醇总量的32%~40%和27%~41%;其次是正丙醇,占比为7%~19%;苯乙醇和活性戊醇含量较低。9种酒曲酿造的米香型白酒发酵液中,金黄田酒曲(JM)组中高级醇总量最高(701.62 mg/L),含量较低的为鹰金钱酒曲(YM)组和长乐烧米粉曲(CM)组,分别为410.95 mg/L和346.83 mg/L。