Historical retrospects and evolutionary characteristics of paleogenomic science and technology

Paleogenomics is a discipline in which the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient biological remains are studied to understand the evolutionary history of past organisms.Research on this topic has revealed the evolutionary history of humans and other species,traced human migrations and genetic changes,and investigated ancient diseases and environmental influences due to its uniqueness.This paper reviews the scientific and technological history of the development of paleogenomics,including the molecular cloning era,the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique era,the genomics era,and the bio-data analysis era.This field explores the key technological development processes and effects of significant scientific discoveries,ranging from gene cloning technology and sequencing technology to breakthroughs and applications in big data analysis,addressing challenges such as sample contamination and trace collection analysis in paleogenomics research.

Epitome of Research on the History of Science and Technology in China:A Review of the Book Series History of Science and Technology in Pre-Modern China in Comparison with Needham’s Science and Civilisation in China

The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.

On the Compilation Modes of Local History of Science and Technology——A Case Study of the History of Ba-Shu Science and Technology

The contents of"Ba-Shu History of Science and Technology"take up a single volume of A General History of Ba-Shu Culture.This paper attempts to explore compilation modes of the history of local science and technology by analyzing the compilation of"Shu History of Science and Technology".There are three approaches available,i.e.a general history-based approach,a discipline-based approach and an integrated approach,also known as a discipline-specific approach based on general history.This paper considers the integrated approach to be the most feasible as it elaborates Ba-Shu culture as a sub-culture of Chinese culture,the connotations of Ba-Shu achievements in science and technology,the special significance of the history of Ba-Shu science and technology,as well as the latest progress in studying the history of Ba-Shu science and technology.This paper also puts forward a possible choice to better approach the compilation of the history of local science and technology,reveals areas worth improving,and indicates a proper direction to move towards.

Logical Interpretation of China’s Science and Technology Development Strategy in the New Era

It has been recognized that self-reliance and self-improvement of science and technology is a necessary choice of taking the independent innovation path with Chinese characteristics in the new era,which provides strategic support for the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country.Containing the theoretical truth of the Chinese Marxist view of science and technology in the 21st century,it follows the 70-year development path of science and technology in New China,and responds to the scientific and technological strategic choice of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way in the new era.This is not only a theoretical deepening of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important statement on scientific and technological innovation,but also a practical guide for China to implement scientific and technological innovation in the new era.

Curriculum and Teaching Reform From the Perspective of Media History

The development history of education is actually a history of the change of media technology.From the perspective of historical development,different periods of media technology have different forms of education.As the two core elements of education,curriculum and teaching are also deeply influenced by the development of media technology.With the continuous emergence of new media,especially in the context of artificial intelligence,the curriculum has experienced the change from attaching importance to subject knowledge to the cultivation of students’innovation ability and core literacy;from static,paper-based,single to dynamic,online and network-based curriculum form;from fixed,unified,limited to personalized,unlimited and open curriculum change is tolerated.Teaching has also experienced two major changes:the optimization of teaching forms and the adjustment of teaching subject role.In order to actively cater to the development of the future science and technology society,the future curriculum and teaching should focus on sustainable development education;focus on the cultivation of key abilities in the 21st century;focus on improving the“three scientific and technological literacy”education;and strengthen the humanistic care of curriculum and teaching.

Promoting Public Understanding in the Science of Geology

Geology is perhaps the most fascinating of the natural sciences, due to its all-encompassing nature. Virtually all human activities that occur on planet Earth--including agriculture, energy and mineral resource exploration and extraction; environmental and public policy on natural resources management and protection; land use planning; infrastructure development; and ecological tourism--all depend on various aspects of geology and its sub-disciplines. Due to the importance of geology in the daily lives of human beings, it is imperative that all persons develop at least a basic understanding of the science. In this paper, the current efforts for promoting public understanding in geology will be examined, with offerings of alternatives and supplements to these efforts. Information from the science education sub-disciplines of HPS （history, philosophy and sociology） of science, and informal/free-choice learning will be woven into the framework of the geology-public understanding idea.

Ceramic Art Reality in the Context of Technology History

The art of ceramics originates from the basic activities of human beings,and uses the tools,following the methods,and the visual production activities combined with aesthetics.Modern technology has spawned new ceramic decoration methods and provided new ideas for artistic creation.Ceramic art relies on ceramic crafts.As the most technical form of many art categories,it is the representative of the“Combination of Art and Crafts”of arts and crafts,and it is the perfect embodiment of“Beauty”in the space-time carrier.The history of Chinese ceramic glaze shows that the study of the history of ceramic technology should rely on the aesthetics of ceramics,and the problems related to the interpretation of modern ceramic art cannot be separated from the context of the history of ceramic technology.

The “Glocal” Dynamics of Construction Labor and Digital Architecture: Preston Scott Cohen’s Addition to the Tel Aviv Museum as Case Study

Globalization and technological change are transforming the ways in which buildings are being designed and built. An overlooked aspect of this development is its impact on construction labor, and the significance of labor for assessing the work of architecture. The paper draws upon the sociological concept of the “glocal” to analyse the construction site as the product of the tension between global and local conditions of architectural production and consumption. The construction of Preston Scott Cohen’s 2010 Tel Aviv Museum Addition serves as its case study for theorizing the “glocal” dynamics of digital architecture, building technology and construction labor. This methodological approach highlights the role of migrant guest workers and technological transfer in contemporary construction culture. To realize with precision the complex design under local constraints, the contractor developed a hybrid work process that interspersed labor saving automated manufacturing techniques with artisanal, skilled construction work. In addition, workers and contractors exercised a high level of control over the pace and method of construction, and devised building solutions which improved upon the architect’s design. In conclusion, the paper argues that construction activity differs from broader trends in manufacturing due to the self-reflexivity of architectural design to its condition of production, but that at the same time, this critical capacity is enabled by the globalization of construction labor.

Science of Music in the Education System of Uzbekistan

Perceiving musicology as a combination of scientific and academic disciplines, and considering the history and the way of its development, the author pays more attention to the problem of understanding the evolution of music and musical science. Music education is presented in the relationship of the two main areas： science and education. There is evidence of a gradual expansion and changes in the content and methods of the science of music. The 21st century rapidly and dynamically entered in our lives in terms of the development of information communication, technological progress and unprecedented rise of scientific thought. Social upheavals of this period of history, a powerful wave of liberation movements have caused an unprecedented intensification of national creative forces committed to the development, expansion of contacts, attached to the other cultures. To date, the science of music has evolved so much on what grew out of it and separated into clearly separate spheres with their problems, trends, directions： music theory, music history, ethnomusicology, musical philosophy, and also music source studying. And it should be noted that each of these areas has its embodiment in materialized form of faculties, departments in the conservatory. Development of new standards, new plans, programs, new courses is a related process of development of these sciences in general.

Prospects of Germany’s Sci-Tech Policy in the Post-Merkel Era

During Angela Merkel’s administration,the German government supported scientific and technological policies that promote German socioeconomic development.After a narrow election win for the Social Democratic Party,Merkel’s position as chancellor will be filled by a leader chosen by a coalition of Germany’s political parties which differ somewhat in their positions on science and technology policy.Also affected by ChinaUS competition,EU strategy,and domestic political pressures in response to economic slowdown and the summer’s heavy flooding,post-Merkel policy is likely to increase both state intervention in scientific research and its investment in climate neutralizing technology,meanwhile strengthening trans-Atlantic tech cooperation and adjusting to China’s competitiveness,with ideology in mind.In the post-Merkel era,there will be more competition between Germany and China.

Japanese Science and Technology Basic Plan: A Perspective of Policy Process

The Japanese government formulates the Science and Technology Basic Plan every five years based on the Science and Technology Basic Law, and indicates the future direction of Japan’s science and technology. This paper describes its history, significance, and decision process of this Science and Technology Basic Plan. Then this paper describes the characteristics of the previous five plans, contributions to Japanese science and technological activities, and its challenges for the future. In the formulation of the Science and Technology Basic Plan, the role of the Council for Science and Technology Policy has been significant. However, after establishing Shinzo Abe administration, the inclination to global innovation has been emphasized in Japan as well, the Council for Science and Technology Policy was renamed the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, and the midterm and annual strategies centered on innovation have also been prepared. This paper described these movements.Japan suffers from population decline and the increase in governmental deficits, and there is also a tendency towards weakness in science and technology innovation. To formulate more suitable science and technology basic plans will revitalize and strengthen Japan’s science and technology innovation.

Perspectives of Science and Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction of Asia

Science and technology innovation has always been present in Asia,but its application in disaster risk reduction(DRR) has been differential.In Asia,globally significant hotspots of disasters and economic development have emerged in which the application of science and technology in DRR has become an essential requirement for informed decision making.Science has supported establishment and implementation of major international initiatives in DRR,including the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.The more recent Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030 recognizes the importance of science and technology in all of its priority action areas,and subsequent global and regional forums and conferences have reconfirmed science and technology's importance.To perceive and monitor the progress of science and technology in DRR,a qualitative assessment of different countries is made using three major attributes:(1) science-based decision making;(2) investment in science and technology;and(3) the intensity of science's link to the public.This assessment exercise points out several strengths and weaknesses in science and technology application;the method can be employed to develop future multistakeholder and multidisciplinary science and technology plans at the country level.To implement regional and national activities,a set of 15 recommendations is put forward,which will strengthen the collective regional "science voice" in DRR.

Reflections on a Science and Technology Agenda for 21st Century Disaster Risk Reduction Based on the Scientific Content of the 2016 UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–203

The first international conference for the post-2015 United Nations landmark agreements(Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, Sustainable Development Goals, and Paris Agreement on Climate Change) was held in January 2016 to discuss the role of science and technology in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 aimed to discuss and endorse plans that maximize science's contribution to reducing disaster risks and losses in the coming 15 years and bring together the diversity of stakeholders producing and using disaster risk reduction(DRR) science and technology. This article describes the evolution of the role of science and technology in the policy process building up to the Sendai Framework adoption that resulted in an unprecedented emphasis on science in the text agreed on by 187 United Nations member states in March 2015 and endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in June 2015. Contributions assembled by the Conference Organizing Committee and teams including the conference concept notes and the conference discussions that involved a broad range of scientists and decision makers are summarized in this article. The conference emphasized how partnerships and networks can advance multidisciplinary research and bring together science, policy, and practice; how disaster risk is understood, and how risks are assessed and early warning systems are designed; what data, standards, and innovative practices would be needed to measure and report on risk reduction; what research and capacity gaps exist and how difficulties in creating and using science for effective DRR can be overcome. The Science and Technology Conference achieved two main outcomes:(1) initiating the UNISDR Science and Technology Partnership for the implementation of the Sendai Framework; and(2) generating discussion and agreement regarding the content and endorsement process of the UNISDR Science and Technology Road Map to 2030.

A Preliminary Study on the Spherical Bombs(Huolei)of the Southern Song Dynasty,Unearthed in Chongqing

The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and Chongqing.In recent years,a special kind of explosive firearms,huolei火雷(bombs),was unearthed in the large-scale excavations of the site of Diaoyu Fortress钓鱼城in Hechuan District合川and the Baidicheng白帝城in Fengjie County奉节,both of which were defensive works constructed in this mountainous area during the Southern Song dynasty.In addition,the ruins of kilns and the clay molds that were relevant to the casting of iron huolei have been discovered at the site of Baidicheng,indicating that these huolei might have been produced locally.The Southern Song iron huolei unearthed in Chongqing are the most direct evidence of the evolvement of gunpowder and firearms,and are of great significance to the history of science and technology,in particular the history of military technology.

Natural Resource and Energy:Towards Sustainable Use and Development

The paper articulates the role of energy sector and its impact on the natural resources and biodiversity, focusing on traditional energy consumption in rural areas;renewable energy technology,gender dimension on rural energy,the energy sector in its geo-political, social and economic settings as well as technology policy on integrating energy planning.It advocates how sub-Saharan Africans are

科技助力体育的时代背景、现实困境与路径优化

在科技赋能的时代背景下,科技已成为体育领域优化和升级的重要驱动力。理清科技助力体育领域的外在条件与内生需求,科技推动体育发展变化的动力逻辑、运动场景需要的应用逻辑及体育产业转型的变革逻辑;着重以透过客观事实探究问题本原,剖析体育科技研究与应用困境的主要表现、重要问题和本质原因;在紧抓自身治理与侧重社会协同的内外路径下,结合政策手段提出综合思路对策,以此引导支持科技助力体育,持续推进体育发展。目前,体育科技战略体系在依托现有社会经济基础与分配关系上,无法支撑其克服研发应用的粗放局面,以实现长效稳态运行,这一问题解决对于体育领域各项工作能否有效实现社会化与市场化亦至关重要。在治本上,应加强民生建设,壮大实体经济,完善分配机制,合理制度安排,实现体育与民生联动发展;在治标上,集中体育科研力量于专门分工具体领域,再过渡覆盖到整个体育领域,研发体系重视基础科学研究、完善成果转化和人才绩效的评价机制。

Research on the evolutionary characteristics of evaluation policies of Chinese science and technology talents

Science and technology talent evaluation is an important part of the talent development system and mechanism,and the state's emphasis on science and technology talent evaluation is reflect-ed in the national policy.This paper takes 49 policy documents on science and technology tal-ent evaluation issued by the state from 1978 to 2022 as the object,and uses policy text analysis,word frequency analysis and co-word network analysis to interpret the content of the policies.These policy texts are divided into four stages.200 high-frequency words were extracted from the policies in each stage after word segmentation was made,and the co-word matrixes and co-word networks were constructed for each stage.The research draws the following conclu-sions:1)The content of Chinese science and technology talent evaluation policies is gradually becoming concrete,and the concept of science and technology talent evaluation is gradually clear;2)The policies have transitioned from"scientific and technological development"to"sci-entific and technological innovation";3)The distribution of policies with different strengths is uneven;4)The cooperation between all departments involved in policy formulation is not e-nough.

科技报告政策细粒度知识图谱构建及应用研究

[目的/意义]科技报告作为我国重要的科技信息资源,不断促进国家的科技创新发展。构建科技报告政策细粒度知识图谱,并探讨其应用价值,对了解、制定和优化相关的政策,保证科技报告质量,提升科技报告工作效率,促进国家科技创新具有重要意义。[方法/过程]收集并整理近10年的科技报告政策,深入挖掘其基本信息和政策文本内容,利用SciAIEngine、Excel、Gephi等工具进行细粒度知识分类聚类,构建科技报告政策细粒度知识图谱。依据政策之间的细粒度知识关联情况,探究图谱在科技报告政策领域的应用价值。[结果/结论]细粒度知识图谱可用于科技报告政策的知识查询、知识统计和内容聚类分析,还可为政策优化提供一定的依据,未来可在科技报告制度建设、科技资源共享、知识产权保护和国家科技报告服务系统方面继续探究。研究虽有所不足,但对未来研究仍有一定的帮助与启发。

The health care economic-industrial complex: Concepts and general characteristics

The strategic role of health care within the Brazilian development agenda has been increasingly recognized and institutionalized. Aside from its importance as a structural element of the Welfare State, health care plays a leading role in generating innovation. Despite this, the productive base of Brazil’s health care system is extremely fragile, jeopardizing both the universal provision of health care services and the country’s competitive insertion in the globalized environment. This suggests the need for a more systematic analysis of the complex relationships that exist between the technological and the social interests involved in the productive base of health care provision in Brazil. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to enhance our understanding of the productive base of health care, especially given its potential to contribute to a socially inclusive development model, which is the ultimate goal in Brazil.

科技外交理论的概念演化、范畴界定及欧美实践的启示

在当前的新形势下,科技外交在应对全球性挑战及地缘政治和国际关系中的作用愈加重要。科技外交运用科技和创新国际合作作为软实力工具,建立和改善与其他国家及地区的关系,当国家间的其他直接关系遭遇困境和挫折时,科技外交仍可充当国家间保持彼此联系的桥梁作用。科技外交包括在国际关系决策中需要明确考虑科学知识和科学建议,为便利国际科技合作和人员交流、促进国内创新而采取的外交政策活动,以及促进与其他国家关系的合作性科技活动等三重功能,国家利益是科技外交的主要驱动力。欧盟及其成员国和美国都重视科技在决策系统和外交政策中的作用,从早期增设使馆科技专员到任命美国国务卿和欧盟对外行动署的科技顾问再到向海外派驻科技大使,资助科技外交研究和培训等,不少做法值得借鉴。我国应在完善国家科技决策咨询机制、建立既精通科技又具有外交知识和技能的人才储备和人才培养及培训机制、鼓励参加国际性科技外交研究和实践交流合作网络等方面加强科技外交工作,制定科技外交战略。