Research Plan on the Strategic Development of High-value Eco-agriculture in the Middle-lower Reaches of Yangtze River

At present,high-value eco-agriculture research in China is till limited and controversial,theoretical innovation and practices on eco-agriculture should be conducted.The key problems which should be solved urgently on the development of high-value eco-agriculture in the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River now including：the connotation and characteristics of high-value eco-agriculture,the construction of high-value eco-agriculture system and the policies of the development of high-value eco-agriculture.Therefore,the strategic development research on high-value eco-agriculture mainly includes the following aspects：development of agriculture modernization and theory and practices of eco-economics;theory of high-value eco-agriculture;practice of high-value eco-agriculture in the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River;construction of high-value eco-agriculture in the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River;development strategy and system innovation of high-value eco-agriculture in the lower and medium reaches of Yangtze River.

Construction of Energy Diagram of Ecological High-value Agriculture System and Emergry Evaluation Index System

Ecological high-value agriculture research, ecological high-value agricultural is the future of agriculture in China. In the emergy diagram was constructed based on emergy theory, and the mechanism and realization approach were well described. In addition, a set of evaluation index system of emergy was established to deter- mine contribution made by different resources of the system, providing references for further exploration of ecological high-value agricultural production system.

Boosting CO_(2) hydrogenation to high-value olefins with highly stable performance over Ba and Na co-modified Fe catalyst

CO_(2)hydrogenation has been considered to be a highly promising route for the production of high-value olefins(HVOs)while also mitigating CO_(2)emissions.However,it is challenging to achieve high selectivity and maintain stable performance for HVOs(ethylene,propylene,and linear a-olefins)over a prolonged reaction time due to the difficulty in precise control of carbon coupling and rapid catalyst deactivation.Herein,we present a selective Ba and Na co-modified Fe catalyst enriched with Fe_(5)C_(2)and Fe_(3)C active sites that can boost HVO synthesis with up to 66.1%selectivity at an average CO_(2)conversion of 38%for over 500 h.Compared to traditional NaFe catalyst,the combined effect of Ba and Na additives in the NaBaFe-0.5 catalyst suppressed excess oxidation of FeCxsites by H_(2)O.The absence of Fe3O4phase in the spent NaBaFe-0.5 catalyst reflects the stabilization effect of the co-modifiers on the FeCxsites.This study provides a strategy to design Fe-based catalysts that can be scaled up for the stable synthesis of HVOs from CO_(2)hydrogenation.

Genetic Bioengineering in the Achievement of Algae Biofuels and High-Value Bio-products

The dependence to fossil fuels has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.That is why,the production of renewable and sustainable biofuels has gained a long-term importance for both scientific and political necessities.In this context,algae are promising in terms of alternative biofuels resources.For this reason,intensive scientific researches have been carried out in recent years on providing optimum efficiency in this regard.Bioengineering is a discipline that applies engineering principles of design and analysis to biological systems and biomedical technologies.Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria or microalgae engineered to produce valuable bioactive chemicals.Microalgae by target gene modification may serve as a promising source for the production of biofuels and bio-based chemicals.A lot of research has been carried out by applying microalgae genomic editing technique with the aim to produce numerous biotechnological products.Some successful previously reported research and production activities are still underway in this area.However,in order to produce the desired products efficiently with manipulated microalgae biorefinery,there is a need to overcome the problem of low biomass production despite high production costs.The aim of this work is to give special attention to the rich potential content of microalgae and to provide information on algal genetic manipulations to increase products by bioengineering methods.

Study on the Monitoring Malfunction of Water Pollution during Drought or Flood Period and Low-carbon and High-value Methodology--A Case Study of the Correlation Test of Water,Soil and Gas Pollution in Xiangxiang County

Based on the low-carbon and high-value methodology of chemical ecology and chemical informatics,combining theory and methods,taking saving,environmental protection,low carbon,high production,high value and circulation as values and aims,the relationship between human and land as a basis,ecosystem as a center,overall control as a goal and agricultural ecological engineering as a mean,environmental pollution detection,as one of bottlenecks for agricultural products and food security,should be solved firstly;through the field survey in dry years from 2009 to 2010 when drought and flood were frequent and the frequency of drought was higher than that of flood,plus the determination of surface water flow and water quantity in a small typical river basin,the correlation of local water,soil and gas in the county could be found,and the transfer of monitoring focus from water environment to atmospheric environment was possible and necessary.The study would promote the quantitative research on the correlation among water,soil and gas,and the results were in accordance with the conclusions of related studies.

TAM-based Study on Factors Influencing the Adoption of Mobile Payment

This study uses TAM to examine the factors that influence the adoption of mobile payment in China.The proposed model is empirically evaluated based on TAM by using data collected from 370 users concerning their perceptions of mobile payment.The findings indicate that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have significant effects on users'attitude.Furthermore,network externality is also an important factor influencing the adoption.But customers have weak perceptions of the risks of M-payment.The results may provide further insights into mobile payment strategies.

Evaluation of the inclusive payment system based on the diagnosis procedure combination with respect to cataract operations in Japan------A comparison of lengths of hospital stay and medical payments among hospitals

Following the recommendations of a report submitted by the Central Social Insurance Medical Council concerning the 2002 revision of the Medical Service Fee Schedule, a new inclu-sive payment system, which is based on the Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) sys-tem, was introduced in 82 special functioning hospitals in Japan, effective beginning in April 2003. Since April 2004, the system has been gradually extended to general hospitals that satisfy certain prerequisites. In this paper, the new inclusive payment system is analyzed. Data pertaining to 1,225 patients, who were hospital-ized for cataract diseases and underwent lens operations from July 2004 to September 2005, are used. The lengths of hospital stay and medical payments among hospitals are com-pared. Even after eliminating the influence of patient characteristics, there are large differ-ences among hospitals in average lengths of hospital stay and DPC-based inclusive pay-ments. The highest average inclusive payment is 3.5 times as high as the lowest payment. On the other hand, there are relatively small differ-ences in non-inclusive payments based on the conventional fee-for-service system—the larg-est deviation from the average of all hospitals is approximately 10%. Thus, although payments based on the DPC account for only one-third of the total medical payments for this disease, the major differences in medical payments among hospitals are caused by differences in their DPC-based inclusive payments. The results of the study strongly suggest that revisions of the payment system in Japan are necessary for the efficient use of medical resources in the future.

Analysis of inpatient payments of breast cancer patients with different medical insurance coverages in China(mainland) in 2011–2015

Objective： An understanding of the levels and trends of medical cost is made for breast cancer patients with different medical insurance coverages in China（mainland）, in an attempt to offer a clue to further control the costs.Methods： The inpatient payments of 9,716,180 breast cancer patients spent in medical institutions of different types and grades during 2011–2015 were collected from the inpatient medical record home page（IMRHP） dataset.The data were then processed with SAS（Version 9.3; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA）. Indicators like means,increase（decrease） percentages were used to descriptively analyze the average hospitalization expense of each time（AHEET） and its trends of breast cancer patients with different medical insurance coverages treated in medical institutions of different types and grades.Results：In 2011–2015,the AHEET borne by breast cancer patients in China had been constantly increasing.Specifically,the self-pay inpatients had the largest increase,inpatients covered by Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance（UEBMI）and Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance（URBMI）were the next,and those covered by New Rural Cooperative Medical System（NRCMS）had the least increase.Breast cancer inpatient treated in public hospitals had quite greater increase and higher expenditure level than those in private hospitals.The AHEET borne by the inpatients in Grade 3 hospitals had greater increase and higher cost than those in Grade 2 hospitals.Conclusions：The inpatient payments of breast cancer patients will be wisely controlled by reducing the number of self-pay inpatients,taking advantage of restriction mechanism of the medical insurances,and promoting healthy competition between private hospitals and public hospitals.The economic burden imposed on the society by breast cancer can be relieved through further control of inpatient payments of UEBMI-and URBMI-covered breast cancer patients and of Grade 3 hospitals.

Effects of Integrated Case Payment on Medical Expenditure and Readmission of Inpatients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease： A Nonrandomized, Comparative Study in Xi County, China

In the past few decades, Chinese government attempted to reduce the economic burden of chronic diseases and lower family financial risk of patients by establishing a nationwide coverage of Social Health Insurance system. However, the payment mode of Social Health Insurance varies across Chinese healthcare settings, and the effectiveness of each mode differs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of integrated case payment on medical expenditure and readmission of inpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）, a complex, multicomponent, chronic condition. A nonrandomized, comparative method was used in this study. Inpatients with COPD before （n=1569） and after the integrated case payment reform （n=4764） were selected from the inpatient information database of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme Agency of Xi County. The integrated case payment comprises the case payment （including price-cap case payment and fixed-reimbursement case payment） and clinical pathway （including clinical pathway A, clinical pathway B and clinical pathway C）. Effects of integrated case payment were evaluated with indicators of per capita total medical expense and readmission within 30 days. A multivariate linear regression and a binary logistic regression were used to conduct statistical analysis. The results showed that case payment, comprising price-cap case payment （β=2382.988, P〈0.001） and fixed-reimbursement case payment β=2613.564, P〈0.001）, and clinical pathway C （β=1996.467, P〈0.001） were risk factors of per capita total medical expenses. Clinical pathway A （β=-1443.409, P〈0.001） and clinical pathway B （β=-1583.791, P〈0.001） were protective factors. The interactive effects of case payment with hospital level （β=0.710, P〈0.001） lowered the readmission rate within 30 days. Meanwhile, clinical pathways A （β=18.949, P〈0.001）, B （β=-19.752, P〈0.001） and C （β=-1.882, P〈0.1） were associated with the rate increase. The findings revealed that integrated case payment ensured the quality of care for inpatients with COPD to some extent. However, this payment mode increased the per capita total medical expense. Further, policy-makers should set reasonable reimbursement standards of case payment, unify the type of case payment, and strengthen the supervision of the reform to enhance its function on medical cost control.

Fair Electronic Payment Scheme Based on DSA

We present a multi-signature scheme based on DSA and describes a faireleetronic payment scheme based on improved DSA signatures. The scheme, makes both sides in e-qualpositions during the course of electronic transaction A Trusted Third Party (TTP)is involved in thescheme to guarantee the fairness of the scheme for both sides. However, only during the course ofregistration and dispute resolution will TTP be needed TTP is not needed during the normal paymentstage.

An Analysis of China's Physician Salary Payment System

Physician payment system （PPS） is a principal incentive system to motivate doctors to provide excellent care for patients. During the past decade, physician remuneration in China has not been in proportional to physician＇s average work load and massive responsibilities. This paper reviewed the constitution of the PPS in China, and further discussed the problems and issues to be addressed with respect to pay for performance. Our study indicated that the lower basic salary and bonus distribution tied to ＂profits＂ was the major contributor to the physician＇s profit-driven incentive and the potential cause for the speedy growth of health expenditures. We recommend that government funding to hospitals should be increased to fully cover physicians＇ basic salary, a flexible human resource and talent management mechanism needs to be established that severs personal interest between physicians and hospitals, and modern performance assessment and multiplexed payment systems should be piloted to encourage physicians to get the more legitimate compensation.

Payment for ecosystem services:emerging lessons

Market based initiatives for management of degrading ecosystems and their services have received the added attention as one of the innovative responses in the reent years. Those initiatives such as direct and indirect payment for ecosystem services like premium for rain forest honey, payment by the people at the lower reach to those at the upper reach for the watershed services etc. have drawn the attention of the decision makers as they have proved to be far more cost effective.This paper wynthesizes the key messages from some of the paper are carbon, watershed services and biodiversity, We find that while credible valuation of ecosystem services for all services remain a critical concern behind setting up the payment mechanism, absent of necessary institutional framework may seriously undermine this innovative response for management of ecosystems. In the paper, necessary institutional mechanisms enabling the market for those services have been sketched out, Key messages from those cases have been synthesized.

Do biometric payment systems work during the COVID-19 pandemic?Insights from the Spanish users’viewpoint

Technological developments are changing how users pay for goods and services.In the context of the COVID-19(coronavirus disease 2019)pandemic,new payment systems have been established to reduce contact between buyer and seller.In addition to the pandemic,the future is payment processing is also uncertain due to the new EU security regulations of the Payment Services Directive(PSD2).Biometric payments one option that would guarantee the security of transactions and reduce the risk of conta-gion.This research analyses the intention to recommend the use of the mobile phone as a tool for collecting payments in a shop using iris reading as a biometric measure of the buyer.The moderating effect of the fear of contagion in the proposed relationships was also analysed.An online survey was carried out,which yielded a sample of 368 respondents.The results indicate that the main antecedents of intention to use,which precedes intention to recommend,are perceived trust,habit,personal innovativeness and comfort of use.Additionally,the moderating effect of COVID-19 was checked among users with a higher perception of risk.The results obtained have interesting implications for purchase management among manufacturers and retailers.

An EPQ-Based Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items under Stock-Dependent Demand with Immediate Part Payment

In this paper, an EPQ-based inventory policy for an item is presented with stock-dependent demand during two trade credit periods. In addition, there is a provision for 1) an immediate part payment to the wholesaler, 2) borrowing some money from money lending source for the immediate part payment, 3) here supplier or wholesaler offers a trade credit period to his retailer and retailer also offers a trade credit period to his customer. Against the above conjectures inventory model has been formulated with respect to the retailer’s point of view for minimizing the total inventory cost. The non-linear optimization method-Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) method is used to find the optimal solutions. Lastly Numerical examples are set to illustrate this model. Finally we use LINGO software to solve this model.

Empirical Test of Determinants of Accepting Mobile Payment

From a global perspective, the develop ment of 3G services in China is quite different from other countries. The factors that influence users＇ adoption of mobile payment are worth ex ploring. This study employs the Technology Ac ceptance Model （TAM） to examine determinant factors affecting consumers＇ acceptance intentions of mobile payment. We adopt Hofstede＇s cultural dimensions as moderators to extend the TAM model for exploring the impact of uncertainty a voidance on mobile payment acceptance.

A review of spatial targeting methods of payment for ecosystem services

Payments for Ecosystem Services(PES)have been studied extensively over the past decade as an important policy tool for coordinating ecological protection and regional socioeconomic development.One of the greatest challenges of PES implementation is to understand where to pay,i.e.,spatial targeting,which can directly impact PES effectiveness and efficiency.In this study,we conducted a systematic review of spatial targeting methods based on literature analysis using Citespace.Firstly,peer-reviewed articles related to spatial targeting of PES were selected from the Web of Science database based on keywords.Cases applying PES spatial targeting methods were then chosen and analyzed after all articles were read.In total,70%of the chosen cases focused on improving the compensation efficiency of biodiversity or another single environmental objective,whereas the remaining cases focused on coordinating trade-offs between equity and efficiency or multiple environmental objectives.The main PES spatial targeting approaches included cost-benefit analysis,multi-objective optimization,data envelope analysis and other methods aimed at specific issues.Of these,cost-benefit analysis has been most widely applied at different scales,including county,regional and watershed scales.Significant differences among the different PES spatial targeting methods were found,including in PES spatial targeting dimensions,efficiency optimization approaches and method application conditions.The practice of PES spatial targeting requires the selection of appropriate methods based on contextual biophysical and socioeconomic conditions as well as relevant environmental issues.The combined application of PES spatial targeting methods,compensation willingness of stakeholders and dynamic implementation of PES spatial targeting should be considered in future research.

The Expected Discounted Tax Payments on Dual Risk Model under a Dividend Threshold

In this paper, we consider the dual risk model in which periodic taxation are paid according to a loss-carry-forward system and dividends are paid under a threshold strategy. We give an analytical approach to derive the expression of gδ(u) (i.e. the Laplace transform of the first upper exit time). We discuss the expected discounted tax payments for this model and obtain its corresponding integro-differential equations. Finally, for Erlang (2) inter-innovation distribution, closedform expressions for the expected discounted tax payments are given.

Cashless payment and economic growth

Background:This study examines the effect of adopting cashless payment in five European Union(EU)countries,namely,Austria,Belgium,France,Germany,and Portugal,for the period of 2000-2012.Methods:The within and between effect of adopting cheque payment,telegraphic transfer,card payment and electronic money on these EU’s economy are examined by applying the Pedroni residual cointergration and Panel Vector Error Correction Model(VECM).Results:There is short run causality running from cheque payment to telegraphic transfer and card payment,as well as causality running telegraphic transfer to card payment.In the long run,there is significant effect of adopting cashless payment on the economy of the five EU countries.Conclusions:The adoption of one type of cashless payment will affect another type of cashless payment in the short run.The impact of adopting cashless payment on economic growth can only be significantly observed in the long run.Hence,any policy that promotes cashless payment will not affect the economy immediately.

Spherical Fuzzy WASPAS-based Entropy Objective Weighting for International Payment Method Selection

In international trade,exporters prefer to receive payments as quickly as possible,and importers want to make payments as late as possible.In this respect,the payment field,an essential condition for trade transactions,also represents the positions of exporters and importers conflict.In addition,there are many cases in which various variables must be considered rather than only one specific variable representatively affecting payment,particularly in the case of import-export Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises(SMEs)from emerging countries.A selection of proper payment methods can be categorized as a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making(MCDM)issue.Therefore,this study aims to propose a novel and efficient Spherical Fuzzy Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment based Entropy Objective Weighting method(SF-EW and WASPAS-SF)to evaluate international payment methods with uncertain information.First,SF-EW model is applied to determine the relative weights of critical factors.Second,international payment method alternatives are prioritized by the WASPAS-SF approach.Five essential factors for four international payment methods are proposed based on experts’opinions and the existing literature.A real-world case study from Vietnamese import-export SMEs is presented to validate the applicability of the proposed framework.The results indicated that“Characteristics of payment method(PA)”had the most significant impact on international payment method selection.In comparison,“Letters of Credit(L/C)”was the most reliable payment method with the highest ranking available to international traders.Furthermore,a sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the validity and robustness of the proposed decision support model.Consequently,this study could contribute to international payment services and in the context of globalization and international trade.

Assessment of the Affordability of Out-of-Pocket Payments among Some Selected People Living with HIV in Kano, Nigeria

Introduction: With an estimated 1.8 million People Living with HIV (PLHIV), Nigeria’s HIV response is still heavily donor dependent. However, with anticipated decline in donor funding for HIV/AIDS program as the country takes ownership of the program, understanding financing options for PLHIV is important. One of such financing options is affordability of out-of-pocket payments (OOP) for anti-retroviral drugs (ARV) by PLHIV. We assessed affordability of OOP payments for ARVs in Kano State, North-Western Nigeria. Methods: Four Hundred and sixty-nine PLHIV receiving donor-supported-free ARV in Kano, North Western Nigeria were systematically selected and interviewed during routine clinic visits. Affordability for ARV was assessed by a combination of variables including willingness and financial means to incur extra expense for full dose of ARV based on landing and distribution cost of 8.3 USD (about 3,000 NGN) per month dose. Results: Four hundred and sixty-nine respondents were interviewed. Of those, 72 (15.4%, 95% CI: [13.2 - 19.7]) can afford ARV OOP on monthly base. The proportion of males able to pay 3,000 NGN (8.3 USD) or more OOP for ARVs was not different from that of women (15.5% versus 15.2%). Attending school, education level, employment, monthly income and wealth have all been found to be associated with willingness and ability to pay for monthly dose of ARV OOP (p < 0.0001). Conclusion/recommendation: Majority of PLHIV in Kano State may not afford ARV OOP in the event of withdrawal of supports by international donors. Innovative sustainable financing mechanisms from domestic resources are needed for HIV program sustainability.