The Calibration of High-Speed Camera Imaging System for ELMs Observation on EAST Tokamak

A tangential fast visible camera has been set up in EAST tokamak for the study of edge MHD instabilities such as ELM. To determine the 3-D information from CCD images, Tsai＇s two-stage technique was utilized to calibrate the high-speed camera imaging system for ELM study. By applying tiles of the passive stabilizers in the tokamak device as the calibration pattern, transformation parameters for transforming from a 3-D world coordinate system to a 2-D image coordinate system were obtained, including the rotation matrix, the translation vector, the focal length and the lens distortion. The calibration errors were estimated and the results indicate the reliability of the method used for the camera imaging system. Through the calibration, some information about ELM filaments, such as positions and velocities were obtained from images of H-mode CCD videos.

Investigation of condition-induced bubble size and distribution in electroflotation using a high-speed camera

In the flotation process, bubble is a key factor in studying bubble-particle interaction and fine particle flo- tation. Knowledge on size distribution of bubbles in a flotation system is highly important. In this study, bubble distributions in different reagent concentrations, electrolyte concentrations, cathode apertures, and current densities in electroflotation are determined using a high-speed camera. Average bubble sizes under different conditions are calculated using Image-Pro@ Plus （Media Cybernetics@, MD, USA） and SigmaScan@ Pro （Systat Software, CA, USA） software. Results indicate that the average sizes of bubbles, which were generated through 38, 50, 74, 150, 250, 420, and 1000 μm cathode apertures, are 20.2, 29.5, 44.6, 59.2, 68.7, 78.5, and 88.8 μm, respectively. The optimal current density in electroflotation is 20 A/m2. Reagent and electrolyte concentrations, current density, and cathode aperture are important factors in controlling bubble size and nucleation. These factors also contribute to the control of fine- Particle flotation.

Design of a control system with high stability for a streak camera using isolated ADC

The streak camera is an ultra-fast diagnostic instrument with high sensitivity, and a high temporal and spatial resolution. It is primarily employed in various scientific research, such as inertial confinement fusion(ICF),synchrotron light sources, and electron–positron colliders.An automatic control system for an X-ray streak camera is presented in this paper. The output terminal of an analogto-digital converter was isolated from its input terminal, to reduce interference from high-voltage electrodes. Compared with traditional methods, this scheme also improved the internal electromagnetic interface immunity. Therefore,the system stability was enhanced. With this optimized control system, some characterizations of the streak camera were measured. Static and dynamic spatial resolutions of 25 and 20 lp/mm(CTF = 20%), respectively, were obtained. In addition, a dynamic range of 552:1 and a temporal resolution of 7.3 ps were achieved. The results confirmed that these characterizations are sufficient for the specifications derived from the diagnostic requirements of ICF.

Visualization of High-Speed Impact of Projectile in Granular Sheet with Destructive Collision of Particles

The impact and penetration of a projectile in a particle-laden space, which are expected to have frequently occurred during the formation of the solar system and will occur in the case of an impact probe for future planetary exploration, were experimentally simulated by using the ballistic range. A two-dimensional sheet made from small glass beads or emery powder was formed by the free-falling device through a long slit in the test chamber evacuated down to about 35 Pa. A polycarbonate projectile of a hemi-sphere-cylinder or sphere shape with the mass and diameter about 4 g and 25 mm, respectively, was launched at the velocity up to 430 m/s, and the phenomena were observed by the high-speed camera at 20,000 fps. From a series of images, the bow-shock-wave-like laterally facing U-shaped pattern over the projectile and the absence of particles in the trail behind it were clearly seen. At the impact of the particles on the projectile surface, fine grains were formed due to the destructive collision and injected outward from the projectile. The images obtained by different lighting methods including the laser light sheet were compared. The effects of the particle diameter, its material and the impact velocity were also investigated.

Visualization of High-Speed Impact of Penetrator into Icy Target

For application to exploration under the surface of icy objects in the solar system, the penetration of an impact probe into an icy target was experimentally simulated by using the ballistic range. Slender projectiles with a cylindrical body and various nose shapes were tested at the impact velocity 130 - 420 m/s. The motion of the penetrator, fragmentation of ice and crater forming were observed by the high-speed camera. It revealed that the crown-shaped ejection was made for a short time after the impact and then the outward normal jet-like stream of ice pieces continued for much longer time. The concave shape of the crater was successfully visualized by pouring the plaster into it. The two-stage structure, the pit and the spall, was clearly confirmed. The rim was not formed around the crater. Observation of the crater surface and the ice around the trace of the penetrator shows that both crushing into smaller ice pieces and recompression into ice blocks are caused by the forward motion of the penetrator. In case of a body with a flow-through duct, ice pieces entering the inlet at the nose tip were ejected from the tail, resulting in relaxation of the impact force. The correlation of the penetration distance and the crater diameter with the impact velocity was investigated.

可见光条纹相机二维非线性快速标定技术

为了解决百ns级可见光条纹相机时空非线性标定需求,提出了通过构建一个时空二维分布的等间距标准光场快速标定条纹相机二维非线性的设想。通过序列脉冲光构造技术获得时间维度间距相等的参考点;通过光场空间调制技术获得空间维度间距相等的参考点。分析了序列脉冲光和光学系统的设计准则,基于该准则研制了一套可见光条纹相机二维非线性快速标定系统。该系统的时间分辨可达0.1 ns、空间分辨小于90 μm。基于该系统,通过单次扫描成像高效标定了国产某型条纹相机的扫描非线性、时间弥散、时间畸变和几何像差等非线性信息。此外,利用该系统对不同电路的扫描非线性进行了分析验证。该标定系统快速验证了双边扫描电路有利于优化扫描非线性。分析验证结果表明,该标定技术通过单次扫描即可对条纹相机的非线性参数进行标定。

基于条纹管的压缩超快成像系统理论模拟

对基于压缩感知和条纹相机的压缩超快成像系统进行模拟仿真,原始三维图像I(x-y-t)经数字微镜设备(digital micromirror devices,DMD)进行编码调制,然后传输至狭缝全开条纹变像管,经偏转电场作用后,多幅不同时间图像将叠加,并在CCD上输出最后积分图像。采用总变分还原算法将CCD积分图像重构出多幅原始图像I(x-y-t)。对压缩超快成像系统的图像采集过程及还原算法进行了模拟仿真,获得了激光在空气介质中传输过程的8幅动态二维图像,每幅图像的曝光时间为12.5 ps,重构信号与原始信号的相似度为92%。

阿秒脉冲串产生和相位信息重构的对比研究

阿秒脉冲为研究原子、分子和电子的超快动力学提供了前所未有的测量精度.目前最成熟的方法是使用飞秒激光与气体相互作用产生阿秒脉冲串和孤立阿秒脉冲.阿秒脉冲的时域信息以及电子的动力学信息可以通过阿秒条纹相机或基于双光子跃迁干涉的重构阿秒拍频(RABBITT)方法从能谱图中提取.本文研究了阿秒脉冲串的产生、测量和表征,通过自主设计建造的钛宝石放大器和阿秒束线进行实验获得光电子能谱图,并采用不同方法重构阿秒脉冲串的相位信息.这对于深入理解电子动力学并进行相关测量具有重要意义.

后加速内增强技术条纹相机及其非线性强度修正

为实现X射线条纹相机大动态范围性能和精密化诊断,从光子密度探测阈值出发,研究条纹相机后加速内增强技术理论.降低记录系统灵敏度限制的光子密度探测阈值,有利于提高动态范围性能.研制后加速内增强技术条纹相机,组建超快实验标定系统,实验显示相机动态范围达2578∶1.相比具有饱和效应的微通道板内增强技术,该技术扩展了动态范围性能.方向角各不相同的电子入射栅网时,电子的透过率不同,从而导致电子在荧光屏上信号强度的非线性.给出成像区域强度误差分布及其修正方法,相比较未修正的动态范围,误差在7.7%.后加速内增强技术系统结构紧凑,有利于提高条纹相机动态范围,有助于实现中国激光惯性约束核聚变定量测量和精密化诊断目标.

Attosecond ionization time delays in strong-field physics

Electronic processes within atoms and molecules reside on the timescale of attoseconds. Recent advances in the laserbased pump-probe interrogation techniques have made possible the temporal resolution of ultrafast electronic processes on the attosecond timescale, including photoionization and tunneling ionization. These interrogation techniques include the attosecond streak camera, the reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions, and the attoclock. While the former two are usually employed to study photoionization processes, the latter is typically used to investigate tunneling ionization. In this review, we briefly overview these timing techniques towards an attosecond temporal resolution of ionization processes in atoms and molecules under intense laser fields. In particular, we review the backpropagation method, which is a novel hybrid quantum-classical approach towards the full characterization of tunneling ionization dynamics. Continued advances in the interrogation techniques promise to pave the pathway towards the exploration of ever faster dynamical processes on an ever shorter timescale.

Flow and penetration behavior of submerged side-blown gas

To assess the widely used submerged side-blowing in pyrometallurgy,a high-speed camera-digital image processing-statistical approach was used to systematically investigate the effects of the gas flow rate,nozzle diameter,and inclination angle on the space-time distribution and penetration behavior of submerged side-blown gas in an air-water system.The results show that the gas motion gradually changes from a bubbling regime to a steady jetting regime and the formation of a complete jet structure as the flow rate increases.When the flow rate is low,a bubble area is formed by large bubbles in the area above the nozzle.When the flow rate and the nozzle diameter are significant,a bubble area is formed by tiny bubbles in the area above the nozzle.The increased inclination angle requires a more significant flow rate to form a complete jet structure.In the sampling time,the dimensionless horizontal and vertical penetration depths are Gaussian distributed.Decreasing the nozzle diameter and increasing the flow rate or inclination angle will increase the distribution range and discreteness.New correlations for a penetration depth with an error of±20%were obtained through dimensional analysis.The dimensionless horizontal penetration depth of an argon-melt system in a 120 t converter calculated by the correlation proposed by the current study is close to the result calculated by a correlation in the literature and a numerical simulation result in the literature.

Experimental study on failure evolution mechanism of clastic rock considering cementation and intermediate principal stress

The study of clastic rock failure evolution under true triaxial stress is an important research topic;however,it is rarely studied systematically due to the limitation of monitoring technology.In this study,true triaxial compression tests were conducted on clastic rock specimens to investigate the effect of cementation and intermediate principal stress(s2)on the failure mechanism.The complete stressestrain curves were obtained,while the acoustic emission(AE)was monitored to indirectly evaluate the evo-lution of tensile and shear cracks,and crack evolution under true triaxial compression was imaged in real time by a high-speed camera.The results showed that the deformation and failure characteristics of clastic rock were closely related to the cementation type and intermediate principal stress.On the basis of the distribution characteristics of the ratio of rise time to amplitude(RA)and the average frequency(AF)of AE signals,tensile cracks of the contact cementation specimen propagated preferentially.Meanwhile,the enhancement of specimen cementation promoted the evolution of shear cracks,and the increase inσ_(2)promoted the evolution of tensile cracks.Moreover,the mesoscale cracking mechanism of clastic rock caused by cementation andσ_(2)under true triaxial compression was analyzed.The failure patterns of clastic rock under true triaxial compression were divided into three modes:structure-induced,structure-stress-induced and stress-induced failures.This study confirms the feasibility of high-speed camera technology in true triaxial testing,and has important implications for elucidating the disaster mechanism of deep tunnels in weak rocks.

Measuring the kinetic parameters of saltating sand grains using a high-speed digital camera

A high-speed digital camera is used to record the saltation of three sand samples(diameter range:300–500,200–300 and100–125μm).This is followed by an overlapping particle tracking algorithm to reconstruct the saltating trajectory and the differential scheme to abstract the kinetic parameters of saltating grains.The velocity results confirm the propagating feature of saltation in maintaining near-face aeolian sand transport.Moreover,the acceleration of saltating sand grains was obtained directly from the reconstructed trajectory,and the results reveal that the climbing stage of the saltating trajectory represents an critical process of energy transfer while the sand grains travel through air.

Ultrafast two-dimensional x-ray imager with temporal fiducial pulses for laser-produced plasmas

It is challenging to make an ultrafast diagnosis of the temporal evolution of small and short-lived plasma in two dimensions. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed a well-timed diagnostic utilizing an x-ray streak camera equipped with a row of multi-pinhole arrays. By processing multiple sets of one-dimensional streaked image data acquired from various pinholes, we are capable of reconstructing high-resolution two-dimensional images with a temporal resolution of 38 ps and a spatial resolution of 18 μm. The temporal fiducial pulses accessed from external sources can advance the precise timing and accurately determine the arrival time of the laser. Moreover, it can correct the nonlinear sweeping speed of the streak camera. The effectiveness of this diagnostic has been successfully verified at the Shenguang-II laser facility,providing an indispensable tool for observing complex physical phenomena, such as the implosion process of laser-fusion experiments.

Determination of frequencies of oscillations of cloud cavitation on a 2-D hydrofoil from high-speed camera observations

A method is presented to determine significant frequencies of oscillations of cavitation structures from high-speed camera recordings of a flow around a 2-D hydrofoil. The top view of the suction side of an NACA 2412 hydrofoil is studied in a transparent test section of a cavitation tunnel for selected cloud cavitation regimes with strong oscillations induced by the leading-edge cavity shedding. The ability of the method to accurately determine the dominant oscillation frequencies is confirmed by pressure measure- ments. The method can resolve subtle flow characteristics that are not visible to the naked eye. The method can be used for non- invasive experimental studies of oscillations in cavitating flows with adequate visual access when pressure measurements are not available or when such measurements would disturb the flow.

Cotton stalk restitution coefficient determination tests based on the binocular high-speed camera technology

The restitution coefficient(RC)of cotton stalks is an important elementary physical parameter that is required to establish the crushing mechanical model and research the film residue separation machinery.In this study,the calculation method of restitution coefficient considering the rotation motion of stalk-shaped agricultural materials was derived based on the principle of kinematics and the energy restitution coefficient method,and a test bench for measuring the RC was designed and built.The effects of collision material,moisture content,length,diameter,release height,and collision angle respectively on the RC were investigated by single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments,and the regression models between influence factors and the RC were established.The results showed that Q235 showed the highest value of the RC,and it was followed by cotton stalks and soil lumps,sequentially.The RC of cotton stalks decreased with the increase of moisture content and diameter,while it increased at first and then decreased with the increase of length.As the release height was less than 500 mm,the RC increased with the increased release height.As the collision angle was less than 40°,the RC showed a linear increasing trend.The significance of the effects of factors on RC decreased with the following sequence:collision angle,length,release height,diameter,and moisture content.Length,collision angle,and release height were extremely significant.The contrast test results showed that the values based on Newton’s restitution coefficient method were smaller than that based on the energy restitution coefficient method.The verification test showed that the predicted rebound height of cotton stalks calculated based on the energy restitution coefficient method was closer to the actual rebound height,and the relative error was less than 5%.

Comparing kernel damage of different threshing components using high-speed cameras

Grain damage research has been a focus of many experts in the agriculture machinery industry.A threshing test-bed was developed to investigate the movement and influence of different threshing and separating units on maize grains.The damage to maize grains was analyzed with a high-speed camera to observe the movement and damage received by the maize grains.The results showed that the threshing and separating effects of the perforated concave plate were obviously lower than that of the round steel concave plate,the threshing effects of the rigid rasp bar and polyurethane rasp bar were similar,and the damage ratio of the polyurethane rasp bar was relatively low.It also indicated that moisture content has a significant effect on the damage ratio and damage type of maize grains.The different threshing component types used in this study had an obvious effect on the degree of damage to high moisture content maize grains and the damage to high-moisture kernels during threshing could be further identified.The results can provide a reference for the design of threshing and separating devices in the maize combine harvesting machinery.

碳水混合物冲击压缩特性研究

利用二级轻气炮加载技术研究了碳水混合物的冲击压缩特性。研究发现：冲击压力ｐ低于１９．０ＧＰａ时，石墨与水混合物冲击压缩特性明显不同于金刚石与水混合物的冲击压缩；ｐ大于２３．０ＧＰａ后，它们的特性十分接近，这说明有较多的石墨转变为金刚石；当ｐ为５２．９ＧＰａ时石墨与水混合物的冲击压缩特性出现明显偏离，这和高压下碳水混合物产生气体成份有关。

强流脉冲电子束时间分辨测试技术研究

简单介绍了LIA注入器中强流脉冲电子束能谱分布及发射度的测量原理.应用变象管扫描相机测量了脉冲宽度为100ns的强流脉冲电子束的能谱分布及发射度两个参量,得到了具有时间分辨本领为1ns的切伦科夫辐射图像.为强流直线感应加速器的研制,提供了实验数据.

炸药柱面内爆磁通量压缩超高速同时分幅/扫描摄影技术

叙述了超高速同时分幅/扫描摄影技术在柱面内爆磁能量压缩实验中的研究应用,用自研的国内首台同时分幅/扫描超高速光电摄影系统,拍摄到柱面内爆强磁场压缩过程同一时基、同一空基且具有超高时空分辨的一维和二维清晰图像。成功观察到柱面套筒内爆整个压缩过程,获得了该过程直径随时间变化曲线及压缩速度。实验结果表明,柱面套筒内爆强磁场压缩过程中存在界面不稳定性和不对称性现象,整个过程压缩时间8-10μs,压缩速度3.8-4.5km/s。