Much is said of China’s judicial system and much more remains conspicuously unsaid,but recent changes have seen promising reforms for the state’s beleaguered court system.For starters,the authorities are beginning t...Much is said of China’s judicial system and much more remains conspicuously unsaid,but recent changes have seen promising reforms for the state’s beleaguered court system.For starters,the authorities are beginning to take notice that judges,those on the front lines of dispensing-justice,are underpaid,overworked,and unappreciated.There’s also the rather troubling matter of jurisdiction,but recent changes have provided more provincial展开更多
The first humans （hominids） appeared at about the same geological time in three independent areas： in East Africa, southern Indochina and in the Kazakh steppe. People inhabiting all continents and countries around ...The first humans （hominids） appeared at about the same geological time in three independent areas： in East Africa, southern Indochina and in the Kazakh steppe. People inhabiting all continents and countries around the world descended from hominids that emerged in these three foci then resided elsewhere. The number of people emerged 2-3 million years ago now about 7.0 billion people. They inhabit the planet and the master space. Kazakh steppe, located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, has always had a positive impact on neighboring countries. According to historical geological data obtained in the south near the ridge Karatau, the first people emerged on the territory of Kazakhstan were found about 2 million years ago. Such a conclusion was made on the basis of residual cultural pebble tools of hominids, founded by scientists. As a result of geological survey work carried out in the 1960＇s there were found some primitive people, starting with the era of＂Arystandy culture＂ and including the Late Paleolithic era in the area of ridges Big and Small Karatau. There had been found the fossil remains of large mammals hunted by hominids around the sites of ancient people. Thanks for these residues the corresponding time of residence of primitive people can be judged from the animal world of the Kazakh steppe.展开更多
From Ganqian (Tubo) Cave a total of 17 hominid teeth attributed to late Homo sapiens has been collected along with an abundance of mammalian fossils. The fossiliferous deposits are bracketed by the capping and second ...From Ganqian (Tubo) Cave a total of 17 hominid teeth attributed to late Homo sapiens has been collected along with an abundance of mammalian fossils. The fossiliferous deposits are bracketed by the capping and second flowstone layers, which yielded 230 Th/ 234 U dates of ～93 and ～220 ka, marking the minimum and maximum age of the hominid teeth respectively. Two U series methods performed on two mammalian teeth gave dates in the range of 85 and 139 ka, lending support to the stratigraphic order of the depositional sequence. The results presented in this paper point to an occurrence of modern Homo sapiens in southern China much earlier than has been thought, which is supported by the dating of nearby Liujiang and Bailiandong hominid sites. Taken together, these data suggest that China should not be considered as a backwater in recent human evolution where all the previous populations were replaced.展开更多
Protein kinases play an important role in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases.However their incidence in non-human primates is found to be very low.Small differences among the genomes might influence the disea...Protein kinases play an important role in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases.However their incidence in non-human primates is found to be very low.Small differences among the genomes might influence the disease susceptibilities.The present study deals with finding the genetic differences of protein kinases in humans and their three closest evolutionary partners chimpanzee,gorilla and orangutan for three neurodegenerative diseases namely,Alzheimer’s,Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases.In total 47 human protein kinases associated with three neurodegenerative diseases and their orthologs from other three nonhuman primates were identified and analyzed for any possible susceptibility factors in humans.Multiple sequence alignment and pairwise sequence alignment revealed that,18 human protein kinases including DYRK1A,RPS6KB1,and GRK6 contained significant indels and substitutions.Further phosphorylation site analysis revealed that eight kinases including MARK2 and LTK contained sites of phosphorylation exclusive to human genomes which could be particular candidates in determining disease susceptibility between human and non-human primates.Final pathway analysis of these eight kinases and their targets revealed that these kinases could have long range consequences in important signaling pathways which are associated with neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
Ten thousands of bone fragments were recovered from the Ma’anshan Paleolithic site, of which 4358 pieces can be identified to skeletal elements or species. In this research, the bone assemblages are quantified based ...Ten thousands of bone fragments were recovered from the Ma’anshan Paleolithic site, of which 4358 pieces can be identified to skeletal elements or species. In this research, the bone assemblages are quantified based on elements of MNI, MNE, and MAU. Then bone surface modifications and skeletal element profiles of the bone assemblages are studied to understand shlepping behaviors and reveal the technique of disarticulating and defleshing the animals’ bodies, etc. Based on the analyses of bone assemblages and the comparative study with the ethnoarchaeological as well as experimental data, it is assumed that later hominids at the site made fuller use of the game animals than the earlier hominids. Incorporating the lines of evidence from chronological dating, paleoenvironment, and polished bone tools between the two cultural layers, here we propose three hypotheses suggesting that the changes of environment, the migrations of the hominids from the North, or the demographic pulses may cause such a behavioral difference. However, it is yet to be determined which hypothesis can better explain the changes.展开更多
Preliminary study on enamel microstructure of 5 lower permanent incisors of Late Mio-cene Yuanmou hominoids was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The enamel incremental markings, as well as perikym...Preliminary study on enamel microstructure of 5 lower permanent incisors of Late Mio-cene Yuanmou hominoids was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The enamel incremental markings, as well as perikymata spacing and its periodicity were observed and counted. Using the perikymata number and periodicity, the crown formation times of the incisors are estimated. The transverse and longitudinal microstructures of the enamel prisms are also ob-served. Comparison of the dental development and enamel microstructure features of Yuanmou hominoids with those of Lufeng hominoids shows that there are similarities and also some differ-ences between them. The relationship between Yuanmou hominoids and early hominids is dis-cussed.展开更多
文摘Much is said of China’s judicial system and much more remains conspicuously unsaid,but recent changes have seen promising reforms for the state’s beleaguered court system.For starters,the authorities are beginning to take notice that judges,those on the front lines of dispensing-justice,are underpaid,overworked,and unappreciated.There’s also the rather troubling matter of jurisdiction,but recent changes have provided more provincial
文摘The first humans （hominids） appeared at about the same geological time in three independent areas： in East Africa, southern Indochina and in the Kazakh steppe. People inhabiting all continents and countries around the world descended from hominids that emerged in these three foci then resided elsewhere. The number of people emerged 2-3 million years ago now about 7.0 billion people. They inhabit the planet and the master space. Kazakh steppe, located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, has always had a positive impact on neighboring countries. According to historical geological data obtained in the south near the ridge Karatau, the first people emerged on the territory of Kazakhstan were found about 2 million years ago. Such a conclusion was made on the basis of residual cultural pebble tools of hominids, founded by scientists. As a result of geological survey work carried out in the 1960＇s there were found some primitive people, starting with the era of＂Arystandy culture＂ and including the Late Paleolithic era in the area of ridges Big and Small Karatau. There had been found the fossil remains of large mammals hunted by hominids around the sites of ancient people. Thanks for these residues the corresponding time of residence of primitive people can be judged from the animal world of the Kazakh steppe.
文摘From Ganqian (Tubo) Cave a total of 17 hominid teeth attributed to late Homo sapiens has been collected along with an abundance of mammalian fossils. The fossiliferous deposits are bracketed by the capping and second flowstone layers, which yielded 230 Th/ 234 U dates of ～93 and ～220 ka, marking the minimum and maximum age of the hominid teeth respectively. Two U series methods performed on two mammalian teeth gave dates in the range of 85 and 139 ka, lending support to the stratigraphic order of the depositional sequence. The results presented in this paper point to an occurrence of modern Homo sapiens in southern China much earlier than has been thought, which is supported by the dating of nearby Liujiang and Bailiandong hominid sites. Taken together, these data suggest that China should not be considered as a backwater in recent human evolution where all the previous populations were replaced.
文摘Protein kinases play an important role in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases.However their incidence in non-human primates is found to be very low.Small differences among the genomes might influence the disease susceptibilities.The present study deals with finding the genetic differences of protein kinases in humans and their three closest evolutionary partners chimpanzee,gorilla and orangutan for three neurodegenerative diseases namely,Alzheimer’s,Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases.In total 47 human protein kinases associated with three neurodegenerative diseases and their orthologs from other three nonhuman primates were identified and analyzed for any possible susceptibility factors in humans.Multiple sequence alignment and pairwise sequence alignment revealed that,18 human protein kinases including DYRK1A,RPS6KB1,and GRK6 contained significant indels and substitutions.Further phosphorylation site analysis revealed that eight kinases including MARK2 and LTK contained sites of phosphorylation exclusive to human genomes which could be particular candidates in determining disease susceptibility between human and non-human primates.Final pathway analysis of these eight kinases and their targets revealed that these kinases could have long range consequences in important signaling pathways which are associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB806400)International Cooperation Program of MST of China (Grant No. 2007DFB 20330)State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS) (Grant No. 09311)
文摘Ten thousands of bone fragments were recovered from the Ma’anshan Paleolithic site, of which 4358 pieces can be identified to skeletal elements or species. In this research, the bone assemblages are quantified based on elements of MNI, MNE, and MAU. Then bone surface modifications and skeletal element profiles of the bone assemblages are studied to understand shlepping behaviors and reveal the technique of disarticulating and defleshing the animals’ bodies, etc. Based on the analyses of bone assemblages and the comparative study with the ethnoarchaeological as well as experimental data, it is assumed that later hominids at the site made fuller use of the game animals than the earlier hominids. Incorporating the lines of evidence from chronological dating, paleoenvironment, and polished bone tools between the two cultural layers, here we propose three hypotheses suggesting that the changes of environment, the migrations of the hominids from the North, or the demographic pulses may cause such a behavioral difference. However, it is yet to be determined which hypothesis can better explain the changes.
基金the National Key Research Project of China(Grant No.95-01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40002003) the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.970402).
文摘Preliminary study on enamel microstructure of 5 lower permanent incisors of Late Mio-cene Yuanmou hominoids was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The enamel incremental markings, as well as perikymata spacing and its periodicity were observed and counted. Using the perikymata number and periodicity, the crown formation times of the incisors are estimated. The transverse and longitudinal microstructures of the enamel prisms are also ob-served. Comparison of the dental development and enamel microstructure features of Yuanmou hominoids with those of Lufeng hominoids shows that there are similarities and also some differ-ences between them. The relationship between Yuanmou hominoids and early hominids is dis-cussed.
