On the Historical Change of Human Rights Culture in China

Culture serves as the spiritual essence and moral support for human rights, whereas the latter provides the value orientation and goal for culture. Human rights are universal as well as particular, since each nation fosters its own perceptions and value orientations related to human rights, which leads to the formation of a human rights culture.

Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary,Southern China:Implications for sources and historical changes

The distribution of heavy metals （Pb, Zn, Cd and As） in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary was investigated. The spatial distribution of heavy metals displayed a decreasing pattern from the turbidity maxima to both upstream and downstream of the estuary, which suggested that suspended sediments played an important role in the trace metal distribution in the Pearl River Estuary. In addition, metal concentrations were higher in the west part of the estuary which received most of the pollutants from the Pearl River. In the sediment cores, fluxes of heavy metals were consistent with a predominant anthropogenic input in the period 1970-1990. From the mid-1990s to the 2000s, there was a significant decline in heavy metal pollution. The observed decline has shown the result of pollution control in the Pearl River Delta. However, it is noteworthy that the metal concentrations in the most recent sediment still remained considerably high. Taken together, the enrichment of heavy metals in sediments was largely controlled by anthropogenic pollution.

Historical Changes and Future Projections of Extreme Temperature and Precipitation along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway

Based on multiresource high-resolution in situ and satellite merged observations along with model simulations from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment(CORDEX),this study first investigated historical changes in extreme temperature and precipitation during the period of 1979-2018 in areas along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway,and then projected the future changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme temperature and precipitation under the RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway)4.5 and 8.5 scenarios.This paper is expected to enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal variability in the extreme temperature and precipitation along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway,and to provide scientific basis to advance the Sichuan-Tibet Railway construction and operation.The results show that temperatures in the Sichuan-Tibet region display a noticeable warming trend in the past 40 years,and the increase of minimum temperature is significantly higher than that of maximum temperature in the northwest of the region.Significant increase of precipitation is found mainly over the northwest of the Tibetan Plateau.Except for Lhasa and its surrounding areas,precipitation over other areas along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway shows no significant change in the past 40 years,as indicated in five datasets;however,precipitation along the railway has shown a remarkable decrease in the past 20 years in the TRMM satellite dataset.The warm days and nights have clearly increased by 6 and 5 day decade1-for 1979-2019,while cold days and nights have markedly decreased by about 6.6 and 3.6 day decade-1,respectively.In the past 20 years,the areas with increased precipitation from very wet days and extremely wet days are mainly distributed to the north of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway,while in the areas along the railway itself,the very wet days and extremely wet days are decreasing.Under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5,the temperature in the Sichuan-Tibet region will increase significantly,and the frequency of extreme high(low)temperature events in the late 21 st century(2070-2099)will greatly increase(decrease)by about 50%-80%(10%)compared with occurrences in the late 20 th century(1970-1999).Meanwhile,the frequency of very wet days and extremely wet days in the Sichuan-Tibet region will increase by about 2%-19% and 2%-5%,respectively,and the areas along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway will be affected by more extreme high temperature and extreme precipitation events.

Historical climate changes in southern Xinjiang

Based on the synthetic researches of multi-index geologic records of Niya section, which are of high resolution in southern margin of the Tarim Basin, together with other geologic records in southern Xinjiang, this paper has reconstructed the history of paleoclimatic changes in this region since about 4.00 ka BP. During the last 4.00 ka, the region of southern Xinjiang has experienced alternations of relative cold-wet and relative warm-dry periods. Three remarkable cold-wet periods (4.00-3.45 ka BP., 2.50-1.90 ka BP., ca.1.40-1.00 ka BP.) and three warm-dry periods (3.45-2.50 ka BP., 1.90-1.40 ka BP., 1.00 ka BP.-present) are identified. It is shown that human activities have an intimate relation with the evolution of paleoclimate in southern Xinjiang.

Global patterns and ecological drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism in angiosperm genera

Endemism of lineages lies at the core of understanding variation in community composition among geographic regions because it reflects how speciation,extinction,and dispersal have influenced current distributions.Here,we investigated geographic patterns and ecological drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism of angiosperm genera across the world.We identify centers of paleo-endemism and neo-endemism of angiosperm genera,and show that they are mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere in tropical and subtropical regions,particularly in Asia and Australia.Different categories of phylogenetic endemism centers can be differentiated using current climate conditions.Current climate,historical climate change,and geographic variables together explained~80%of global variation in taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism,while 42-46%,1%,and 15%were independently explained by these three types of variables,respectively.Thus our findings show that past climate change,current climate,and geography act together in shaping endemism,which are consistent with the findings of previous studies that higher temperature and topographic heterogeneity promote endemism.Our study showed that many centers of phylogenetic endemism of angiosperms,including regions in Amazonia,Venezuela,and west-central tropical Africa that have not previously been identified as biodiversity hotspots,are missed by taxon-based measures of endemism,indicating the importance of including evolutionary history in biodiversity assessment.

Spatial and temporal changes of paddy rice ecosystem services in China during the period 1980–2014

The ecological systems services or multi-functionality of paddy rice cultivation are critical to the functioning of the Earth’s life-support system.We estimated the ecosystem services value(ESV)of paddy rice during 1980-2014 across China.The results indicated that the ESV of the paddy field in China showed an upward trend during this period.The share of ESV on CO_(2)sequestration was the highest,followed by ESV on temperature cooling and greenhouse gas(GHG)emission.The yield-scaled ESVs of ZonesⅡ(southern rice-upland crops rotation regions)andⅢ(southern double rice production regions)were similar and significantly higher than the ESVs of ZonesⅠ(northeastern single rice production regions)and IV(Southwest rice-upland crops rotation regions).Between 1980 and 2014,the ESV of each region increased to varying degrees,except for the ESVs of Guangxi,Zhejiang,Fujian,and Guangdong.Such effects suggest the existence of a significant spatial-temporal variation in the total amount,structure,and density of ESV of paddy fields in China,which can further guide the development of future options for the adaptation of healthy rice production in China.

Changes of the relationship between population and environment in the Yangtze River Valley in history

The Yangtze River Valley (YRV) occupies a very important position in the course of historical development of the Chinese nation. Since the early stage of Old Stone Age, our forefathers have laboured, lived and multiplied on this land, and left us plentiful of ancient cultural heritage. The fossil of Yunyang Man found in Yunyang of Hubei Province based on determination was two million years ago. That is to say, the populationenvironment relationship in the YRV has gone on at least over two million years. Here we briefly inquire into the history of variations in the development of the populationenvironment relationship in the YRV in the period of feudal society including semicolonial and semifeudal society in modern times.

宁夏自然灾害历史变动及成因分析(英文)

A quantitative model is built and the historical variation of natural disasters is analyzed in this paper,by using materials as affected area(damaged area),affected population(dead and injured),casualty of livestock,collapsed houses(damaged houses),decrease of crops yield,economic loss(direct and indirect) and price index over the same period of Ningxia natural disasters(include drought,flood,gale and hail,frost,pest disasters and other disasters) during 1978-2007,and applying gray correlation analysis method.The long-term changes trend of natural disasters is analyzed by the application of the least squares method for linear trend,and the oscillation period is analyzed by using the maximum entropy statistical method.It is found that natural disasters have basically 2 to 3 years of variation period either in the whole region or in the individual regions;from the mid 1980s to the late 1990s,Ningxia is in an oscillation period with disasters attacked frequently in decadal and interannual scale under the background of climate;the increase of damage intensity of natural disasters slow down and tends to decrease since 2000.

Impacts of the north migration of China＇s rice production on its ecosystem service value during the last three decades (1980-2014)

The ecosystem services value （ESV） of rice system has received increasing attention in agricultural policy decision. Over the last three decades, China＇s rice production presented an obviously trend that moving towards north locations. However, the impacts of this migration on the ESV of rice production have not been well documented. In this paper, we analyzed the change of the ESV of rice production in China under ＂north migration＂ and ＂no migration＂ scenarios during 1980-2014 based on long-term historical data. The results showed that both the positive and negative ESVs of rice production were lower under ＂north migration＂ than under ＂no migration＂ scenarios. The total ESV during 1980-2014 was reduced by 15.8%. ＂North migration＂ significantly reduced the area-scaled ESV since the early 1990s; while its impact on yield-scaled ESV was not significant. The effects of＂north migration＂ on ESV showed great spatial variation. The greatest reduction in total and area-scaled ESV was observed in south locations. While the yield-scaled ESVs of most south locations were enhanced under ＂north migration＂ scenario. These results indicated that ＂north migration＂ has generated adverse effects on the ESV of rice production. An adjustment in the spatial distribution is essential to protecting the non-production benefits of rice ecosystem.

Current Situation of Fish Resources in the Lower Reaches of the Songhua River

The Songhua River is one of the seven major rivers in China and an important river in Northeast China, with rich fish species and resources. Based on historical data, on-site visits and field investigation, this paper analyzed the changes of fish resources in the lower reaches of the main stream of the Songhua River, so as to understand the current situation of three grounds and one channel and resources of fishes. This study provides reference for fish conservation in the lower reaches.

A Numerical Simulation Study of Impacts of Historical Land-Use Changes on the Regional Climate in China Since 1700

By using the improved regional climate model （BCC_ RegCM1.0）, a series of modeling experiments are undertaken to investigate the impacts of historical land-use changes （LUCs） on the regional climate in China. Simulations are conducted for 2 years using estimated land-use for 1700, 1800, 1900, 1950, and 1990. The conversion of land cover in these periods was extensive over China, where large areas were altered from forests to either grass or crops, or from grasslands to crops. Results show that, since 1700, historical LUCs have significant effects on regional climate change, with rainfall increasing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin, Northwest China, and Northeast China, but decreasing by different degrees in other regions. The air temperature shows significant warming over large areas in recent hundred years, especially from 1950 to 1990, which is consistent with the warming caused by increasing greenhouse gases. On the other hand, historical LUCs have obvious effects on mean circulation, with the East Asian winter and summer monsoonal flows becoming more intensive, which is mainly attributed to the amplified temperature difference between ocean and land due to vegetation impacts of LUCs on regional climate change. change. Thus, it would be given more attention to the

Response of Atmospheric Energy to Historical Climate Change in CMIP5

Three forms of atmospheric energy, i.e., internal, potential, and latent, are analyzed based on the historical simulations of 32 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5（CMIP5） models and two reanalysis datasets（NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40）. The spatial pattern of climatological mean atmospheric energy is well reproduced by all CMIP5 models. The variation of globally averaged atmospheric energy is similar to that of surface air temperature（SAT） for most models. The atmospheric energy from both simulation and reanalysis decreases following the volcanic eruption in low-latitude zones. Generally, the climatological mean of simulated atmospheric energy from most models is close to that obtained from NCEP/NCAR, while the simulated atmospheric energy trend is close to that obtained from ERA-40. Under a certain variation of SAT, the simulated global latent energy has the largest increase ratio, and the increase ratio of potential energy is the smallest.

Lessons from the past:isotopes of an endangered rail as indicators of underlying change to tidal marsh habitats

Introduction:Tidal marsh systems along the Pacific coast of the United States have experienced substantial stress and loss of area and ecosystem function,which we examined by using the endangered California Ridgway’s Rail,Rallus obsoletus obsoletus(‘rail’)as an indicator of its tidal marsh habitat in the San Francisco Estuary.We organized a collection of historical(1885-1940)and modern(2005-2014)rail feathers and analyzed the feather isotope means for delta carbon(δ^(13)C),sulfur(δ^(34)S),and nitrogen(δ^(15)N)by region and time period.Outcomes:Feather isotopes represented the primary foraging habitat during historical then modern time periods.Neither individual nor regional rail feather isotopes suggested freshwater or terrestrial foraging by the rail.Three regions with both historic and modern feather isotopes revealed non-uniform spatial shifts in isotope levels consistent with a marine based food web and significantδ^(15)N enrichment.Discussion:Our results supported the rail’s status as a generalist forager and obligate tidal marsh species throughout the historic record.The variable isoscape trends generated from feather isotope means illustrated a modern loss of the isotopic homogeneity between regions of historical tidal marsh,which correlated with spatially-explicit habitat alterations such as increasing biological invasions and sewage effluent over time.Conclusion:These findings have reinforced the importance of tidal marsh conservation in the face of ongoing underlying changes to these important ecosystems.

Global brown carbon emissions from combustion sources

Light-absorbing organic carbon(OC),sometimes known as Brown Carbon(BrC),has been recognized as an important fraction of carbonaceous aerosols substantially affecting radiative forcing.This study firstly developed a bottom-up estimate of global primary BrC,and discussed its spatiotemporal distribution and source contributions from 1960 to 2010.The global total primary BrC emission from both natural and anthropogenic sources in 2010 was 7.26(5.98-8.93 as an interquartile range)Tg,with 43.5%from anthropogenic sources.High primary BrC emissions were in regions such as Africa,South America,South and East Asia with natural sources(wild fires and deforestation)contributing over 70%in the former two regions,while in East Asia,anthropogenic sources,especially residential solid fuel combustion,accounted for over 80%of the regional total BrC emissions.Globally,the historical trend was mainly driven by anthropogenic sources,which increased from 1960 to 1990 and then started to decline.Residential emissions significantly impacted on emissions and temporal trends that varied by region.In South and Southeast Asia,the emissions increased obviously due to population growth and a slow transition from solid fuels to clean modern energies in the residential sector.It is estimated that in primary OC,the global average was about 20%BrC,but this ratio varied from 13%to 47%,depending on sector and region.In areas with high residential solid fuel combustion emissions,the ratio was generally twice the value in other areas.Uncertainties in the work are associated with the concept of BrC and measurement technologies,pointing to the need for more studies on BrC analysis and quantification in both emissions and the air.

Patterns and ecological determinants of woody plant height in eastern Eurasia and its relation to primary productivity

Aims Plant height is a key functional trait related to aboveground bio-mass,leaf photosynthesis and plant fitness.However,large-scale geographical patterns in community-average plant height(cAPH)of woody species and drivers of these patterns across different life forms remain hotly debated.Moreover,whether cAPH could be used as a predictor of ecosystem primary productivity is unknown.Methods We compiled mature height and distributions of 11422 woody spe-cies in eastern Eurasia,and estimated geographic patterns in cAPH for different taxonomic groups and life forms.then we evaluated the effects of environmental(including current climate and historical climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM))and evolutionary factors on cAPH.Lastly,we compared the predictive power of cAPH on primary productivity with that of LiDAR-derived canopy-height data from a global survey.Important Findings Geographic patterns of cAPH and their drivers differed among taxonomic groups and life forms.the strongest predictor for cAPH of all woody species combined,angiosperms,all dicots and deciduous dicots was actual evapotranspiration,while temperature was the strongest pre-dictor for cAPH of monocots and tree,shrub and evergreen dicots,and water availability for gymnosperms.Historical climate change since the LGM had only weak effects on cAPH.No phylogenetic signal was detected in family-wise average height,which was also unrelated to the tested environmental factors.Finally,we found a strong correlation between cAPH and ecosystem primary productivity.Primary productivity showed a weaker relationship with cAPH of the tallest species within a grid cell and no relationship with LiDAR-derived canopy height reported in the global survey.Our findings suggest that current climate rather than historical climate change and evolutionary history determine the geographical patterns in cAPH.However,the relative effects of climatic factors representing environmental energy and water availability on spatial variations of cAPH vary among plant life forms.Moreover,our results also suggest that cAPH can be used as a good predictor of ecosystem primary productivity.

Characterizing and monitoring global landscapes using GlobeLand30 datasets:the first decade of the twenty-first century

Global land cover maps are important sources of information for a wide range of studies including land change analysis and climate change research.While the global land cover maps attempt to present a consistent and homogenous data in terms of the production process,the existing datasets offer coarse resolution data,e.g.1000 m for IGBP DISCover and 300 m for GlobeCover 2009 that is oftentimes challenging.Recently,GlobeLand30 data based on Landsat archive for two timestamps of 2000 and 2010 has been released.It presents a finer spatial resolution of 30 m,which provides numerous opportunities for a wide range of studies.The main objective of this study is to use this dataset for characterizing global land cover patterns,monitoring,and identifying extreme land change cases with their types and magnitude.The findings reveal massive land change patterns including deforestation,desertification,shrinkage of water bodies,and urbanization across the globe.The results and discussions of this research can help policy-makers,environmental planners,ecosystem services providers and climate change researchers to gain finer insights about the forms of global land change.Future research calls for further investigation of the underlying causes of the massive changes and their consequences on our ecosystems and human populations.