The Holocaust,also known as the Shoah,was the tragic and devastating event of the genocide of European Jews during World War II.Between 1941 and 1945,Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six...The Holocaust,also known as the Shoah,was the tragic and devastating event of the genocide of European Jews during World War II.Between 1941 and 1945,Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe.The Jews and other racial minorities were rounded up across Europe and slaughtered by the German Nazi regime.Little was done to save,and rescue jews during that dark period,that is why the story of Albania,a small country in the Balkans,in which the entire country protected the Jewish community is so remarkable(Savich,2002).This paper will try to examine the heroic rescuing efforts made by the people of Albania during the holocaust while focusing on the Albanian moral code of honor known as“Besa”.This paper will also provide an overview of the impacts of those action.展开更多
Insofar as the right to free speech is constitutionally protected, the article distinguishes between opinions and facts. Whereas the former is protected as a free speech matter, the latter has nothing to do with the r...Insofar as the right to free speech is constitutionally protected, the article distinguishes between opinions and facts. Whereas the former is protected as a free speech matter, the latter has nothing to do with the right to free expression Holocaust Denial concerns denying facts and therefore, it is not a question of freedom of speech. At the same vein, inquiring into the conceptual grounds of the theory of criminalization, the article provides that Holocaust Denial cannot and should not be criminalized.展开更多
Eva Heyman started writing her diary on February 13,＇1944, Friday, on her 13th birthday. Three months later, on May 30, 1944, she was deported to Auschwitz and murdered there. Three days before her deportation, Eva w...Eva Heyman started writing her diary on February 13,＇1944, Friday, on her 13th birthday. Three months later, on May 30, 1944, she was deported to Auschwitz and murdered there. Three days before her deportation, Eva was able to give the diary to the Hungarian family cook, who in turn, passed it on to Eva＇s mother, Egi Zsolt, two year later. The mother published the diary in Hungary in 1948, and almost 20 years later, in 1964, it appeared in Hebrew, published by Yad Vashem as one of the first diaries produced by this institution. The English translation was printed 10 years later, in 1974. Since the latter publication appeared, there has been a debate among scholars regarding the authenticity of the diary, especially because it remained in the hands of the mother and her husband, a well-known Hungarian writer B^la Zsolt, all these years. Some suspected that Zsolt might have had a part in refining the work to ensure its publishing success. The work has been out of print for decades, but less than two years ago, it was reprinted in its original Hungarian form in Budapest. The present case study compares the various versions and attempts to show that what appears, as having been altered by a renowned author is actually the result of a well-intentioned translation. The diaries contain some differences, attributable to translation, resulting in subtle alterations. Hungarian is a synthetic and therefore more laconic language than English. Even the best translation may inadvertently affect historiographical interpretation as well as the moral conclusions of the text. Moreover, the idiomatic structure of the average Hungarian＇s speech, and its simple, colloquial style present an additional challenge to direct translation. This diary may be a singular case of linguistic manipulation, but its implications are relevant on a much wider scale, especially when examining the writings of young victims. Alexandra Zapruder has pointed at a general tendency to elevate young victims＇ writings to a moral higher ground, specifically because of a desire to present them in a favorable light. Linguistic transmutation is a mechanism that may alter the original content and context. This paper wishes to draw attention to this device, especially when the original works are subjected to representation.展开更多
The subject of the Holocaust appeared in Israeli art from the establishment of the State and onwards. The integration of the Holocaust in Israeli art through the years was influenced by Israeli society and the Israeli...The subject of the Holocaust appeared in Israeli art from the establishment of the State and onwards. The integration of the Holocaust in Israeli art through the years was influenced by Israeli society and the Israeli art institutional attitude towards the subject and by local historical events. As a result, we witness a development of two directions in Israeli art concerning the Holocaust. One of them has two facets： a massive use of images emphasizing the enormous personal as well as collective destruction of the Jewish nation as the ultimate victim that ＂the entire world is against us＂; While the other facet is that despite the Jewish people emerge battered and humiliated from the Holocaust, they built a country to be an immovable, permanent and safe place for the Jewish nation since ＂there is no one else except for us to do it＂. The other direction regarding the Holocaust that developed in Israeli art, examining in an universal approach the Israeli response to the Holocaust through the prism of local historical events occurring since the establishment of the State. Therefore, we see imagery that examines the aggressive impression of the Israelis, as an internal as well as external criticism of what seems as aggression and violence against another nation. In Israel, as well as in other Modem states, art is used as a means for expression of different viewpoints. In this article, I am focusing on the artistic references to the above approaches to the Holocaust.展开更多
Mendel, a survivor of Auschwitz who lives in Israel, remains silent for forty years after his traumatic experiences. However, Mendel, for no reason that his daughter Bella, also a survivor, can discern, begins to test...Mendel, a survivor of Auschwitz who lives in Israel, remains silent for forty years after his traumatic experiences. However, Mendel, for no reason that his daughter Bella, also a survivor, can discern, begins to testify to his horrific ordeals during the Holocaust at putatively inopportune times, such as religious holidays and family celebrations. When his granddaughter Hayuta plans an engagement party, the social and historical incongruities of the Holocaust in the context of contemporary Israeli society become apparent. Ordinary pleasures are matters of moral obloquy in the face of the unfathomable black hole of the Holocaust. While critics have charged Mendel＇s daughter with preoccupation with invidious social climbing and his granddaughter Hayuta with moral reprehensible compartmentalization of her historical and familial existences, Liebrecht unwittingly implies that historical trauma has very diverse and inexplicable effects on different family members： Some, like the daughter Bella, eventually wish to hear more about the experiences of her father （while feeling that his words will ＂＇ruin＂ her social life）, while Hayuta and Shifra his daughter-in-law react by shunning the speech of Mendel, which they experience as destroying their quotidian happiness.展开更多
Mendel, a survivor of Auschwitz who lives in Israel, remains silent for 40 years after his traumatic experiences. However, Mendel, for no reason that his daughter Bella, also a survivor, can discern, begins to testify...Mendel, a survivor of Auschwitz who lives in Israel, remains silent for 40 years after his traumatic experiences. However, Mendel, for no reason that his daughter Bella, also a survivor, can discern, begins to testify to his horrific ordeals during the Holocaust at putatively inopportune times, such as religious holidays and family celebrations. When his granddaughter Hayuta plans an engagement party, the social and historical incongruities of the Holocaust in the context of contemporary Israeli society become apparent. Ordinary pleasures are matters of moral obloquy in the face of the unfathomable black hole of the Holocaust. While critics have charged Mendel＇s daughter with preoccupation with invidious social climbing and his granddaughter Hayuta with moral reprehensible compartmentalization of her historical and familial existences, Liebrecht unwittingly implies that historical trauma has very diverse and inexplicable effects on different family members： Some, like the daughter Bella, eventually wish to hear more about the experiences of her father （while feeling that his words will “ruin” her social life）, while Hayutaand Shifra his danghter-in-law react by shunning the speech of Mendel, which they experience as ruining their quotidian happiness.展开更多
In November 2015, the Israeli Ministry of Education declared that the matriculation exam in history would no longer include the Holocaust, and instead students would be required to write a research paper. Following th...In November 2015, the Israeli Ministry of Education declared that the matriculation exam in history would no longer include the Holocaust, and instead students would be required to write a research paper. Following this decision, we wished to test the level of knowledge concerning the Holocaust among undergraduate students （excluding those who study contemporary history, which includes Holocaust studies）. For this purpose, 145 participants were sampled, students at four Israeli academic institutions： two universities and two colleges. The research question referred to remembering information about the Holocaust and the study took into account students＇ different personal, family, and academic background （having participated in the journey to Poland or not, having relatives who had died or survived the Holocaust, being religious or secular）. The knowledge survey refers to terms from four areas： people, historical events during the Holocaust era, organizations that operated in that period, and places and methods of killing. In general, the level of knowledge was found to be very low （general knowledge score： 42.6 of 100）. No significant differences were found in scores by religion or participation in the journey to Poland, aside from knowledge about places and methods of killing, where we found a significant difference between those who participated in the journey to Poland and those who did not. In addition, no significant differences were found between participants whose relatives had died in or had survived the Holocaust, or by either the number of years since high school graduation or gender. From the respondents＇ answers, it appears that high school studies play an essential role as the main perceived source of knowledge （90.4% referred to school as a main or additional knowledge source）. When asked about the new exam format, the majority （52.1%） replied that they would prefer writing a research paper to taking an exam. The low level of knowledge that we found raises practical questions： Are the schools teaching correctly？ Should the study program be reviewed？ Are we providing the right highlights？ What is the contribution of the journey to Poland if 60% of the participants are not familiar, for example, with Mordechai Anielewicz？ What can be done to improve the situation？ Will the decision to exclude Holocaust topics from the high school finals in history and to require students to write a research paper, improve the situation？ What is the future of remembrance in a generation that will have no Holocaust survivors to tell their personal story？ It is necessary to check the importance of the school as a primary source of knowledge and how to improve the study methods so that the knowledge will be preserved. Perhaps the informal teaching that includes the journey to Poland plays an important role and should be used more often. Furthermore, despite students＇ support of the reform and the conception that writing a research paper is better than taking an exam about the Holocaust, there is a need to check what is included in this research paper and whether writing it on a specific subject connected to the Holocaust won＇t cause a situation where the students are only proficient in that subject with regard to the Holocaust. In addition, the student＇s ability to prepare a research paper should be considered. Indeed, the students replied that they would be capable of writing such a paper, but the question is whether high school students indeed have the necessary proficiency and tools.展开更多
Holocaust memorial sites rarely tell the story of individual fates but rather give attention to the main or larger population groups that were the focus of persecution and extermination during the Nazi Germany twelve ...Holocaust memorial sites rarely tell the story of individual fates but rather give attention to the main or larger population groups that were the focus of persecution and extermination during the Nazi Germany twelve years of terror in Europe 1933-45. This essay takes a closer look at one of the most remarkable exemptions of the prevailing memory culture at Holocaust memorials： the sites and events highlighting Anne Frank and her short life in troubled times. Over the past years millions of travelers from all over the world have shown a genuine interest in learning about the life world of their young heroine thus creating what has been termed Anne Frank Tourism. In 2014, 1.2 million people visited the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam： the museum and educational center, the place in hiding where she wrote her now famous and widely read diary. Several other sites connected to the life path of Anne Frank, from her birth place in Frankfurt to the Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp where her life prematurely ended, have also become part of the mostly young tourists＇ search for Anne Frank＇s life and legacy. With the rising popularity of Anne Frank related sites the management of some of the locales has become more problematic which is discussed in the context of a several museums, centers and historic sites. On a more general note, it is argued here that in recent years the more group oriented commemoration practices at Holocaust sites have given way to a trend of putting individual faces to the victims of the Holocaust. It was, in particular, novels, films and TV productions about the Holocaust that emphasized individual life paths and events and enticed visitation to more personalized sites. Steven Spielberg＇s popular movie Schindler＇s List, for example, contributed to ＂Schindler tourism＂, a form of special interest tourism in Krakow. More and more Holocaust memorial sites have also started to honor outstanding individuals or small groups in resistance and opposition to Nazi Germany. Examples of this are the fighters of the 1943 uprising at the Sobibor death camp and the courageous student members of the ＂White Rose＂ in Munich who stood up to the powers of the time and were executed. In the concluding part the question will be raised of what is the proper approach in the representation of the fate of the victims of Nazi Germany： A personalized approach or a greater focus on an explanation of the ideology and policies behind the rule of terror which may contribute to the visitors＇ better understanding of a complex history？展开更多
Saul Bellow’s seventh novel Mr.Sammler’s Planet combines the urban narrative of New York City with the Holocaust narrative,revealing the crisis of postmodern American society.This paper explores Sammler’s unique pe...Saul Bellow’s seventh novel Mr.Sammler’s Planet combines the urban narrative of New York City with the Holocaust narrative,revealing the crisis of postmodern American society.This paper explores Sammler’s unique perspective as a witness to the Holocaust history and the social phenomena of the 1960s,so as to excavate the characteristics of New York City.Under the shackles of modern instrumental rationality and social order,the feverish Holocaust turns into fanatical destruction that subverts traditional ethical values.Sammler discerns the destructive factors in history and the darkness in human nature,but he is not entirely pessimistic and makes exploration for the future of New York City.展开更多
There have been disputes about the ethical fictionalization of the Holocaust.Among all the presentations,two contemporary literary works Sarah’s Key and Schindler’s Ark represent two different writings,fiction and n...There have been disputes about the ethical fictionalization of the Holocaust.Among all the presentations,two contemporary literary works Sarah’s Key and Schindler’s Ark represent two different writings,fiction and non-fiction.Through the comparison of the writing techniques and themes in the illusion of the horror,this essay aims at discussing the method of recording the humanity catastrophe when losing testimonies as time pass by and approaching modern readers with this historical themes authentically.展开更多
This article explores the rhetoric and mass mediation of the national Holocaust Memorial Day (HMD)commemoration ceremony,as broadcast on British television.Following the recommendation of the Stockholm International F...This article explores the rhetoric and mass mediation of the national Holocaust Memorial Day (HMD)commemoration ceremony,as broadcast on British television.Following the recommendation of the Stockholm International Forum,since 2001,Britain has commemorated victims of the Holocaust and subsequent genocides on 27 January.The national commemoration has been broadcast on television five times:in 2001,2002,2005,2015 and 2016.These programmes both reflect and illuminate the complex processes of (national)histories,individual memory and collective remembrance,and the ways that they mediate and interact with each other in social and historic contexts.I argue that these televised ceremonies orientate to four communicative metafunctions,the combination of which is particular to this media genre.They aim to simultaneously achieve four things:to Communicate History ('what happened');to Communicate Values ('why we commemorate');to Communicate Solemnity ('how we commemorate');and to Communicate Hope ('that we are not defined by this catastrophic past').In this article,I examine:the ways that these metafunctions are communicated through words,music and images;and 'some of the ways that these metafunctions can rhetorically derail,undermining their communication.展开更多
Memory of the Holocaust is viewed as one of the major pillars of theIsraeli Jewish identity. The Holocaust commemoration has undergoneseveral changes during the past seventy years, and now is maintainednot only by the...Memory of the Holocaust is viewed as one of the major pillars of theIsraeli Jewish identity. The Holocaust commemoration has undergoneseveral changes during the past seventy years, and now is maintainednot only by the state from above but also by the general public frombelow. This results in pluralistic ways of remembering the victimsand their suffering. Although the generation of survivors is fading,the commemoration becomes ever more thriving and variegated. Thearticle compares this Israeli experience with China’s commemorationof the War of Resistance against Japanese Invasion. Commemorationin China is reminiscent of what was normative in Israel fifty years ago:it is directed primarily by the state, is highly politicized, and has little room for commemorating individual victims. The de–personalized way of commemoration, in addition to manipulation of memories in a variety of low–quality TV serials prevents the general public from full identification with the victims of Japanese aggression. The article analyzes lessons from changing ways of commemorating the Holocaust in Israel, suggesting novel ways of teaching the painful past to young generations in China.展开更多
文摘The Holocaust,also known as the Shoah,was the tragic and devastating event of the genocide of European Jews during World War II.Between 1941 and 1945,Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe.The Jews and other racial minorities were rounded up across Europe and slaughtered by the German Nazi regime.Little was done to save,and rescue jews during that dark period,that is why the story of Albania,a small country in the Balkans,in which the entire country protected the Jewish community is so remarkable(Savich,2002).This paper will try to examine the heroic rescuing efforts made by the people of Albania during the holocaust while focusing on the Albanian moral code of honor known as“Besa”.This paper will also provide an overview of the impacts of those action.
文摘Insofar as the right to free speech is constitutionally protected, the article distinguishes between opinions and facts. Whereas the former is protected as a free speech matter, the latter has nothing to do with the right to free expression Holocaust Denial concerns denying facts and therefore, it is not a question of freedom of speech. At the same vein, inquiring into the conceptual grounds of the theory of criminalization, the article provides that Holocaust Denial cannot and should not be criminalized.
文摘Eva Heyman started writing her diary on February 13,＇1944, Friday, on her 13th birthday. Three months later, on May 30, 1944, she was deported to Auschwitz and murdered there. Three days before her deportation, Eva was able to give the diary to the Hungarian family cook, who in turn, passed it on to Eva＇s mother, Egi Zsolt, two year later. The mother published the diary in Hungary in 1948, and almost 20 years later, in 1964, it appeared in Hebrew, published by Yad Vashem as one of the first diaries produced by this institution. The English translation was printed 10 years later, in 1974. Since the latter publication appeared, there has been a debate among scholars regarding the authenticity of the diary, especially because it remained in the hands of the mother and her husband, a well-known Hungarian writer B^la Zsolt, all these years. Some suspected that Zsolt might have had a part in refining the work to ensure its publishing success. The work has been out of print for decades, but less than two years ago, it was reprinted in its original Hungarian form in Budapest. The present case study compares the various versions and attempts to show that what appears, as having been altered by a renowned author is actually the result of a well-intentioned translation. The diaries contain some differences, attributable to translation, resulting in subtle alterations. Hungarian is a synthetic and therefore more laconic language than English. Even the best translation may inadvertently affect historiographical interpretation as well as the moral conclusions of the text. Moreover, the idiomatic structure of the average Hungarian＇s speech, and its simple, colloquial style present an additional challenge to direct translation. This diary may be a singular case of linguistic manipulation, but its implications are relevant on a much wider scale, especially when examining the writings of young victims. Alexandra Zapruder has pointed at a general tendency to elevate young victims＇ writings to a moral higher ground, specifically because of a desire to present them in a favorable light. Linguistic transmutation is a mechanism that may alter the original content and context. This paper wishes to draw attention to this device, especially when the original works are subjected to representation.
文摘The subject of the Holocaust appeared in Israeli art from the establishment of the State and onwards. The integration of the Holocaust in Israeli art through the years was influenced by Israeli society and the Israeli art institutional attitude towards the subject and by local historical events. As a result, we witness a development of two directions in Israeli art concerning the Holocaust. One of them has two facets： a massive use of images emphasizing the enormous personal as well as collective destruction of the Jewish nation as the ultimate victim that ＂the entire world is against us＂; While the other facet is that despite the Jewish people emerge battered and humiliated from the Holocaust, they built a country to be an immovable, permanent and safe place for the Jewish nation since ＂there is no one else except for us to do it＂. The other direction regarding the Holocaust that developed in Israeli art, examining in an universal approach the Israeli response to the Holocaust through the prism of local historical events occurring since the establishment of the State. Therefore, we see imagery that examines the aggressive impression of the Israelis, as an internal as well as external criticism of what seems as aggression and violence against another nation. In Israel, as well as in other Modem states, art is used as a means for expression of different viewpoints. In this article, I am focusing on the artistic references to the above approaches to the Holocaust.
文摘Mendel, a survivor of Auschwitz who lives in Israel, remains silent for forty years after his traumatic experiences. However, Mendel, for no reason that his daughter Bella, also a survivor, can discern, begins to testify to his horrific ordeals during the Holocaust at putatively inopportune times, such as religious holidays and family celebrations. When his granddaughter Hayuta plans an engagement party, the social and historical incongruities of the Holocaust in the context of contemporary Israeli society become apparent. Ordinary pleasures are matters of moral obloquy in the face of the unfathomable black hole of the Holocaust. While critics have charged Mendel＇s daughter with preoccupation with invidious social climbing and his granddaughter Hayuta with moral reprehensible compartmentalization of her historical and familial existences, Liebrecht unwittingly implies that historical trauma has very diverse and inexplicable effects on different family members： Some, like the daughter Bella, eventually wish to hear more about the experiences of her father （while feeling that his words will ＂＇ruin＂ her social life）, while Hayuta and Shifra his daughter-in-law react by shunning the speech of Mendel, which they experience as destroying their quotidian happiness.
文摘Mendel, a survivor of Auschwitz who lives in Israel, remains silent for 40 years after his traumatic experiences. However, Mendel, for no reason that his daughter Bella, also a survivor, can discern, begins to testify to his horrific ordeals during the Holocaust at putatively inopportune times, such as religious holidays and family celebrations. When his granddaughter Hayuta plans an engagement party, the social and historical incongruities of the Holocaust in the context of contemporary Israeli society become apparent. Ordinary pleasures are matters of moral obloquy in the face of the unfathomable black hole of the Holocaust. While critics have charged Mendel＇s daughter with preoccupation with invidious social climbing and his granddaughter Hayuta with moral reprehensible compartmentalization of her historical and familial existences, Liebrecht unwittingly implies that historical trauma has very diverse and inexplicable effects on different family members： Some, like the daughter Bella, eventually wish to hear more about the experiences of her father （while feeling that his words will “ruin” her social life）, while Hayutaand Shifra his danghter-in-law react by shunning the speech of Mendel, which they experience as ruining their quotidian happiness.
文摘In November 2015, the Israeli Ministry of Education declared that the matriculation exam in history would no longer include the Holocaust, and instead students would be required to write a research paper. Following this decision, we wished to test the level of knowledge concerning the Holocaust among undergraduate students （excluding those who study contemporary history, which includes Holocaust studies）. For this purpose, 145 participants were sampled, students at four Israeli academic institutions： two universities and two colleges. The research question referred to remembering information about the Holocaust and the study took into account students＇ different personal, family, and academic background （having participated in the journey to Poland or not, having relatives who had died or survived the Holocaust, being religious or secular）. The knowledge survey refers to terms from four areas： people, historical events during the Holocaust era, organizations that operated in that period, and places and methods of killing. In general, the level of knowledge was found to be very low （general knowledge score： 42.6 of 100）. No significant differences were found in scores by religion or participation in the journey to Poland, aside from knowledge about places and methods of killing, where we found a significant difference between those who participated in the journey to Poland and those who did not. In addition, no significant differences were found between participants whose relatives had died in or had survived the Holocaust, or by either the number of years since high school graduation or gender. From the respondents＇ answers, it appears that high school studies play an essential role as the main perceived source of knowledge （90.4% referred to school as a main or additional knowledge source）. When asked about the new exam format, the majority （52.1%） replied that they would prefer writing a research paper to taking an exam. The low level of knowledge that we found raises practical questions： Are the schools teaching correctly？ Should the study program be reviewed？ Are we providing the right highlights？ What is the contribution of the journey to Poland if 60% of the participants are not familiar, for example, with Mordechai Anielewicz？ What can be done to improve the situation？ Will the decision to exclude Holocaust topics from the high school finals in history and to require students to write a research paper, improve the situation？ What is the future of remembrance in a generation that will have no Holocaust survivors to tell their personal story？ It is necessary to check the importance of the school as a primary source of knowledge and how to improve the study methods so that the knowledge will be preserved. Perhaps the informal teaching that includes the journey to Poland plays an important role and should be used more often. Furthermore, despite students＇ support of the reform and the conception that writing a research paper is better than taking an exam about the Holocaust, there is a need to check what is included in this research paper and whether writing it on a specific subject connected to the Holocaust won＇t cause a situation where the students are only proficient in that subject with regard to the Holocaust. In addition, the student＇s ability to prepare a research paper should be considered. Indeed, the students replied that they would be capable of writing such a paper, but the question is whether high school students indeed have the necessary proficiency and tools.
文摘Holocaust memorial sites rarely tell the story of individual fates but rather give attention to the main or larger population groups that were the focus of persecution and extermination during the Nazi Germany twelve years of terror in Europe 1933-45. This essay takes a closer look at one of the most remarkable exemptions of the prevailing memory culture at Holocaust memorials： the sites and events highlighting Anne Frank and her short life in troubled times. Over the past years millions of travelers from all over the world have shown a genuine interest in learning about the life world of their young heroine thus creating what has been termed Anne Frank Tourism. In 2014, 1.2 million people visited the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam： the museum and educational center, the place in hiding where she wrote her now famous and widely read diary. Several other sites connected to the life path of Anne Frank, from her birth place in Frankfurt to the Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp where her life prematurely ended, have also become part of the mostly young tourists＇ search for Anne Frank＇s life and legacy. With the rising popularity of Anne Frank related sites the management of some of the locales has become more problematic which is discussed in the context of a several museums, centers and historic sites. On a more general note, it is argued here that in recent years the more group oriented commemoration practices at Holocaust sites have given way to a trend of putting individual faces to the victims of the Holocaust. It was, in particular, novels, films and TV productions about the Holocaust that emphasized individual life paths and events and enticed visitation to more personalized sites. Steven Spielberg＇s popular movie Schindler＇s List, for example, contributed to ＂Schindler tourism＂, a form of special interest tourism in Krakow. More and more Holocaust memorial sites have also started to honor outstanding individuals or small groups in resistance and opposition to Nazi Germany. Examples of this are the fighters of the 1943 uprising at the Sobibor death camp and the courageous student members of the ＂White Rose＂ in Munich who stood up to the powers of the time and were executed. In the concluding part the question will be raised of what is the proper approach in the representation of the fate of the victims of Nazi Germany： A personalized approach or a greater focus on an explanation of the ideology and policies behind the rule of terror which may contribute to the visitors＇ better understanding of a complex history？
文摘Saul Bellow’s seventh novel Mr.Sammler’s Planet combines the urban narrative of New York City with the Holocaust narrative,revealing the crisis of postmodern American society.This paper explores Sammler’s unique perspective as a witness to the Holocaust history and the social phenomena of the 1960s,so as to excavate the characteristics of New York City.Under the shackles of modern instrumental rationality and social order,the feverish Holocaust turns into fanatical destruction that subverts traditional ethical values.Sammler discerns the destructive factors in history and the darkness in human nature,but he is not entirely pessimistic and makes exploration for the future of New York City.
文摘There have been disputes about the ethical fictionalization of the Holocaust.Among all the presentations,two contemporary literary works Sarah’s Key and Schindler’s Ark represent two different writings,fiction and non-fiction.Through the comparison of the writing techniques and themes in the illusion of the horror,this essay aims at discussing the method of recording the humanity catastrophe when losing testimonies as time pass by and approaching modern readers with this historical themes authentically.
文摘This article explores the rhetoric and mass mediation of the national Holocaust Memorial Day (HMD)commemoration ceremony,as broadcast on British television.Following the recommendation of the Stockholm International Forum,since 2001,Britain has commemorated victims of the Holocaust and subsequent genocides on 27 January.The national commemoration has been broadcast on television five times:in 2001,2002,2005,2015 and 2016.These programmes both reflect and illuminate the complex processes of (national)histories,individual memory and collective remembrance,and the ways that they mediate and interact with each other in social and historic contexts.I argue that these televised ceremonies orientate to four communicative metafunctions,the combination of which is particular to this media genre.They aim to simultaneously achieve four things:to Communicate History ('what happened');to Communicate Values ('why we commemorate');to Communicate Solemnity ('how we commemorate');and to Communicate Hope ('that we are not defined by this catastrophic past').In this article,I examine:the ways that these metafunctions are communicated through words,music and images;and 'some of the ways that these metafunctions can rhetorically derail,undermining their communication.
文摘Memory of the Holocaust is viewed as one of the major pillars of theIsraeli Jewish identity. The Holocaust commemoration has undergoneseveral changes during the past seventy years, and now is maintainednot only by the state from above but also by the general public frombelow. This results in pluralistic ways of remembering the victimsand their suffering. Although the generation of survivors is fading,the commemoration becomes ever more thriving and variegated. Thearticle compares this Israeli experience with China’s commemorationof the War of Resistance against Japanese Invasion. Commemorationin China is reminiscent of what was normative in Israel fifty years ago:it is directed primarily by the state, is highly politicized, and has little room for commemorating individual victims. The de–personalized way of commemoration, in addition to manipulation of memories in a variety of low–quality TV serials prevents the general public from full identification with the victims of Japanese aggression. The article analyzes lessons from changing ways of commemorating the Holocaust in Israel, suggesting novel ways of teaching the painful past to young generations in China.
