Novel Method for Evaluating the Aging of Aviation Turbine Engine Oils via High-Temperature Bearing Deposit Tests

Aviation turbine engine oils require excellent thermal-oxidative stability because of their high-temperature environments.High-temperature bearing deposit testing is a mandatory method for measuring the thermal-oxidative performance of aviation lubricant oils,and the relevant apparatus was improved in the present study.Two different commercial aviation turbine engine oils were tested,one with standard performance(known as the SL oil)and the other with high thermal stability,and their thermal-oxidative stability characteristics were evaluated.After 100 h of high-temperature bearing testing,the SL oil was analyzed by using various analytical techniques to investigate its thermal-oxidative process in the bearing test,with its thermal-oxidative degradation mechanism also being discussed.The results indicate that the developed high-temperature bearing apparatus easily meets the test requirements of method 3410.1 in standard FED-STD-791D.The viscosity and total acid number(TAN)of the SL oil increased with the bearing test time,and various deposits were produced in the bearing test,with the micro-particles of the carbon deposits being sphere-like,rod-like,and sheet-like in appearance.The antioxidant additives in the oil were consumed very rapidly in the first 30 h of the bearing test,with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine being consumed faster than dioctyldiphenylamine.Overall,the oil thermal-oxidative process involves very complex physical and chemical mechanisms.

A thermal stress loading technique for large-sized hot dry rock mechanical tests

Testing of large-sized specimens is becoming increasingly important in deep underground rock mechanics and engineering.In traditional mechanical loading,stresses on large-sized specimens are achieved by large host frames and hydraulic pumps,which could lead to great investment.Low-cost testing machines clearly always have great appeal.In this study,a new approach is proposed using thermal expansion stress to load rock specimens,which may be particularly suitable for tests of deep hot dry rock with high temperatures.This is a different technical route from traditional mechanical loading through hydraulic pressure.For the rock mechanics test system of hot dry rock that already has an investment in heating systems,this technology may reduce the cost of the loading subsystem by fully utilizing the temperature changes.This paper presents the basic principle and a typical design of this technical solution.Preliminary feasibility analysis is then conducted based on numerical simulations.Although some technical details still need to be resolved,the feasibility of this loading approach has been preliminarily confirmed.

Dynamic analysis and modal test of long-span cable-stayed bridge based on ambient excitation

To study the stiffness distribution of girder and the method to identify modal parameters of cable-stayed bridge, a simplified dynamical finite element method model named three beams model was established for the girder with double ribs. Based on the simplified model four stiffness formulae were deduced according to Hamilton principle. These formulae reflect well the contribution of the flexural, shearing, free torsion and restricted torsion deformation, respectively. An identification method about modal parameters was put forward by combining method of peak value and power spectral density according to modal test under ambient excitation. The dynamic finite element method analysis and modal test were carried out in a long-span concrete cable-stayed bridge. The results show that the errors of frequencies between theoretical analysis and test results are less than 10% mostly, and the most important modal parameters for cable-stayed bridge are determined to be the longitudinal floating mode, the first vertical flexural mode and the first torsional mode, which demonstrate that the method of stiffness distribution for three beams model is accurate and method to identify modal parameters is effective under ambient excitation modal test.

High-Temperature Corrosion of Protective Coatings for Boiler Tubes in Thermal Power Plants

High-temperature corrosion is a serious problem for the water-wall tubes of boilers used in thermal power plants. Oxidation, sulfidation and molten salt corrosion are main corrosion ways.Thereinto, the most severe corrosion occurs in molten salt corrosion environment. Materials rich in oxides formers, such as chromium and aluminum, are needed to resist corrosion in high-temperature and corrosive environment, but processability of such bulk alloys is very limited. High velocity electric arc spraying (HVAS) technology is adopted to produce coatings with high corrosion resistance. By comparison, NiCr (Ni-45Cr-4Ti) is recommended as a promising alloy coating for the water-wall tubes, which can even resist molten salt corrosion attack. In the study of corrosion mechanism, the modern material analysis methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), are used. It is found that the corrosion resistances of NiCr and FeCrAI coatings are much better than that of 20g steel, that the NiCr coatings have the best anti-corrosion properties, and that the NiCr coatings have slightly lower pores than FeCrAI coatings.It is testified that corrosion resistance of coatings is mainly determined by chromium content, and the microstructure of a coating is as important as the chemical composition of the material. In addition, the fracture mechanisms of coatings in the cycle of heating and cooling are put forward. The difference of the thermal physical properties between coatings and base metals results in the thermal stress inside the coatings. Consequently, the coatings spall from the base metal.

Optimization of technical measures for improving high-temperature performance of asphalt-rubber mixture

Asphalt-rubber pavements often become dam-aged in high-temperature regions and appear rutted or wavy, and experience slippage. To improve the high-temperature performance of the asphalt-rubber mixture, technical measurements, such as, the optimal adjustment of gradation, technique of composite modification, and control of compaction were investigated. An optimal adjustment of aggregate gradation based on stone matrix asphalt improves the high-temperature stability of the asphaltrubber mixture significantly. Through composite modifi- cation, the effect of asphalt-rubber modification was enhanced, and the dynamic stability and relative defor- mation indices of the asphalt-rubber mixture were improved significantly. Furthermore, compaction parame- ters had a significant influence on the high-temperature stability of the asphalt-rubber mixture. The rolling times for compacting the asphalt-rubber mixture should be controlled to within 18-20 round-trips at a molding temperature at 180℃; if the rolling time is a 12 round-trip, the compaction temperature of the asphalt-rubber mixture should be controlled between 180 and 190℃.

Experimental Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Cement Sheath under High-Temperature Conditions

The sealing integrity of cement sheath in offshore wells is seriously threatened under high-temperature conditions,resulting in gas channeling and other problems.Given the lack of experimental results,in this study relevant samples of a cement slurry sealing section of a typical offshore high-temperature well have been prepared and analyzed.In particular,the mechanical properties have been assessed with a triaxial pressure servo instrument and a high-temperature curing kettle.The density and the Poisson’s ratio of the samples have also been tested.The stress-strain curve has been drawn to obtain the elastic modulus and the compressive strength.The rock brittleness index has been calculated according to the measured elastic modulus and the Poisson’s ratio,together with the brittleness and the compressibility of the cement samples.The test results show that the mechanical properties and bonding strength of the cement samples are optimal at 130°C,medium at 150°C,and poor at 180°C.

Graphene/carbon structured catalyst layer to enhance the performance and durability of the high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

In this study,nitrogen doped electrochemically exfoliated reduced graphene oxide and carbon black supported platinum(Pt/Nr EGO_(2)-CB_(3))has been prepared to enhance the performance and durability of hightemperature PEMFCs with lower Pt loading.On the one hand,Pt/Nr EGO_(2)-CB_(3)with the strong interaction between the Pt and nitrogen(N)prevent agglomeration of Pt particles and Pt particles is 5.46±1.46 nm,which is smaller than that of 6.78±1.34 nm in Pt/C.Meanwhile,ECSA of Pt/Nr EGO_(2)-CB_(3)decrease 13.65%after AST,which is much lower than that of 97.99%in Pt/C.On the other hand,the Nr EGO flakes in MEAac act as a barrier to mitigate phosphoric acid redistribution,which improves the formation of triple-phase boundaries(TPBs)and gives stable operation of the MEAacwith a lower decay rate of 0.02 mV h^(-1)within100 h.After steady-state operation,the maximum power density of Pt/Nr EGO_(2)-CB_(3)(0.411 W cm^(-2))is three times higher than that of conventional Pt/C(0.134 W cm^(-2))in high-temperature PEMFCs.After AST,the mass transfer resistance of Pt/Nr EGO_(2)-CB_(3)electrode(0.560Ωcm^(2))is lower than that in Pt/C(0.728Ωcm^(2)).

Evaluation on High-temperature Adhesion Performance of Hot-applied Sealant for Asphalt Pavement

In order to investigate the high-temperature performances of the asphalt pavement hot-applied sealant, as well as to reduce failures of the sealant pullout, the softening point test and the flow test（two existing methods for evaluating high-temperature performances） were conducted. It was found that both tests could not accurately reflect the adhesion performances of the sealant at high temperatures. For this purpose, the adhesion test for PSAT（pressure sensitive adhesive tape） has been taken as a reference to develop a device that is suitable for evaluating the adhesion performances, by modifying relevant test parameters according to the road conditions at high temperatures. Thirteen common sealants were tested in the modified adhesion test, softening point test and f low test. The experimental results show that no significant correlation（p〉0.05） exists between the adhesion value, softening point, adhesion value and flow value; while a significant correlation（p〈0.05） exists between the softening point and flow value. The modified adhesion test is efficient in distinguishing the hightemperature adhesion performances of different sealants, and can be used as a standard method for evaluating such performances.

High-temperature performance study of chromium-containing stuffing sand for ladles

High-temperature performance tests of chromium-containing stuffing sand for a steel ladle w ith different ratios w ere performed. A high-temperature simulation test furnace w as used to analyze the influence of the composition ratio of ladle filler sand and sintering time on the high-temperature compression resistance of chromium-containing stuffing sand in the temperature range of 1 500- 1 600 ℃. The results show that the refractoriness of ladle filler sand w as the low est（ only 1 610 ℃） w hen the composition ratio of chromite sand and silica sand w as 6∶ 4. M oreover,the high-temperature compression resistance w as high w hen the content of chromite sand w as at 70%; the resistance increased w ith increasing sintering time. When the sintering time w as extended at a temperature of 1 600 ℃,the high-temperature compression resistance of ladle filler sand first increased and then decreased after being overburnt.

DAMAGE DETECTION IN BUILDINGS USING A TWO-STAGE SENSITIVITY-BASED METHOD FROM MODAL TEST DATA

Many multi-story or highrise buildings consisting of a number of identical stories are usually considered as periodic spring-mass systems. The general expressions of natural frequencies, mode shapes, slopes and curvatures of mode shapes of the periodic spring-mass system by utilizing the periodic structure theory are derived in this paper. The sensitivities of these mode parameters with respect to structural damages, which do not depend on the physical parameters of the original structures, are obtained. Based on the sensitivity analysis of these mode parameters, a two-stage method is proposed to localize and quantify damages of multi-story or highrise buildings. The slopes and curvatures of mode shapes, which are highly sensitive to local damages, are used to localize the damages. Subsequently, the limited measured natural frequencies, which have a better accuracy than the other mode parameters, are used to quantify the extent of damages within the potential damaged locations. The experimental results of a 3-story experimental building demonstrate that the single or multiple damages of buildings, either slight or severe, can be correctly localized by using only the slope or curvature of mode shape in one of the lower modes, in which the change of natural frequency is the largest, and can be accurately quantified by the limited measured natural frequencies with noise pollution.

Dynamic Characteristics of a Curved Cable-stayed Bridge:Operational Modal Testing and FE Modeling

This paper summarizes the analytical and experimental dynamic analyses carried out to assess the actual dynamic behaviour of a curved cable-stayed bridge,recently erected in the commercial harbour of Porto Marghera ( Venice,Italy). Ambient vibration tests were carried out to determine the dynamic characteristics of the bridge and more than 20 modes were identified in the frequency range 0～10Hz. In the theoretical study,a 3D FE model of the bridge was developed using an integrated CAD-FEA approach; subsequently,the information obtained from the field tests,combined with simple manual tuning,provided a linear elastic model,accurately fitting the modal parameters of the bridge in its present condition.

Surface destructive mechanism on high-temperature ablation, supersonic-erosion, dreg-adherence and corrosion

The exhaust and flame from a supersonic airborne missile high-energy smoke-born engine (SAMHSE) may lead to high-temperature ablation, supersonic-erosion, dreg-adherence (HTASED) and corrosion on the launcher slide track, causing serious problems to the operation and decreasing the lifetime of the launcher. Therefore, it is imperative to study the destructive mechanism so as to guarantee the smooth operation and increase the lifetime of military equipments. Accordingly, HTASED and corrosion were systematically observed and analyzed with the emphasis placed on the mechanism investigations making use of a series evaluation tests, typical missile engine simulation tests, national military standard methods, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical corrosion tests. It is found that the thermal impact of high-temperature flame and supersonic erosion of corrosive melting particle jet of the SAMHSE lead to surface defects of micro-cracks, denudation and corrosive residue. Some defects reach to metal base becoming to "corrosive channels". Repetitive HTASED may cause ablation-adhesion fatigue stress, which enhances the surface corrosion and destruction. HTASED and corrosion are related to the type of a SAMHSE fuel and experience of the launcher. Surface destruction is related to synergistic effects of the HTASED. The ablated and failed Al or steel surface is liable to electrochemical corrosion characterized by pitting in humid and salt-spray environment.

Research on Modal Test Technology of LM-6A Solid-Liquid Strap-On Launch Vehicle

The LM-6 A new generation solid-liquid strap-on launch vehicle has the structural dynamic characteristics of lower frequencies,denser modes and coupling modes in longitudinal,bending and torsion modal space.During the development phase of LM-6 A,modal tests of partial stacks and the full vehicle were designed to obtain the structural dynamic properties.The structural dynamic models using the finite element method(FEM)have been verified and calibrated based on the modal test data.This paper describes the pre-test predictions and test execution,and details the comparison between the pre-test predictions and the test data.The successful maiden flight of LM-6 A further confirmed the effectiveness of structural dynamic modeling and modal test for LM-6 A.

全尺寸飞行器地面振动试验数字化协同探索与实践

全尺寸飞行器地面振动试验具有协调界面多、试验系统复杂、实施周期长、试验风险高等特点,面向先进飞行器高效协同研制需求,必须引入数字化手段提升物理试验能力。通过梳理传统模式飞行器地面振动试验流程,剖析数字化协同试验要素,从试验方案与实施流程的数字化、试验对象的数字化、试验系统的数字化等方面出发,探索并初步构建全尺寸飞行器地面振动试验的数字化方案。指出当前数字化协同模式对降低试验风险、提高试验效率具有显著助益,未来需要进一步推进数实融合仿真、应用平台开发,以推动数字化成熟落地。

高功率密度磁悬浮高速电机转子动力学建模与分析

与传统电机相比,高功率密度磁悬浮高速电机的运用范围越来越大。但由于转速的提高,转子在加速或减速过程中跨越临界转速会导致共振现象,因此为避免共振带来的问题,需对转子进行动力学建模及分析。以12.3 kW高功率密度磁悬浮高速电机转子系统为研究对象,建立基于有限元法的动力学模型,并对其进行模态计算,使用Ansys Workbench进行模态仿真。通过B&K敲击试验对高功率密度磁悬浮高速电机转子进行模态分析,与基于有限元法的模态计算结果和Ansys Workbench模态仿真结果进行对比。结果表明:3种方法数据较为吻合,其建立的动力学模型有足够的准确性。

某钢筋混凝土栈桥的异常振动成因分析

为研究栈桥异常振动原因并对结构进行安全性评估,在缺失结构异常振动期间观测数据的情况下,基于现场检测、动力测试及数值仿真3种方式相结合,将导致异常振动的内因和外因逐一排查,筛选高可能性因素进行异常振动成因分析。研究表明,栈桥的异常振动是由水平承载系统的第2阶自振频率与激振频率共振以及托辊转速较小差异导致的“拍现象”综合导致。其中,托辊对栈桥产生的拉扯激振是导致其异常振动的主要因素。该研究成果可为类似水运工程结构的异常振动成因分析提供参考价值。

基于振动速度与噪音的横梁动态特性优化

针对某型小五轴高精密数控机床加工精度不高的问题,对其横梁的动态性能进行研究.采用锤击模态测试实验与有限元模拟计算相结合的方法,对横梁的固有频率进行研究;测量主轴不同转速下的振动速度和振动噪音,通过赋权处理,建立振动评价指标方程,得到优化目标;对所研究横梁进行形状优化.试验与仿真所得固有频率最大误差为5.76%;基于主轴振动情况确定83~117 Hz的频率范围,作为横梁设计时需要避开的低阶固有频率范围.经过形状优化后,横梁的一阶固有频率为139 Hz,相较于原横梁增加了约20.870%,横梁的动态性能得到改善.

张力作用下柔性带钢模态灵敏度理论分析及试验研究

卷到卷工艺的产品正向薄和宽的方向发展,其柔性特征导致的振动特性变化需深入研究。针对弹性支撑的运动带钢,建立了面外振动的动力学模型,分析了模态频率灵敏度影响因子;搭建了试验平台,针对柔性带模态试验提出了力锤的选择方法。开展了张力作用下的不同宽厚比带钢模态试验,并建立了数值仿真模型。有限元与试验结果对比说明了有限元模型有效性。定量分析了不同张力下宽度、厚度对带钢模态灵敏度的影响,及张力对不同带钢模态灵敏度的影响。结果表明不同宽度、厚度变化m=2阶模态灵敏度影响较大且随宽度、厚度增大而增大,其余四阶模态灵敏度接近于0;不同张力下n=3阶的模态灵敏度是n=2阶的两倍均随张力的增大而增大,更薄更宽带钢的(2,2)和(2,3)阶模态频率对张力变化的灵敏度更高。

不同储粮工况下柱承式立筒仓结构动力特性

柱承式立筒仓广泛应用于国家粮食储备,不同储粮工况对其结构动力特性影响显著。为揭示粮食散体对柱承式立筒仓动力特性的影响规律,结合某实际柱承式立筒仓设计制作了缩尺比例为1/25的有机玻璃筒仓模型,在空仓、半仓、3/4仓和满仓4种储粮状态下,进行了振动台模态试验、有限元数值分析和自振频率理论计算。结果表明:不同储粮工况对柱承式立筒仓试验模型的固有频率影响显著,随储粮状态变化,固有频率减小幅度较大,应在结构设计中加以考虑;空仓状态下阻尼比最小,满仓状态比空仓增大42.65%,仓内原有储粮越多,阻尼比增值越大,减震耗能效果越明显;有限元模型一阶固有频率与试验值平均误差为5.1%,所建有限元模型较为合理,为结构动力响应分析及结构设计提供一种合理的数值模拟方法;简化的三质点串联多自由度的弹性动力模型较为准确计算柱承式立筒仓在4种储粮工况下的固有频率,试验值与理论值平均误差为5.6%。研究结果可为柱承式立筒仓结构动力特性计算提供参考,为其抗震性能设计提供理论基础和试验依据。

大跨度单层柔性光伏支架结构气动阻尼的试验研究

大跨光伏支架结构轻柔,在风荷载作用下易产生显著气动效应。为研究该类结构的气动阻尼特征,对不同风速和张力工况下两种典型倾角(0°和10°)的大跨度柔性光伏支架结构开展气弹风洞试验。基于气弹模型风洞试验结果,分别利用经验小波变换(empirical wavelet transform,EWT)和变分模态分解(variational modal decomposition,VMD)结合改进的随机减量方法(random decrement technique,RDT)识别得到了柔性光伏支架结构在不同风速风向、组件倾角和拉索预张力下的气动阻尼比。研究结果表明,气动阻尼对风向角的变化较为敏感。当组件倾斜铺设时(10°倾角),大跨光伏结构气动阻尼在180°迎风向时会出现负值。张力增加可能导致高风速下平铺组件的气动阻尼比显著降低。气动阻尼比随风速的增加整体呈减小趋势,低风速下基本为正值,而高风速下可能出现负气动阻尼。不同方法识别出的气动阻尼比结果存在一定的差异,但反映出的气动阻尼的变化特征具有一致性。