Decipher hydrocarbon generation and accumulation based on fluid inclusion and chronology:A case study from the Upper Paleozoic buried-hills in Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin

Deciphering hydrocarbon generation and accumulation stage is of significance to understand oil and gas evolution and seek exploration targets.Taking the Upper Paleozoic buried-hills in the Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,as a case study,hydrocarbon generation environment and detailed accumulation process are revealed by fluid inclusions observations,Laser Raman spectroscopy,Fourier Infrared spectroscopy,and K-Ar isotope measurements.The results show that both oil and gas inclusion were captured in the quartz overgrowth,dissolved feldspar and calcite microfractures,showing blue to dark brown fluoresce.The grains containing oil inclusions index(GOI)of oil,oil&gas and gas being 25%,65%,and 10%and the inclusions with abundant methyl groups and short chains,both indicate high thermal maturity.One series of fluids inclusion is generally observed,evidenced by the concentrated homogenization temperature of 135-145℃ and salinity of 3%-15 w.t.%NaCl equiv,indicating one primary charging stage.The gas and gas&liquid inclusions mainly contain CH_(4),with also peaks indicating CO_(2) and N_(2.)The Carboniferous and Permian biomarkers show reducing environment with brackish water,with organic matter sources both from marine and continental.The relative content ofααα20RC_(27),ααα20RC_(28),andααα20RC_(29) exhibit source contributions both from algae and higher plants,and mainly of II2 to III kerogen.Both coal derived gas and oil associated hydrocarbons are identified from most of the buried-hills.Combining the fluid homogenization temperature and salinity,as well as the thermal evolution history,the hydrocarbon generated from the Upper Paleozoic was concentrated at the end of the Eocene(40 Ma±),while the beginning of charging is 60 Ma±.The Wumaying Buried-hill is of only coal derived gas and has potential for inner coal measure natural gas exploration.The results provide a detailed understanding of hydrocarbon accumulations in the study area,which can also be reference for improving petroleum exploration efficiency in similar basins.

Petrographic Characteristics and Metalogeny of Zatua Hills BIFs, Haut-Uele Province (DR Congo)

Zatua Hills are located at Haut Uélé Province of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), between northern Bafwasende and southern Paulis (Isiro) Squarred Degrees. Belonging to greenstone belt of Ngayu, that area is identified by the high elevated zone which is remained the witness of stable zone, not affected by the ancienst erosion process. Zatua Hills are in the superior Kibalian formation dated to Neoarchaen, hosted in Upper Congo Granites Massifs of DRC covering a large central zone of NE of DRC, and consisting to dolerite, phyllade, clay rich sediment, poor Banded Iron Formations (BIFs), enriched BIFs, friable hematite, hard hematite, mineralized and unmineralized brechias. Magnetite, martite and hematite are associated to some secondary minerals such as goethite, gibbsite, kaolinite, strengite, variscite and others clay minerals present in BIFs. Petrographic analysis made from the samples collected in situ showed, as well as BIFs and iron ore associated, that magnetite was much abundant oxide mineral which is oxided to martite before to stabilize to hematite during the deposition time. Having about hundred meters of thickness, the rich iron ore of this area content, in the majority less deleterious elements which, are harmful in metallurgic process of iron. These secondary minerals were precipitated at various degrees in the leached cavities of rocks between martite and hematite aggregates to botryoidal texture and, are rich to Al, and are mainly consisting to gibbsite and solid solution series of variscite-strengite (AlPO4·2H2O and FePO4·2H2O). Low degree of metamorphism played when magnetite was converted to martite, with the presence of variscite and anatase like witnesses of this event in which, martite was crystalized to hematite.

Geochemical Signature and Metalogeny of BIFs and Associated Iron Ore of Zatua Hills, Haut-Uele Province (DR Congo)

Zatua Hills are located in the northeastern part of the DR Congo in Haut Uélé Province, formerly known as Province Orientale. This part of DR Congo is identified by the high elevated zone, which has remained a witness to a stable zone not affected by the ancient erosion process. BIFs are most abundant and are dated to the Neoarchaean and Late Kibalian, hosted in the Upper Congo Granites Massifs of the DR. Congo. Zatua Hills consist of dolerite, phyllade, clay-rich sediment, poor itabirite, enriched BIFs, friable hematite, hard hematite, and mineralized and unmineralized breccias. Field study and geochemistry analysis by XRF, XRD, and ICP-MS are executed in order to know the geochemistry signature and paragenesis of Zatua Hills and the probably process could lead the BIFs to iron ore. The geochemistry analysis by XRF, XRD, and ICP-MS shows that Iron ore content has an iron rate between 57% and 69% with less deleterious elements such as Si, P, and Al. These deleterious elements are secondary and have silicium composition (probably quartz or chert, goethite, and Kaolinite), aluminum (probably gibbsite, variscite, cadwaladérite, goethite, and Kaolinite), phosphorous (probably variscite), and hydrated minerals, which are grown LOI in the samples. Hypogen and supergen processes are played in BIFs for iron ore conversion and, respectively, silica dissolution and leaching. Metamorphism was also impacted and marked by the Ti element (anatase) in samples, contributing to the crystallization of martite to hematite after magnetite oxidation.

Experimental Study on Phase Characteristics of CO2 Injection in BZ13-2 Strong Volatile Oil Reservoir in Bohai Sea Buried Hills

BZ13-2 oil field is a deep submerged strongly volatile reservoir in Bohai Sea. This oil reservoir has the characteristics of high gas oil ratio and small difference in formation pressure and saturation point pressure. It usually adopts gas injection development to avoid crude oil degassing and fast decreasing production capacity. However, the phase characteristics and miscibility mechanism of this high-temperature and high-pressure fluid after gas injection are not clear. Therefore, it is necessary to study the feasibility of CO2 injection to improve oil recovery in near critical volatile oil reservoirs through CO2 injection experiments. In the early stage of the depletion experiment, the content of heavy components in the remaining oil increased significantly, so the depletion method is not conducive to the development of such reservoirs. With the increase of CO2 injection, the volumetric expansion coefficient of formation crude oil increases significantly, while the saturation pressure and formation crude oil viscosity remain basically unchanged. The minimum miscible pressure experiment shows that CO2 injection under formation pressure conditions can achieve multiphase miscibility. Based on experimental research results, the BZ13-2 oilfield is suitable for early gas injection development and can significantly improve recovery.

Romilly Hills肉用细毛羊生长模型

用非线性回归曲线估计 (CurveEstimation)中 11种模型分别拟合RomillyHills肉用细毛羊的生长规律。其中以Cubic模型的拟合度最大。由Cubic模型参数进一步估算出公羊和母羊生长的拐点体重分别为43.498kg和 40 .88kg ,拐点日龄分别为 176 .5 6d和 183.86d ;平均日增重为 2 2 2 .6± 5 0 .72g/d和 188.3± 6 9.2 3g/d。平均瞬时相对生长率分别为 0 .34 779和 0 .34 34 2。

Identification and evaluation of fault-fracture reservoirs in buried hills of the Lower Paleozoic, Chengdao area, China

The Bohai Bay Basin is a Meso-Cenozoic rifted basin where the Paleozoic buried hills with great hydrocarbon potentials are well developed. The reservoir space types are complex and diverse due to tectonic activities, making fracture distribution highly heterogeneous. Reservoir identification and mapping is challenging due to their large burial depth and poor resolution of seismic data. An integration of well-logging, seismic data interpretation and core observation is applied to identify three structural unit types in the study area, that is, fault breccia zone, fault cataclastic zone, and fault massive rock zone. A comprehensive well-logging identification template and a comprehensive discriminant function M for the reservoir are established based on the well-logging response characteristics. A M value greater than 0.12 indicates a fault breccia zone, that between 0.04 and 0.12 marks a fault cataclastic zone, and that in the range from 0.02 to 0.04 represents a fault massive rock zone. A seismic prediction method with multi-parameter fusion is proposed in the study. The large-scale fractures are mapped by coherence-clutter parameters, while small fractures are predicted via waveform indication inversion. The spatial distribution of “fault-fracture reservoirs” is precisely mapped by frequency fusion technology. It is found that the fault breccia zones usually occur close to the fault planes, while the fault cataclastic zones are slightly away from the fault planes. The hydrocarbon abundance of the breccia zones is greater than that of the fault cataclastic and fault massive rock zones.

Kettleman Hills填埋场三维稳定性极限上限分析

1988年3月失稳破坏的美国Kettleman Hills填埋场是一个典型的复杂"山谷"型填埋场,众多学者研究表明仅采用二维截面分析难以对该填埋场整体稳定性进行评价。目前Kettleman Hills填埋场三维稳定性分析多采用极限平衡法,但是由于极限平衡法对破坏模式没有严格的要求(如速度相容),无法确定其所得到的解是偏于安全还是偏于危险,甚至不能确定该破坏模式是否合理。因此本文基于极限分析上限法,构造二维、拟三维及三维破坏机构进行分析,并通过与已有的文献及数值模拟结果进行对比验证方法的合理性及有效性。分析表明,二维和拟三维破坏机构类似,构建容易计算方便,适用于填埋场初步快速分析。而三维多个块体破坏机构构建复杂,计算量大,但能够反映实际填埋场的破坏情况,适用于填埋场的详细稳定性分析。

垂直花园城市Hills方式——东京六本木Hills的方式与效能研究

通过分析森大厦集团开发的东京六本木Hills项目运营以来的情况,总结了垂直花园城市构想的实施策略——Hills方式在六本木Hills中的运用方式和实际效能,提出了Hills方式的补充与完善策略,指出了垂直花园城市构想的Hills方式对当代中国城市建设的借鉴意义。

An Interpretation on Jig's Psychological Fluctuations in Hills like White Elephants

Hills like White Elephants is one of the masterpieces of Ernest Hemingway. The story bears an open ending. This paper attempts to analyze the heroine-Jig's psychological fluctuations, and her three emotional stages to support the author's interpretation on the end of the story—the heroine's final decision is to have the baby born.

Hills2586-2复合纺设备

本文重点就Hills公司2586-2型复合纺设备的技术特点作了详细阐述,并对Hills公司的概况、开发的典型复合纺丝品种及其在服装及产业上的应用做了简单介绍。

Female Hemingway Hero in"Hills Like White Elephant"

Ernest Hemingway, an American author who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, is well known for his distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, and exact portrayal of macho characters, which attracts many critics' attention and earns the title of Hemingway hero.This paper finds that the characteristics of the conventional Hemingway hero can be traced on the female character instead of the male character in"Hills Like White Elephants". Through analyzing the characteris- tics of Hemingway hero on the female character, the author concludes that the female character in"Hills Like White Elephants"of- fers a unique and unconventional example of Hemingway hero and deserves more attention in the research of Hemingway 's charac- terization.

Narrative Rhetoric of Hills Like White Elephants

Hills Like White Elephants is written by Ernest Hemingway,who is one of the greatest representatives of the American literature.Ingenious symbolism and efficient and powerful dialogue combine to make the story a representative of Hemingway's short stories.What is especially successful and notable about this book is that it fully represents the author’s style of the"iceberg",where space of multi-profound meanings is hidden in the simple plot.It is so impressive because Ernest Hemingway has succeeded in presenting the deep meaning as close as possible to the readers through the simple and concise words.This paper tries to carry out a research on the narrative rhetoric of Hills Like White Elephants from three aspects.The first part begins with the analysis of its narrator and narrative situation.The second part centers on the focalization.In the last part,the emphasis is put on the narrative modes.

翻译目的论视角下的Hills Like White Elephants汉译本解读——以张祥麟、翟象俊译本为例

基于翻译目的论,从译者的翻译目的、翻译方法、译者与其他翻译参与者(发起人、预期受众以及原作者)的关系等影响因素,对比分析Hills Like White Elephants汉译本,可看出翟象俊译本倾向于直译,张祥麟译本倾向于意译。两译者都充分考虑到预期受众这一重要因素,遵循了忠实原则和连贯原则,采取了相应的翻译手段,竭力实现了各自的翻译目的。

On Jig's Psychological Changes in the Short Story Hills Like White Elephants of Hemingway

Hills Like White Elephants is a short story by Ernest Hemingway.It is a story about an American man and a pregnant girl.As the protagonist,Jig is considered as a submissive woman who has no definite views of her own.This paper attempts to analyze the changes of Jig's inner thought during the forty minutes of waiting the train.In addition to how the girl has grown up from a weak and dependent character into a brave and independent female after the painful struggle in the helpless and hopeless states under the great pressure of the man.

Geochemical characteristics of mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Naga Hills Ophiolite, India:Implications for petrogenesis

The Naga Hills Ophiolite(NHO) represents one of the fragments of Tethyan oceanic crust in the Himalayan Orogenic system which is exposed in the Phek and Kiphire districts of Nagaland, India. The NHO is composed of partially serpentinized dunite, peridotite, gabbro, basalt, minor plagiogranite,diorite dyke and marine sediments. The basalts are mainly composed of fine grained plagioclase feldspar, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene and show quenching and variolitic textures. The gabbros are characterized by medium to coarse grained plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene with ophitic to sub-ophitic textures. The ultramafic cumulates are represented by olivine, Cpx and Opx.Geochemically, the basalts and gabbros are sub-alkaline to alkaline and show tholeiitic features.The basalts are characterized by 44.1-45.6 wt.% of SiO_2 with 28-38 of Mg#, and the gabbros by38.7-43.7 wt.% of SiO_2, and 26-79 of Mg#. The ultramafic rocks are characterized by 37.4-52.2 wt.% of SiO_2, and 80-88 of Mg#. In multi-element diagrams(spidergrams) both basalts and gabbros show fractionated trends with strong negative anomalies of Zr. Nb. Sr and a gentle negative anomaly of P.However, the rare earth element(REE) plots of the basalts and gabbros show two distinct patterns. The first pattern, represented by light REE(LREE) depletion, suggests N-MORB features and can be interpreted as a signature of Paleo-Tethyan oceanic crust. The second pattern, represented by LREE enrichment with negligible negative Eu anomaly, conforms to E-MORB, and may be related to an arc tectonic setting. In V vs. Ti/1000, Cr vs. Y and AFM diagrams, the basalts and gabbros plot within Island Arc Tholeiite(IAT) and MORB fields suggesting both ridge and arc related settings. The ultramafic rocks exhibit two distinct patterns both in spidergrams and in REE plots. In the spidergram, one group displays highly enriched pattern, whereas the other group shows near flat pattern compared to primordial mantle. In the REE plot, one group displays steeper slopes [(La/Yb)N = 4.340-4.341], whereas the other displays moderate to flat slopes [(La/Yb)N = 0.97-1.67] and negative Eu-anomalies. Our study suggests that the ultramafic rocks represent two possible mantle sources(fertile and refractory).

Seismic Data Acquisition Techniques on Loess Hills in the Ordos Basin

High-resolution exploration for lithologic targets confronted with difficulties due to the original brought out from geophysical and geologic characteristics of the loess hills and the very thick deserts in Ordos. Scientific research since mid 1990s has conducted three acquisition techniques including the high-resolution crooked line survey in valleys, high-resolution multiple straight line survey and 3D survey, under different surface conditions and for different geological targets.

Antiplane response of two scalene triangular hills and a semi-cylindrical canyon by incident SH-waves

Antiplane response of two scalene triangular hills and a semi-cylindrical canyon by SH-waves is studied using wave function expansion and complex function method. Firstly, the analytical model is divided into three parts, and the displacement solutions of wave fields are constructed based on boundary conditions in the three regions. Three domains are then conjoined to satisfy the ＂conjunction＂ condition at shared boundary. In addition, combined with the zero-stress condition of semi-cylindrical canyon, a series of infinite algebraic equations for the problem are derived. Finally, numerical examples are provided and the influence of different parameters on ground motion is discussed.

Minimum Bedrock Exposure Ages and Their Implications:Larsemann Hills and Neighboring Bolingen Islands,East Antarctica

Considerable controversy exists over whether or not extensive glaciation occurred during the global Last Glacial Maximum（LGM） in the Larsemann Hills.In this study we use the in situ produced cosmogenic nuclide ^（10）Be（half life 1.51 Ma） to provide minimum exposure ages for six bedrock samples and one erratic boulder in order to determine the last period of deglaciation in the Larsemann Hills and on the neighboring Bolingen Islands.Three bedrock samples taken from Friendship Mountain（the highest peak on the Mirror Peninsula,Larsemann Hills;～2 km from the ice sheet） have minimum exposure ages ranging from 40.0 to 44.7 ka.The erratic boulder from Peak 106（just at the edge of the ice sheet） has a younger minimum exposure age of only 8.8 ka.The minimum exposure ages for two bedrock samples from Blundell Peak（the highest peak on Stornes Peninsula,Larsemann Hills;～2 km from the ice sheet） are about 17 and 18 ka.On the Bolingen Islands（southwest to the Larsemann Hills;～10 km from the ice sheet）,the minimum exposure age for one bedrock sample is similar to that at Friendship Mountain（i.e.,44 ka）.Our results indicate that the bedrock exposure in the Larsemann Hills and on the neighboring Bolingen Islands commenced obviously before the global LGM（i.e.,20-22 ka）,and the bedrock erosion rates at the Antarctic coast areas may be obviously higher than in the interior land.

Cenozoic Exhumation of Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica:Evidence from Apatite Fission-track Thermochronology

Does Cenozoic exhumation occur in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica？ In the present paper, we conducted an apatite fission-track thermochronologic study across the Larsemann Hills of East Antarctica. Our work reveals a Cenozoic exhumation event at 49.8 ± 12 Ma, which we interpret to be a result of exhumation caused by crustal extension. Within the uncertainty of our age determination, the timing of extension in East Antarctica determined by our study is coeval with the onset time of rifting in West Antarctica at c.55 Ma. The apatite fission-track cooling ages vary systematically in space, indicating a coherent block rotation of the Larsemann Hills region from c.50 Ma to c.10 Ma. This pattern of block tilting was locally disrupted by normal faulting along the Larsemann Hills detachment fault at c.5.4 Ma. The regional extension in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica was the result of tectonic evolution in this area, and may be related to the global extension. Through the discussion of Pan-Gondwanaland movement, and Mesozoic and Cenozoic extensions in West and East Antarctica and adjacent areas, we suggest that the protracted Cenozoic cooling over the Larsemann Hills area was caused by extensional tectonics related to separation and formation of the India Ocean at the time of Gondwanaland breakup.

Tectono-magmatic evolution of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere in supra subduction zone fore arc regime:Geochemical fingerprints from crust-mantle sections of Naga Hills Ophiolite

The Naga Hills Ophiolite(NHO)belt in the Indo-Myanmar range(IMR)represents a segment of Tethyan oceanic crust and upper mantle that was involved in an eastward convergence and collision of the Indian Plate with the Burmese Plate during the Late Cretaceous-Eocene.Here,we present a detailed petrological and geochemical account for the mantle and crustal sections of NHO,northeastern India to address(i)the mantle processes and tectonic regimes involved in their genesis and(ii)their coherence in terms of the thermo-tectonic evolution of Tethyan oceanic crust and upper mantle.The NHO suite comprises well preserved crustal and mantle sections discretely exposed at Moki,Ziphu,Molen,Washelo and Lacham areas.The ultramafic-mafic lithologies of NHO are mineralogically composed of variable proportions of olivine,orthopyroxene,clinopyroxene and plagioclase.The primary igneous textures for the mantle peridotites have been overprinted by extensive serpentinisation whereas the crustal section rocks reflect crystal cumulation in a magma chamber.Chondrite normalised REE profiles for the cumulate peridotite-olivine gabbro-gabbro assemblage constituting the crustal section of NHO show flat to depleted LREE patterns consistent with their generation from depleted MORB-type precursor melt in an extensional tectonic setting,while the mantle peridotites depict U-shaped REE patterns marked by relative enrichment of LREE and HREE over MREE.These features collectively imply a dual role of depleted MORB-type and enriched arc-type mantle components for their genesis with imprints of melt-rock and fluid-rock interactions.Tectonically,studied lithologies from NHO correspond to a boninitic to slab-proximal Island Arc Tholeiite affinity thereby conforming to an intraoceanic supra subduction zone(SSZ)fore-arc regime coherent with the subduction initiation process.The geochemical attributes for the crustal and mantle sections of NHO as mirrored by Zr/Hf,Zr/Sm,Nb/Ta,Zr/Nb,Nb/U,Ba/Nb,Ba/Th,Ba/La and Nd/Hf ratios propound a two-stage petrogenetic process:(i)a depleted fore arc basalt(FAB)type tholeiitic melt parental to the crustal lithologies was extracted from the upwelling asthenospheric mantle at SSZ fore-arc extensional regime thereby rendering a refractory residual upper mantle;(ii)the crust and upper mantle of the SSZ fore arc were progressively refertilised by boninitic melts generated in response to subduction initiation and slab-dehydration.The vestiges of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere preserved in NHO represent an accreted intra-oceanic fore arc crust and upper mantle section which records a transitional geodynamic evolution in a SSZ regime marked by subduction initiation,fore arc extension and arc-continent accretion.