Calculation of high-speed abrasion forces for ceramic coatings based on the Hertzian contact model

Aero engine seal coatings can effectively improve the air tightness of aircraft engines and increase fuel efficiency.However,due to the frictional forces between the blades and the coating,the coating often flakes off,resulting in damage to the blades and causing eco-nomic losses.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze the friction between the blades and the coating.In this paper,three ceramic-based high-temperature seal coatings with different polyphenylene ester contents and a pure Yttria-stabilised zirconia coating were prepared by atmo-spheric plasma spraying(APS).The hardness and modulus of elasticity of the coated surfaces were obtained by hardness and modulus of elasticity tests,and the coatings were subjected to high-speed touch abrasion tests.The Hertzian contact model was used to calculate the maximum normal contact load on the coating during the process.The test values were compared with the theoretical values and it was found that the calculated values were always greater than the test values.In order to make the Hertzian contact model more accurate in calculating the touching and abrasion forces,the contact coefficients in the Hertzian contact model were optimized.Substituting the optimized coeffi-cients into the Hertzian contact model,the results show that the calculated results after optimizing the coefficients are much closer to the test values,with deviations from the test values ranging from 1%to 38%.

Analysis of Fault Arc in High-Speed Switch Applied in Hybrid Circuit Breaker

The behavior of fault arc in a high-speed switch （HSS） has been studied theoretically and experimentally. A simplified HSS setup is designed to support this work. A two-dimensional arc model is developed to analyze the characteristics of fault arc based on magnetic-hydrodynamic （MHD） theory. The advantage of such a model is that the thermal transfer coefficient can be determined by depending on the numerical method alone. The influence of net emission coefficients （NEC） radiation model and P1 model on fault arc is analyzed in detail. Results show that NEC model predicts more radiation energy and less pressure rise without the re-absorption effect considered. As a consequence, P1 model is more suitable to calculate the pressure rise caused by fault arc. Finally, the pressure rise during longer arcing time for different arc currents is predicted.

Effect of chromium on hot corrosion behavior of arc-sprayed NiCr coatings

In this article,NiCr coatings with chromium content of 13%,27%and 41%were prepared by arc spraying.They were exposed in molten salts(NaCl-Na_(2)SO_(4))at 800℃for 200 hours.The effect of chromium content on the hot corrosion behavior of the coatings was in-vestigated.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersion spectrum(SEM-EDS)were used to analyze the phase compositions,morphologies and chemical compositions of the coatings.The results show that NiCr13 coating exhibited the worst hot corrosion resistance due to the low chromium content,which resulted in NiO being the major reaction product.It should be noted that the hot corrosion resistance of NiCr27 coating was better than that of NiCr41 coating.The basic fluxing of Cr_(2)O_(3) lowered its protection during the hot corrosion process and led to the formation of porous Cr_(2)O_(3) on the NiCr41 coating.The molten salts accelerated the oxidation reac-tion resulting in thicker and porous oxide scales formed on the surfaces of coatings.

STUDY OF HOT CORROSION RESISTANCE MECHANISMS OF ARC SPRAYING COATINGS

According to the working condition of boiler tubes of power station, hot corrosion tests were carried out at two temperatures (650℃ and 800℃) to simulate the environment of coal fired boiler. The hot corrosion resistance and mechanism of three arc spraying coatings (SL30, 45CT and FeCrAl) have been studied. The result showed that coating SL30 and 45CT have a better protection ability against hot corrosion. It indicated that a protective Cr 2O 3 scale formed on the surface of coating SL30 and coating 45CT.

Configuration optimization of high velocity arc spraying gun

In order to improve the in-flight characteristics of the atomizing droplets during high velocity wire arc spraying (HVAS), some changes have been operated on the original design of the HVAS gun configuration. A comparative study was carried out to investigate the microstructure and properties of the coatings produced by the original design spraying gun and the modified one, using 3Cr13 wires of 3 mm in diameter. The characteristics of their jets were examined during spraying. The results indicate that, the included angle between the two wires and the distance from the nozzle to the meeting point of the two vires may have a strong influence on the characteristics of the in-flight droplets and then the coatings. The jet divergence is found to be lower than that of the original one (about 12° against 25°). By modified gun, the adhesion strength, the microhardness and porosity of the coating deposited by modified gun are increased by 39% and 9% respectively. And the porosity of the coatings is decreased by 57%.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of twin-wire arc spraying Ni-Swt.% AI coating on 6061-T6 aluminum alloy

Thermal sprayed Ni-5wt.% Al coating was fabricated on the substrate of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy by twin-wire arc spraying. Experimental results indicated that the average value of bond strength was around 46. 90 MPa, the average hardness was 240 HV and the average value of surface roughness was about O. 14 mm. Friction and wear test results showed that the dry friction coefficient of Ni-5wt.% Al coating firstly decreased, and then tended to a slight increase after 200 cycles. In the early abrasion stage, adhesion wear played the key role for wear mechanics of Ni-5wt.% Al coating, but gradually abrasive wear became to replace adhesion wear.

Fatigue properties of 48MnV steel with twin arc spraying 3Cr13 coatings

The fatigue behaviors of 48MnV steel, both uncoated and coated with different thicknesses of 3Cr13 deposits using twin arc spraying, were investigated. The fatigue properties of the 48MnV steel, determined under axial loading conditions, can be substantially decreased by coating 3Cr13 films, deposited by twin arc spraying. And the fatigue behavior of the thinner coatings is better than that of the thicker ones, of which the fatigue limits decrease by 9%[CD*2]14%. The decrease in fatigue life attributes to the less mechanical properties of the coatings in comparison with those of the substrate, their relative bad bonding strength and trapped oxide or Al2O3 particles retain in the matrix after blasting responsible for the initiation of fatigue cracks.

Heat transfer analysis of atomized droplets during high velocity arc spraying

The heat transfer problem of the atomized droplets during high velocity arc spraying (HVAS) was modeled and solved by a numerical method using a Fe-Al alloy, and the influences of several important process parameters on the heat transfer behaviors of the atomized droplets were analyzed. The results show that the initial cooling rates of different size droplets range from 105 to 107 K/s, thus producing the coating microstructure with the features of rapid solidification. The droplet size, atomization gas pressure and droplet superheat have great influences on the heat transfer behavior of the droplet. The droplet temperature and cooling rate are much sensitive to the droplet sizes, but insensitive to the atomization gas pressure and droplet superheat. It can be predicted that the properties of HVAS coatings will be improved by decreasing droplet size as well as increasing atomization gas pressure and droplet superheat in certain extents.

Structure and sliding wear behavior of 321 stainless steel/Al composite coating deposited by high velocity arc spraying technique

A typical 321 stainless steel/aluminum composite coating (321/Al coating) was prepared by high velocity arc spraying technique (HVAS) with 321 stainless steel wire as the anode and aluminum wire as the cathode. The traditional 321 stainless steel coating was also prepared for comparison. Tribological properties of the coatings were evaluated with the ring-block wear tester under different conditions. The structure and worn surface of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and energy dispersion spectroscopy(EDS). The results show that, except for aluminum phase addition in the 321/Al coating, no other phases are created compared with the 321 coating. However, due to the addition of aluminum, the 321/Al coating forms a type of "ductile/hard phases inter-deposited" structure and performs quite different tribological behavior. Under the dry sliding condition, the anti-wear property of 321/Al coating is about 42% lower than that of 321 coating. But under the oil lubricated conditions with or without 32 h oil-dipping pretreatment, the anti-wear property of 321/Al coating is about 9% and 5% higher than that of 321 coating, respectively. The anti-wear mechanism of the composite coating is mainly relevant to the decrease of oxide impurities and the strengthening action resulted from the "ductile/hard phases inter-deposited" coating structure.

Corrosion behaviors of arc spraying single and double layer coatings in simulated Dagang soil solution

Three kinds of single layer coatings of Zn,Zn15Al,316L stainless steel and two kinds of double layer coatings with inner layer of Zn or Zn15Al and outer layer of 316L stainless steel by arc spraying were developed to protect the metal ends of prestressed high-strength concrete(PHC)pipe piles against soil corrosion.The corrosion behaviors of the coated Q235 steel samples in the simulated Dagang soil solution were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and natural immersion tests.The results show that the corrosion of the matrix Q235 steel is effectively inhibited by Zn,Zn15Al, Zn+316L and Zn15Al+316L coatings.The corrosion rate value of Zn15Al coated samples is negative.The corrosion products on Zn and Zn15Al coated samples are compact and firm.The corrosion resistance indexes of both Zn and Zn15Al coated samples are improved significantly with corrosion time,and the latter are more outstanding than the former.But the corrosion resistance of 316L coated samples is decreased quickly with the increase in immersion time.When the coatings are sealed with epoxy resin,the corrosion resistance of the coatings will be enhanced significantly.

Oxidation performance of Fe-Al/WC composite coatings produced by high velocity arc spraying

Fe-Al intermetallics with remarkable high-temperature intensity and excellent erosion, high-temperature oxidation and sulfuration resistance are potential low cost high-temperature structural materials. But the room temperature brittleness induces shape difficult and limits its industrial application. The Fe-Al intermetallic coatings were prepared by high velocity arc spraying technology with cored wire on 20G steel, which will not only obviate the problems faced in fabrication of these alloys into useful shapes, but also allow the effective use of their outstanding high-temperature performance. The Fe-Al/WC intermetallic composite coatings were prepared by high velocity arc spraying technology on 20G steel and the oxidation performance of Fe-Al/WC composite coatings was studied by means of thermogrativmetic analyzer at 450, 650 and 800℃. The results demonstrate that the kinetics curve of oxidation at three temperatures approximately follows the logarithmic law. The composition of the oxidized coating is mainly composed of Al2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeO. These phases distribute unevenly. The protective Al2O3 film firstly forms and preserves the coatings from further oxidation.

Computer simulation to arc spraying

The arc spraying process is divided into two stages: the first stage is atomization-spraying stream (ASS) and the second one is spraying deposition (SD). Then study status is described of both stages’ physical model and corresponding controlling-equation. Based on the analysis of study status, the conclusion as follows is got. The heat and mass transfer models with two or three dimensions in ASS stage should be established to far deeply analyses the dynamical and thermal behavior of the overheat droplet. The statistics law of overheated droplets should be further studied by connecting simulation with experiments. More proper validation experiments should be designed for flattening simulation to modify the models in SD stage.

Investigation of Optimal Control System for Arc Spraying

An arc voltage feedback PID controller and arc current feedback PID controller are designed with a control algorithm of discrete PID separately to realize optimal control in computer controlling arc-spraying system. In order to realize optimization and adaptation of the arc-spraying process parameters as well as to reduce blindness in selecting process parameters, a serial communication interface between a PC for spraying data acquisition and a MCU of the control system is designed so that on-line modification of the PID control parameters is implemented. At the same time, a genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize the control parameters of PID controller, where the difference between the actually sampled value and the setting value of spraying current is made as the judgment criterion to determine the adaptability. The given range of control parameters varies from 0 to 15 and is to be encoded by a coding of four-bit binary string. The optimal population of control parameters of the PID controller can be obtained through reproduction, crossing and mutation, so that the optimal controlling in arc-spraying process is realized and an excellent coating of arc spraying is obtained.

Investigation of optimal control system for arc spraying

Arc-voltage feedback PID (Proportional plus Integral plus Differential) controller and arc-current feedback PID controller are designed with an algorithm of discrete PID. In order to realize parameters optimization and adaptation of the arc-spraying process and to reduce blindness in selecting process parameters, a serial communication interface between PC and MCU (Micro Control Unit) is designed so that on-line modification of the PID control parameters is implemented. A genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize PID control parameters. Meanwhile, the error between the actual value and the setting value of spraying current is selected as the judgment criterion to determine the adaptability for the algorithm. The best optimal population of PID control parameters can be obtained, so that the optimal controlling in arc-spraying process is realized and an excellent coating of arc-spraying is obtained.

电弧喷涂Zn-Al伪合金涂层耐腐蚀性能研究进展

通过在钢基体表面制备涂层可以很好地延长钢铁材料的服役时间,减少因腐蚀造成的重大事故和人员伤亡。相较于传统的纯Zn涂层、纯Al涂层以及Zn-Al合金涂层,Zn-Al伪合金涂层能够为基体材料提供长久有效的腐蚀防护,在钢铁材料的腐蚀防护中具有巨大的应用潜力。简述了Zn-Al伪合金涂层电弧喷涂制备工艺的特点;介绍了Zn、Al、Zn-Al合金及Zn-Al伪合金涂层在模拟海洋环境下的腐蚀防护原理;在此基础上从组分、喷涂工艺参数(喷涂距离、喷涂电流和喷涂电压)、元素掺杂(Mg、Si及Re)及后处理工艺(封孔、激光重熔)等角度,论述了其对Zn-Al伪合金涂层耐蚀性的影响;讨论了Zn-Al伪合金涂层防腐体系在桥梁、海洋钢结构件、地下运输管道中的应用现状;最后总结了目前研究工作中存在的挑战,提出了电弧喷涂Zn-Al伪合金涂层尚需深入研究的重点问题,为提高钢铁材料使用寿命提供了参考。

不锈钢表面Al/Cu涂层制备与第一性原理计算

为了研究Al/Cu涂层中金属间化合物的生成顺序和形成机理,在304不锈钢基体表面制备了Al/Cu涂层。对试样进行热处理使得Al/Cu涂层原位反应生成金属间化合物,随后测试了涂层的高温抗氧化性能。采用第一性原理计算Al-Cu金属间化合物的焓、熵、吉布斯自由能和热容等数据。将热力学和扩散动力学相结合,提出有效生成自由能模型来预测化合物在Al/Cu界面的生成顺序。结果表明:Al/Cu涂层中首先形成Al_(2)Cu相,在Al/Cu界面处出现了AlCu相,加热时间增加至20 h后出现了富Cu的Al_(4)Cu_(9)相。由第一性原理计算得出,Al-Cu金属间化合物的形成顺序为Al_(2)Cu→AlCu→Al_(4)Cu_(9),与实验结果一致。此外,氧化实验结果表明,涂层具有良好高温抗氧化性能。

航天铝合金变极性等离子弧焊焊接接头的腐蚀与疲劳交替研究

随着可重复使用航天器理念的提出,可重用航天器多次空天往返和地面修复过程的腐蚀与疲劳交替问题不可忽视。本工作以5A06铝合金变极性等离子弧焊焊接接头为研究对象,对焊接接头进行腐蚀与疲劳交替试验,研究不同单位腐蚀时间对腐蚀与疲劳交替工况下疲劳寿命的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜对其断口进行表征,分析了腐蚀与疲劳交替后焊接接头的损伤特性。结果表明,随着单位腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀与疲劳交替寿命呈现先下降后平稳的趋势。这主要归因于腐蚀会钝化疲劳裂纹尖端,形成新的点蚀坑,同时钝化疲劳过程中的侵入/挤出和微裂纹降低了表面应力的集中程度,使疲劳寿命相对延长,从而反映出寿命保持稳定的状态。其中,断裂位置均处于热影响区,这主要因为焊接热影响区耐腐蚀性差,易造成严重腐蚀损伤,较大的腐蚀坑引起严重的应力集中,从而加速裂纹萌生。

某电厂锅炉水冷壁管及表面电弧喷涂NiCr涂层高温腐蚀行为机理分析

在低氮氧燃烧技术及深度调峰技术广泛应用的背景下,锅炉水冷壁管在服役过程中的高温腐蚀失效更为严重。对比研究了取自某电厂锅炉水冷壁管及高速电弧喷涂PS45涂层管的高温腐蚀行为特征,利用SEM、EDS、XRD等手段对腐蚀表面形貌特征、腐蚀产物组成及腐蚀截面特征进行了系统分析。结果表明:高速电弧喷涂PS45涂层可有效提高水冷壁管的抗高温腐蚀性能,其表面腐蚀层厚度较小;在高温服役过程中,PS45涂层因其高Cr、Ni元素而表现出更好的抗腐蚀性能,其表面腐蚀产物层较薄,但涂层粒子间的微观孔隙会导致高温腐蚀反应的侵入,甚至导致涂层/基材界面处水冷壁管的直接腐蚀。

Fe_(0.5)CrMnAlCu高熵合金及涂层的组织与性能

采用真空电弧熔炼与冷喷涂辅助感应重熔制备Fe_(0.5)CrMnAlCu高熵合金及涂层。利用XRD、SEM、显微硬度计、磨料磨损实验机对高熵合金及涂层的相结构、微观组织以及耐磨损等性能进行测试分析。结果表明:真空电弧熔炼制备的Fe_(0.5)CrMnAlCu高熵合金为FCC和BCC相固溶体结构,其组织形貌主要为枝晶和枝晶间组织,冷喷涂辅助感应重熔合成Fe_(0.5)CrMnAlCu高熵合金涂层的相结构为单一的BCC结构,其组织形貌为枝晶和枝晶间组织。由于感应重熔合成Fe_(0.5)CrMnAlCu高熵合金涂层较电弧熔炼制备的高熵合金具有更大的晶粒尺寸,同时涂层的原子尺寸差δ大于合金的原子尺寸差,导致感应重熔合成Fe_(0.5)CrMnAlCu高熵合金涂层的硬度是真空电弧熔炼高熵合金的1.37倍,其磨损率比真空电弧熔炼制备的高熵合金磨损率降低18%。真空电弧熔炼与冷喷涂辅助感应重熔制备Fe_(0.5)CrMnAlCu高熵合金及涂层的磨损机制主要是黏着磨损、磨粒磨损。