Dynamic mechanical characteristics of deep Jinping marble in complex stress environments

To reveal the dynamic mechanical characteristics of deep rocks,a series of impact tests under triaxial static stress states corresponding to depths of 300-2400 m were conducted.The results showed that both the strain rates and the stress environments in depth significantly affect the mechanical characteristics of rocks.The sensitivity of strain rate to the dynamic strength and deformation modulus shows a negative correlation with depth,indicating that producing penetrative cracks in deep environments is more difficult when damage occurs.The dynamic strength shows a tendency to decrease and then increase slightly,but decreases sharply finally.Transmissivity demonstrates a similar trend as that of strength,whereas reflectivity indicates the opposite trend.Furthermore,two critical depths with high dynamically induced hazard possibilities based on the China Jinping Underground Laboratory(CJPL)were proposed for deep engineering.The first critical depth is 600-900 m,beyond which the sensitivity of rock dynamic characteristics to the strain rate and restraint of circumferential stress decrease,causing instability of surrounding rocks under axial stress condition.The second one lies at 1500-1800 m,where the wave impedance and dynamic strength of deep surrounding rocks drop sharply,and the dissipation energy presents a negative value.It suggests that the dynamic instability of deep surrounding rocks can be divided into dynamic load dominant and dynamic load induced types,depending on the second critical depth.

动载下层状岩体力学特性试验与数值模拟

为研究冲击载荷作用下层状复合岩体的动态力学性能和破裂机制,基于煤单体和白砂岩构成层状软硬煤岩复合体,利用分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置和LS-DYNA有限元分析软件,结合Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)本构模型,开展不同速率和不同冲击方向下层状软硬煤岩复合体加载试验。结果表明:静态载荷作用下,层状煤岩复合体的强度不会随加载方向变化,动态载荷下层状煤岩复合体的峰值应力和动态增长因子DIF都随冲击速度增加呈线性增大,并且波阻抗匹配效果更好的HS复合体力学性能始终优于SH复合体(S和H分别代表煤单体和白砂岩),随着冲击速度增加这种现象逐渐减弱;层状煤岩复合体耗散能密度与入射能密度呈二次增长关系,分形维数也随着速度增加而不断增大,其中,应力波由硬入软时得到的效果优于由软入硬;层状煤岩复合体破碎程度随冲击速度增加而愈发剧烈,HS复合体破坏程度大于同条件下的SH复合体,白砂岩多呈剪切状破碎,煤单体多呈粉碎锥形破坏;层状煤岩复合体交界处与其他区域强度不一致,造成复合体破坏顺序改变,复合体整体强度规律从小到大依次为煤单体非交界面区域、煤单体交界面区域、白砂岩交界面区域、白砂岩非交界面区域。

Optimization of the Air Deck Blasting Parameters on the Basis of the Holmquist-Johnson-Cook Constitutive Model

The present study considers the so-called air deck blasting,one of the most commonly used techniques for the improvement of blasting efficiency in mining applications.In particular,it aims to improve the operating conditions of large-scale equipment,increase the efficiency of the slope enlarging process,and reduce the mining cost.These objectives are implemented through a two-fold approach where,first,a program for slope enlarging based on the middle air-deck charge blasting-loosening technology is proposed,and second,the physical mechanism responsible for the stress wave attenuation in the rock is analyzed in the framework of a Holmquist–Johnson–Cook constitutive model.Field test results verify that the proposed approach is highly efficient and economical when used in medium-hard rock blasting and thus provides a basis for the practical implementation of slope enlargement for high benches in Open-Pit Mines.

流水中泥沙颗粒冲击角度对混凝土的冲蚀数值模拟研究

文章利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件、采用Holmquist-Johnson-Cook模型,对水中混凝土的冲蚀机理进行了分析。计算表明:水流冲蚀角度在90度时,对混凝土结构的冲蚀破坏达到最大,与试验数据相吻合;大冲蚀角度破坏时,会出现表面裂缝及沿着深度方向的裂缝;小角度破坏时,会出现沿深度方向的微裂缝,且小角度破坏为切削破坏。

碰撞条件下常用混凝土模型比较

通过数值试验分析Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC),Concrete-Damage(DAM)和Kinematic-Hardening-Cap(KHC)等常用混凝土模型在侧向撞击、单轴压缩和单轴拉伸条件下的响应特征,研究各模型对碰撞情形的适应性.结果发现:对于侧撞,当撞击速度不大时,各模型所得撞击力结果基本一致;DAM模型因不能有效控制拉伸体积变形可能造成位移过大;HJC模型能较好地考虑应变率效应,预测的单轴动态压缩强度与实际强度较为符合;HJC和KHC模型没有考虑拉伸和压缩子午线的区别,HJC预测的拉应力可能严重偏离其材料强度,而KHC模型在极限状态下很容易发散,无法预测正确结果.

泥石流块石冲击下新型拦挡坝动力响应试验研究

针对泥石流灾害拦挡工程结构型式缺乏创新以及相关试验研究工作欠缺问题,本文提出了两种钢-混凝土组合式新型拦挡坝型式。利用自主设计的冲击模拟试验台对坝体结构在固体冲击作用下的动力响应进行了试验研究和对比分析。结果表明:支撑体系的加强作用和耗能元件的耗能作用有效减轻了新型坝体实体坝身的破坏程度;重力坝动力响应衰减历时至少5倍于带支撑拦挡坝实体坝身,并且后者的动力响应峰值显著低于前者,坝体结构的整体刚度得到了明显增强;耗能坝实体坝身动力响应达到峰值所需耗时是重力坝的2倍有余,并且前者的动力响应峰值相较于后者明显降低,耗能元件的缓冲和耗能作用十分显著。

冲击载荷下砂岩SHPB实验的有限元模拟

文章用LS-DYNA有限元软件对砂岩分离式Hopkinson压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)实验过程进行数值模拟,按实际装置尺寸及实测入射波数据建立有限元模型;运用控制变量法,分析Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)模型中极限面参数对不同应变率下砂岩材料应力-应变曲线的影响规律;结合实验与有限元模拟结果,得到2种砂岩HJC本构模型参数及模型参数确定方法。不同应变率下2种砂岩SHPB实验得到的入射波、反射波、透射波及应力-应变曲线与数值模拟结果均很好吻合,验证了岩石HJC本构模型参数确定方法的有效性。

A Non-Ordinary State-Based Peridynamic Formulation for Failure of Concrete Subjected to Impacting Loads

Strain hardening and strain rate play an important role in dynamic deformation and failure problems such as high-velocity impact cases.In this paper,a non-ordinary state-based peridynamic model for failure and damage of concrete materials subjected to impacting condition is proposed,taking the advantages of both damage model and nonlocal peridynamic method.The Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)model describing the mechanical character and damage of concrete materials under large strain,high strain rate and high hydrostatic pressure was reformulated in the framework of non-ordinary statebased peridynamic theory,and the corresponding numerical approach was developed.The proposed model and numerical approach were validated through simulating typical impacting examples and comparing the results with available experimental observations and results in literature.

Parameters of a severe disease course in ulcerative colitis

AIM:To detect high risk patients with a progressive disease course of ulcerative colitis(UC) requiring immunosuppressive therapy(IT).METHODS:A retrospective,multicenter analysis of 262 UC patients from eight German tertiary inflammatory bowel disease centres was performed.Patients were divided into two groups depending on the patients need to initiate immunosuppressive therapy in the disease course.A comparison between the two groups was made with regard to demographics,clinical and laboratory parameters obtained within three months after UC diagnosis and the response to first medical therapy.Using this data,a prognostic model was established to predict the individual patients probability of requiring an immunosuppressive therapy.RESULTS:In 104(39.7%) out of 262 patients,UC therapy required an immunosuppressive treatment.Patients in this group were significantly younger at time of diagnosis(HR = 0.981 ± 0.014 per year,P = 0.009),and required significantly more often a hospitalisation(HR = 2.5 ± 1.0,P < 0.001) and a systemic corticosteroid therapy at disease onset(HR = 2.4 ± 0.8,P < 0.001),respectively.Response to steroid treatment was significantly different between the two groups of patients(HR = 5.2 ± 3.9 to 50.8 ± 35.6 compared to no steroids,P = 0.016 to P < 0.001).Furthermore,in the IT group an extended disease(HR = 3.5 ± 2.4 to 6.1 ± 4.0 compared to proctitis,P = 0.007 to P = 0.001),anemia(HR = 2.2 ± 0.8,P < 0.001),thrombocytosis(HR = 1.9 ± 1.8,P = 0.009),elevated C-reactive protein(CRP)(HR = 2.1 ± 0.9,P < 0.001),and extraintestinal manifestations in the course of disease(HR = 2.6 ± 1.1,P = 0.004) were observed.Six simple clinical items were used to establish a prognostic model to predict the individual risk requiring an IT.This probability ranges from less than 2% up to 100% after 5 years.Using this,the necessity of an immunosuppressive therapy can be predicted in 60% of patients.Our model can determine the need for an immunosuppressive drug therapy or if a "watch and wait" approach is reasonable already early in the treatment course of UC.CONCLUSION:Using six simple clinical parameters,we can estimate the patients individual risk of developing a progressive disease course.

Zavkhan River and Its Catchment Area Delineation Using Satellite Image

The purpose of this research is to define initial parameters of Khyargas Lake-Zavkhan River and its catchment area using satellite images. The study has been done by two datasets: 1) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) at a horizontal spatial resolution of 90 meters, 2) The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) at a horizontal spatial resolution of 30 meters, using two different models of ArcHydro and Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) softwares. Main methods of models, that were used in this research are the Deterministic-8, the steepest slope, the spread, the seek computations and the trace analysis. Moreover, input data of the modeling are digital elevation model (DEM) and lake position, outlet location of the river. DEM based ArcHydro model was run on the both datasets, and ILWIS model was run on SRTM data. Several intermediate results were produced while the models run, and initial parameters of the Zavkhan River, its catchment area have been defined at the end of the model. Moreover, final results of the models were compared with each other and with the result of previous research, and with the reality. The result of this study can be used in baseline and advanced research on the catchment area. Besides of that, the result can define a spatial boundary of study on Zavkhan River and its catchment area. Moreover, it would have support for decision-making on ground and surface water resource, distribution and management. Further research, which will cover the entire territory of Mongolia, has to be done using same methodology. The 332nd decision on “River catchment areas of Mongolia” of the Minister of Nature, Environment and Tourism in 2009 has to renew, if a result of that study would be accepted from vocational organization and experts.

Automatic Sleep Spindle Detection with EEG Based on Complex Demodulation Method and Decision Tree Model

Sleep spindle is the characteristic waveform of electroencephalogram (EEG) which is important for clinical diagnosis. In this study, an automatic sleep spindle detection method was developed. The EEG signals were recorded based on the standard polysomnogram (PSG) measurement. A preprocessing procedure is introduced to exclude the unnecessary data segments and normalized the necessary data segments. Complex demodulation method is adopted to detect the candidate sleep spindle waveforms and calculate the features. The sleep spindles are recognized based on a decision tree model. Finally, the detected sleep spindles were utilized to amend the sleep stage recognition results. The sleep EEG data from 3 patients with sleep disorders were analyzed. The obtained results showed that the detected sleep spindles in EEG signal improved the accuracy of sleep stage recognition.

Is Chemokine Receptor CCR9 Required for Synovitis in Rheumatoid Arthritis? Deficiency of CCR9 in a Murine Model of Antigen-Induced Arthritis

Objectives: Monocytes/macrophages accumulate in the synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis and play a key role in disease pathogenesis, contributing to inflammation, cartilage destruction and bone erosion. Identification of molecules involved in monocyte/macrophage recruitment in inflammation is crucial for development of therapeutic interventions. Chemokine receptor CCR9 is up-regulated on these cells in peripheral blood and synovium of rheumatoid patients. This study investigated the course of antigen-induced arthritis in CCR9 deficient C57BL/6 mice in comparison to wild type animals to determine whether CCR9 is critical for disease severity and progression. Methods: Methylated bovine serum albumin was used for induction of uni-lateral arthritis by direct injection into the knee joints of preimmunized animals. Arthritis is confined to the injected joint allowing comparison with the normal opposing joint. Clinical severity of arthritis was assessed by measuring swelling in the arthritic joint in comparison to the normal joint. Histological analysis was performed to assess the extent of leukocyte infiltration and cartilage depletion. Results: Levels of swelling were not significantly different between wild type and CCR9 deficient mice. Similarly there was no significant difference in histological severity of arthritis when comparing CCR9-deficient mice to wild type mice. Conclusions: CCR9 was not required for development of synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction in the anti-gen-induced model of arthritis in C57BL/6 mice in this study. This may reflect a true lack of a pathogenic role of CCR9 on monocyte/macrophage function in vivo or it may reflect differences in the current antigen-induced arthritis model when compared to human RA.

Analysis the Dynamics of SIHR Model: Covid-19 Case in Djibouti

The Covid-19 epidemic is an emerging infectious disease of the viral zoonosis type caused by the coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2, it is classified as a human-to-human communicable disease and is currently a pandemic worldwide. In this paper, we propose conceptual mathematical models of the epidemic dynamics of four compartments. We have collected data from the Djibouti health ministry. We study the positivity, boundedness, existence and uniqueness of the weak solution. Next, we define the Basic reproduction number by the method of the DFE and EEP. Then, we study the local and global stability and the bifurcation analysis of equilibrium to examine its epidemiological relevance. Finally, we analyze the fit of the data in comparison with the result of our mathematical results, to validate the model and estimate the important model parameters and prediction about the disease. We consider the real cases of Djibouti from 15th March to 15th May 2021.

Mathematical Modeling of the Influence of the Wind Field Structure in the Atmosphere on the Cloud Formation Processes

The state of the physics of convective clouds and cloud seeding is discussed briefly. It is noted that at the present time there is a transition from the stage of investigation of “elementary” processes in the clouds to the stage of studying the formation of macro- and microstructural characteristics of clouds as a whole, taking into account their system properties. The main directions of the development of cloud physics at the upcoming stage of its development are discussed. The paper points out that one of these areas is the determination of the structure-forming factors for the clouds and the study of their influence on their formation and evolution. It is noted that one of such factors is the interaction of clouds with their surrounding atmosphere, and the main method of studying its role in the processes of cloud formation is mathematical modeling. A three-dimensional nonstationary model of convective clouds is presented with a detailed account of the processes of thermohydrodynamics and microphysics, which is used for research. The results of modeling the influence of the wind field structure in the atmosphere on the formation and evolution of clouds are presented. It is shown that the dynamic characteristics of the atmosphere have a significant effect on the formation of macro- and microstructural characteristics of convective clouds: the more complex the structure of the wind field in the atmosphere (i.e., the more intense the interaction of the atmosphere and the cloud), the less powerful the clouds are formed.

岩石Holmquist-Johnson-Cook模型参数的确定方法

Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)本构模型在混凝土冲击爆炸数值模拟中应用广泛,该文将其推广到岩石类材料中,为合理确定岩石材料的HJC本构模型参数,从塑性屈服面理论出发,得到了特征化黏性强度系数与帽盖模型参数的关系。基于三轴围压实验、Hugoniot实验和Hopkinson压杆实验数据,分别得到了Salem石灰岩极限面参数、压力参数和率效应参数的取值。基于上述模型参数利用有限元程序LS-DYNA对Salem石灰岩的弹体侵彻实验进行了数值模拟,侵彻深度的计算结果与实验数据对比表明了本文所提出的HJC本构模型参数确定方法的合理性和有效性。以相对侵彻深度为目标函数,对Salem石灰岩HJC模型所涉及的19个参数的敏感性进行了分析,并对一般岩石材料的HJC模型参数的确定给出了建议方法,并通过模拟高强花岗岩和Sidewinder凝灰岩弹体侵彻实验,进一步验证了该文提出方法的合理性。

Formation and utilization of water resources of Tarim River

The Tarim River is a typical inland river in arid area without runoff yield of itself, and water resources are all supplied by its headstreams. The method of time series analysis is applied to annual runoff series of three headstreams, namely the Aksu River, Yarkant River and Hotan River to analyze their dynamic variations. A model is established to estimate water consumption in the headstream areas. Quantitative results indicate that both total annual runoff of headstreams and water consumption in the headstream areas have an increasing trend. The dynamic trends of annual runoff of hydrologic stations along the mainstream of the Tarim River are also presented to estimate the intermittence drying-up time at each station. Water consumption model of the mainstream area is used to analyze the characteristics of water consumption in the upper and middle reaches. It is shown that water consumption in each river reach of the mainstream decreases with the decrement of inflow and increases with human activities.