语用标记语to be honest(with you)的认知语用功能探析

语用标记语to be honest(with you)是说话人为达到交际目的而明示主观情感和说话方式的常见语言形式。在交际中,它并不表示命题意义,而是连接话语与交际双方的语境信息,体现关联意义。从认知语用角度来看,一方面,这一语用标记语突出了话语的主观性特征,表明了说话人的立场和坦诚态度;另一方面,它还具有语境构建功能,可以作为相关信息的强化标记或修正标记,帮助、引导听话人理解话语意义。

It Pays to Be Honest

原稿: "Honesty is the best policy", as an oldsaying goes. As a valuable virtue, it is supposedto be cherished by people from all walks of like.However there are still dishonest people inour society. For example, some

Embedding an FIR in a Body

We have shown that certain non-commutative integral rings can be immersed in a field by a method which is not that of the construction of the field of fractions on the right ℝ ℝ ∗−1 , or left ℝ ∗−1 ℝ , of the ring ℝ under consideration.

江泽民的领导干部廉政建设思想

江泽民号召各级领导干部发扬艰苦奋斗精神,要求各级领导干部廉洁自律,管好自己的配偶、子女和身边工作人员,要求加强对领导干部的监督和思想政治教育。这些论述对于新形势下党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争的开展仍然具有重大的指导意义。

How The Concept Of ＂Slow Design＂ Embodies In Fashion Design

The 21st century is an era of rapid development of all aspects of human life in the unprecedented development and change. People＇s living conditions are also changing over the past. Overtime hurry to nightlife, it seems that human life is racing with time. Clothing as an indispensable part of social life, is to reflect the modem science, culture, spiritual civilization, a sign. Clothing design is a real life of a mapping. This design is based on the fashion trends, based on the enjoyment of＂slow life＂ of the crowd for the design background to create, under the pressure of social survival desire to slow down the lives of people to enjoy life, but also to express a pair Free and beautiful life of a better vision.In this paper, the design of the clothing part of the source of inspiration, analysis and production process of the version of the design, clothing production to elaborate. First of all, the design focuses on the overall expression of clothing. How to make clothing styles and details and design inspiration interlocking, reflecting the design concept you want to express the pursuit of slow pace of life, gentle meditation is one of the core issues. In addition, the design process draws on the elements of ancient traditional clothing and added to the design work, making the design of the style more honest, more realistic, inclusive, more content.

Employment education research integrity of college sports majors

With the reform of the education system, the number of graduating students increases every year, and more and more severe graduate＇ s employment, while more and more companies are unable to recruit talent. Resulting in difficult employment graduates there are many factors, the most important manifestations of contemporary graduates questioned the integrity of most enterprises, improve the status of today＇ s society difficult employment, increase the employment rate of graduates realize their own values of contemporary college students, meet the vital interests of the family, so that our talents and educational resources are fully utilized, so as to promote the healthy development of social harmony and stability as well as higher education. Social harmony and stability as well as for the healthy development of higher education, the vital interests of the students themselves and their families realize the value and so have certain theoretical and practical significance.

The Benefit of Writing Research Papers

Research papers play a crucial role in graduate study.The profound benefit of writing research papers are being discussed in three respects respectively.The writing task will contribute to the development of logical and coherent thoughts,the honest and serious attitudes obtained in the process of writing as well as creative and original ideas improved in the research progress.The benefit gained in writing research papers will ultimately work further in researchers,future study and success.

Penis size and sperm quality,are all bats grey in the dark?

Penises play a key role in sperm transport and in stimulating female genitals.This should impact post-copulatory competition,and expose penis characteristics to sexual selective pressures.Studies of male genitalia have repeatedly reported negative static allometries,which mean that,within species,large males have disproportionally small genitals when compared with smaller individuals.Males of some sperm-storing bat species may stand as an exception to such a pattern by arousing from hibernation to copulate with torpid females.The selection for large penises might take place,if a long organ provides advantages during post-copulatory competition and/or if females have evolved mechanisms allowing the choice of sire,relying on characters other than pre-copulatory traits(e.g.,penis size).In this study,we measured dimensions of the erected penis in 4 sperm-storing bat species.Furthermore,we collected sperm and evaluated the link between penis dimensions and sperm velocity.Our results revealed steep allometric slopes of the erected penis length in Barbastella barbastellus and an inverse allometry of penis head width in Myotis nattereri.More detailed studies of copulatory behavior are urgently needed to explain the range of observed scaling relations.Furthermore,penis head width correlates with sperm velocity in Plecotus auritus.For this last species,we propose that penis shape might act as a marker of male fertility.

Condition-dependence and sexual ornamentation： Effects of immune challenges on a highly sexually dimorphic grasshopper

Sexual ornaments contribute substantially to phenotypic diversity and it is particularly relevant to understand their evolution. Ornaments can assume the function of signals-of-quality that the choosy sex uses to evaluate potential mating partners. Often there are no obvious direct benefits and investment into mate choice is primarily rewarded by beneficial alleles that are inherited to the offspring. Inter-sexual communication via sexual ornaments requires honesty of the sexual signal, yet the question of what maintains honesty remains only partially solved. One solution is that honesty is maintained by trait expression being dependent on individual condition, since condition-dependent trait expression offers an effectively inexhaustible source of genetic variability. Here we test in the highly sexually dimorphic club-legged grasshopper Gomphocerus sibiricus if putative sexual ornaments, in particular the striking front-leg clubs, are more strongly affected by a lipopolysaccharide （LPS） immune challenge than putatively not sexually selected traits. Our results show overall little condition-dependent expression of morphological and song traits, with sexually selected traits exhibiting effects comparable to nonsexually selected traits （with the possible exception of stridulatory file length and syllable-to-pause ratio in advertisement songs）. Interestingly, field observations of individuals of lethally parasitized individuals suggest that a very strong environmental challenge can specifically affect the expression of the front-leg clubs. The presence of 1% of males in natural populations with missing or heavily deformed clubs plus 5% with minor club deformations furthermore indicate that there are risks associated with club development during final ecdysis and this might act as a filter against deleterious alleles.

Heightened condition dependent expression of structural coloration in the faces,but not wings,of male and female flies

Structurally colored sexual signals are a conspicuous and widespread class of ornament used in mate choice,though the extent to which they encode information on the quality of their bearers is not fully resolved.Theory predicts that signaling traits under strong sexual selection as honest indicators should evolve to be more developmentally integrated and exaggerated than nonsexual traits,thereby leading to heightened condition dependence.Here,we test this prediction through examination of the sexually dimorphic faces and wings of the cursorial fly Lispe cana.Males and females possess structural UV-white and golden faces,respectively,and males present their faces and wings to females during close-range,ground-based courtship displays,thereby creating the opportunity for mutual inspection.Across a field-collected sample of individuals,we found that the appearance of the faces of both sexes scaled positively with individual condition,though along separate axes.Males in better condition expressed brighter faces as modeled according to conspecific flies,whereas condition scaled with facial saturation in females.We found no such relationships for their wing interference pattern nor abdomens,with the latter included as a nonsexual control.Our results suggest that the structurally colored faces,but not the iridescent wings,of male and female L.cana are reliable guides to individual quality and support the broader potential for structural colors as honest signals.They also highlight the potential for mutual mate choice in this system,while arguing for 1 of several alternate signaling roles for wing interferences patterns among the myriad taxa which bear them.

Converts vs Ordinary Villagers in Late Qing Civil Trials,and the Rise of the Boxers

Village civil cases in the Qing Dynasty mainly dealt with households and marriage,land,and debts,etc.It was not uncommon for village disputes to end up in court,which functioned as a vent to release the sense of grievance felt by the disputants.Seemingly trivial cases were thus not trivial at all for those concerned.Prefectural or county officials’mishandling of a petty civil case could spark village conflicts.As a consequence,such trials were seen as a sensitive issue in rural governance.After the 1860s,the unequal treaties had allowed Western missionaries to proselytize deep into the North China countryside,offering“political protection”for their converts in an attempt to maximize their number.The missionaries interfered extensively in village judicial actions,taking the side of their converts in civil lawsuits that pitted church members against ordinary people.This led to a general situation of“deceitful converts against honest men,”making the latter feel they were the victims of injustice.The channels that would have allowed the ordinary villagers to vent their grievances via litigation were thus blocked up.Their accumulated resentment burst its barriers and finally exploded in the violence of the Boxer Uprising.

中国妈妈合伙人首秀 关爱母婴健康“阿里巴巴”发烧版设计打造中国版“The Honest”

20日,两位美丽的中国妈妈合伙人——江苏宝姿实业有限公司总经理居黛霞女士和著名演员黄奕女士在上海中国婴童展现场完美首秀,宣布将为中国消费者带来'阿里巴巴'和'倍可亲'两个全新母婴健康品牌。两位妈妈联袂用自己的方式打造中国版的'The Honest'。经历了长达一年半的设计、研发和试生产,江苏宝姿实业有限公司带来了0荧光剂、无氯漂的全系列母婴健康产品。其中的两型多层复合型纸尿裤,

美国:Honest茶叶公司推出塑料瓶装有机茶

六月末,在纽约精美食品展览会上,Honest茶叶公司推出了一种以100%可回收利用的塑料瓶包装的、新型的即饮型有机茶生产线。这种茶饮料用美国农业部门验证合格的有机茶叶添加糖、天然蜂蜜及龙舌兰糖浆使之变甜,以15.5盎司的塑料瓶进行包装。通过混合酿造,可获得四种有机茶类: Green Dragon茶(绿茶)、Lori的柠檬茶(具有柠檬味道的、

Winning the Wine War:Could DNA Help the Fight to Keep Bottle Labels Honest?

葡萄酒的魔力在于她成分的复杂性,而正是如此才使得她的品质微妙得难以鉴定。由此在掺假者和鉴定者间展开了一场葡萄酒的“军备竞赛”。专家们使用同位素探测以及套色技术来鉴定葡萄酒的品质,但由于各葡萄产地之间存在着地区差异,这些方法并不能一劳永逸。目前,法国蒙比利埃大学的科学家们正设法通过萃取果汁来提取和净化葡萄的DNA成分,从而达到鉴定品质的目的。虽然短时间内他们还不能完成这个计划,但是前景是乐观的。

HONEST QUESTION DO CHINESE POLLS HAVE A TRUST ISSUE?

Happiness may be'U-shaped,'but a recent survey suggests that,despite their problems,the Chinese may be the world’s leading optimists.In'What Worries the World,'a study by global market-research firm Ipsos,87 percent of Chinese adults said their country was'heading in the right direction,'while 60 percent of citizens of 25 other surveyed countries considered theirs on the wane.Western Europe and other high-income nations—where contentment is said to decline between ages 18 and 40

Calling underwater is a costly signal： size-related differences in the call rates of Antarctic leopard seals

It is proposed that where sexually selected vocal communication is an honest signal, the call production rate is predicted to change throughout the breeding season. Male leopard seals call underwater for many hours each day over their three- to four-month breeding season, and it is hypothesized that a decrease in calling rate would be associated with the declining body condition of smaller males. The calling rates of leopard seals were measured （N= 49 recordings） and com- pared between seals of different size classes throughout the breeding season. Male leopard seals produce their calls at more stable rates as they become larger. In this study, larger male leopard seals adopted a strategy of consistent underwater calling throughout the breeding season, whereas there was a breakdown in the calling stereotypy of the smaller males at its height. Toward the end of the breeding season, the smaller seals produced fewer calls in shortened calling bouts, and they took more rest periods. Therefore, underwater calling may represent an honest signal in the leopard seal. For marine mammals that call underwater, the production of repetitive sequences advertises the breath-holding ability of the caller to the listeners, and this ability may be related to male stamina and endurance, thus representing an honest signal that could be widespread in other species.

How small could a pup sound？ The physical bases of signaling body size in harbor seals

Vocal communication is a crucial aspect of animal behavior. The mechanism which most mam- mals use to vocalize relies on three anatomical components. First, air overpressure is generated in- side the lower vocal tract. Second, as the airstream goes through the glottis, sound is produced via vocal fold vibration. Third, this sound is further filtered by the geometry and length of the upper vocal tract. Evidence from mammalian anatomy and bioacoustics suggests that some of these three components may covary with an animal＇s body size. The framework provided by acoustic al- Iometry suggests that, because vocal tract length （VTL） is more strongly constrained by the growth of the body than vocal fold length （VFL）, VTL generates more reliable acoustic cues to an animal＇s size. This hypothesis is often tested acoustically but rarely anatomically, especially in pinnipeds. Here, we test the anatomical bases of the acoustic allometry hypothesis in harbor seal pups Phoca vitulina. We dissected and measured vocal tract, vocal folds, and other anatomical features of 15 harbor seals post-mortem. We found that, while VTL correlates with body size, VFL does not. This suggests that, while body growth puts anatomical constraints on how vocalizations are filtered by harbor seals＇ vocal tract, no such constraints appear to exist on vocal folds, at least during puppy- hood. It is particularly interesting to find anatomical constraints on harbor seals＇ vocal tracts, the same anatomical region partially enabling pups to produce individually distinctive vocalizations.

Simplified Design for Concurrent Statistical Zero-Knowledge Arguments

This paper shows that the protocol presented by Goyal et al. can be further simplified for a one-way function, with the simplified protocol being more practical for the decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption. Goyal et al. provided a general transformation from any honest verifier statistical zero-knowledge argument to a concurrent statistical zero-knowledge argument. Their transformation relies only on the existence of one-way functions. For the simplified transformation, the witness indistinguishable proof of knowledge protocols in ＂parallel＂ not only plays the role of preamble but also removes some computational zero-knowledge proofs, which Goyal et al. used to prove the existence of the valid openings to the commitments. Therefore, although some computational zero-knowledge proofs are replaced with a weaker notion, the witness indistinguishable protocol, the proof of soundness can still go through.