Current Status and Challenges of the Water and Soil Conservation in Hotan County, Xinjiang

In order to thoroughly analyze the current status and challenges faced by the water and water conservation in Hotan County of Xinjiang,the use situation of water resources,the effectiveness and shortcomings of water and soil conservation work in the region are reviewed.Hotan County has achieved several remarkable achievements in the soil and water conservation project,daily management and maintenance,and ecological restoration projects.Some measures,such as terrace construction,slope protection engineering,and the construction of windproof and sandwood belts,have also had a positive impact on improving the quality of surface water resources while effectively curbing soil erosion.But there are also lack of operating policy detailed rules and implementation plans,and planning and design of some water and soil conservation projects lack of integrity and systematicness,application and promotion of new technologies,and soil loss management and ecological recovery effect assessment lack of comprehensive assessment indicators and methods.It has caused some water and soil conservation works to fail to be effectively implemented.In this regard,countermeasures and suggestions are put forward,such as strengthening the planning and management of water and soil conservation,promoting the technology and measures of water and soil conservation,increasing investment and funding support,and strengthening publicity education and personnel training.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Environmental Effects from Land Change in Hotan Oasis,Xinjiang

[Objective] This study aimed to evaluate the environmental effects coming from land changes in Hotan oasis during 1980-2010. [Method] Based on the Driving Force-State-Response model, expert weight method and entropy method were used to determine weight, and then the composite indexes of environmental effects （CIE for short） were calculated. [Result] During the period from 1980 to 2010, CIE had presented a rising trend whether expert weight method or entropy method in the study area, while the CIE presents downtrend basically in lower reaches. [Conclu- sion] It was the arable land expansion in middle reaches that led to serious land degradation in lower reaches, and may endanger ecosystem safety in Hotan River green corridor. Therefore, it is suggested that the agricultural land use should be restructured, such as reducing the sown areas of some crops with large amount of water consumption. Meanwhile, the effective measures should be taken to distribute water resources and utilize them reasonably. In addition, the oasis-desert ecotone, as well as the groundwater resources, should be also protected.

Assessment of Ecosystem Services Value in Hotan Oasis, Xingjiang

[Objective] The study aimed to assess the ecosystem services value in Hotan Oasis, Xingjiang. [Method] The visual interpretation method was adopted to process TM/ETM＋ images based on field investigation in Hotan Oasis. These inter- pretation data, along with two periods of land use data, were reclassified to farm- land, forest, grassland and so on. Then, the ecosystem services value was calculat- ed and analyzed. [Result] Analysis indicated that the ecosystem services value had been increased by 30.44x108 Yuan （16.51%） in the study area during 1980-2010, which can be explained by the increase of glacier and snowfield distributed in the south mountain with the increase of annual precipitation. At the same time, the con- tribution rate of grassland to ecosystem services value had been decreased as a result of degradation of grassland and occupation from farmland. For the whole basin, the increase of ecosystem services value came from the upper reaches, while the ecosystem services value had been reduced in the middle and lower reaches. In the middle reaches, the reduction came mainly from wetland （-1.83x10s Yuan）, waters （-1.68x10s Yuan）, forest （-0.86x108 Yuan） and grassland （-0.80x108 Yuan）. But in the lower reaches, the ecosystem services values of waters, grassland and forest were -0.61 x108 Yuan, -0.24x108 Yuan, and -0.07x10s Yuan, respectively. [Conclusion] If some effective policies, such as the implementation of returning farm- land to forest and ceasing from farming to grazing, would be taken, the ecosystem degradation can be constrained and reversed in the northwest arid region.

The Driving Mechanism of Oasificationdesertification in Hotan River Basin

[Objective] The main purpose is to reveal the laws and driving mechanism of oasification and desertification in Hotan River Basin during the period of 1972-2010. [Method] The visual interpretation method was used to process TM/ETM＋ image based on field work and investigation of Hotan Oasis. These interpretation dates have been reclassified to desert and oasis. Then, the driving mechanism of desertification and oasification was analyzed. [Result] The analysis indicated that the oasification velocity（91.24 km^2/year） was faster than the desertification’s（77.78 km^2/year）,with a rapid growth of 5.59 km^2/year in oasis area in the mid-lower reaches of the Hotan River. [Coclusion] There existed spatial coupling linked by water consumption between oasification in the middle reaches and desertification in the lower reaches.And the changing trends were opposite not only for the oasis area, but also for the oasification area and oasification velocity between the middle and the lower reaches of the Hotan River Basin. With climatic warming, population growth, economical development, scientific and technological progress, and in particular the implementation of national policies, the cropland area increased and oasis expanded, speeding up the oasification and water consumption in the middle reaches. Hence it is urgent to prevent the Hotan Oasis from exacerbating the current water supply-demand imbalance and prohibit the expansion of arable land to transitional belt between oasis and desert.

The Estimation of Water Supply and Demand in Hotan Oasis

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to estimate water supply and demand, which can provide a basis for how to allocate rationally water resources in Hotan Oasis. [Method] The water supply and demand in Hotan Oasis in the next15 years were calculated according to water-soil balance. [Result] When the runoff of Hotan River is at a probability of 50%（P=50 for short）, the total water resource is 50.57×10^8m^3, and there is only 33.13×10^8m^3available for social and economics,but there would be a need of 33.44×10^8and 36.06×10^8m^3, and the water shortage would be 1.31 ×10^8and 2.93 ×10^8m^3in 2020 and 2030 respectively. When P =75,the total water resource is 44.30×10^8m^3, there is only 29.39×10^8m^3water available for social and economics. However, there would be a need of 31.43 ×10^8and33.11×10^8m^3, and the water shortage would be 2.04×10^8and 3.72×10^8m^3in 2020 and 2030, respectively. [Conclusion] The problem of water shortage would be serious over the next 15 years, and the fragile ecosystem would be destroyed dramatically with the large-scale land reclamation against natural laws. Hence, the effective policies and measures should be taken timely to prohibit reclamation and to cope with ongoing water shortage, based on the water supply and demand estimation under the background of climate change.

The Estimation of Cultivated Land Threshold Value in Hotan Oasis

[Objective] Water shortage is a key natural factor limiting arid economic development and ecological security.However,the large-scale land reclamation against natural laws has been speeding up water consumption,and the ecological water use which is the primary condition for maintaining ecological security was squeezed.Moreover,the fragile oasis ecosystem would be destroyed dramatically.In order to maintain ecological security,it is urgent to evaluate the threshold value of cultivated land.[Method] The method of water-soil balance was used to evaluate the threshold value of cultivated-land on the premise of allocating downstream ecological water demand.[Result] Under the frequency of 75%（P =75 for short） in Hotan River,the threshold value of cultivated-land in Hotan Oasis would be 13.83×10^4,16.78×10^4and 16.50×10^4hm^2in 2010,2020 and 2030 respectively.Under the frequency of 50%（P=50 for short）,the threshold value of cultivated land in Hotan Oasis would be 14.95 ×10^4,18.08 ×10^4and 17.78 ×10^4hm^2in 2010,2020 and 2030 respectively.If effective measures are not taken to control cultivated-land expansion,the cultivated land area will be 2.78×10^4and 5.07×10^4hm^2more than the threshold values of cultivated land at P =75 in 2020 and 2030 respectively.Even if the efficient water-saving technique are adopted,the water requirement of crop use will increase from 19.77×108to 20.82×108and 21.95×108m3during 2010-2030,and then the ecological water use cannot be guaranteed.[Conclusion] The cultivated-land expansion would threaten the ecological security in Hotan River and Tarim River.Therefore,some strict measures should be taken to protect desert-oasis ecotone,an important constituent of oasis ecosystem which has vital role in maintaining the stability of oasis,and to prohibit cultivated-land expansion.

Bio-geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in Hotan River Basin, Xinjiang

Tamarix nabkha is one of the most widespread nabkhas, distributing in the arid region of China. Based on the observations outdoors and the simulation experiments in laboratories, analysis in this paper refers to the biological geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in the middle and lower reaches of the Hotan River, Xinjiang. And the results indicate that the ecological type of Tamarix in the study area is a kind of Tugaic soil habitat based on the deep soil of the Populus Diversifolia forests and shrubs. This type of habitat can be divided into three kinds of sub-habitats which demonstrate the features of ecological environment of Tamarix nabkhas during the differential developed phases. Meanwhile, the Tamar, ix nabkha can exert intensified disturbance current on wind-sand flow on the ground,and its root and stems not only have strong potential of sprouting but are characteristic of wind erosion-tolerance, resistance to be buried by sand and respectively tough rigid of the lignified branches, for it has a rather longer life-time. Thus, the wind speed profile influenced by the Tamarix nabkha is different from the Phragmites nabkha and Alhagi nabkha. And the structure of the wind flow is beneficial to aeolian sand accumulating in/around Tamarix shrub, which can create unique Tamarix nabkhas with higher average gradient and longer periodicity of life. Tamarix nabkha evolution in the area experienced three stages： growth stage, mature and steady stage and withering stage. In each stage, morphological features and geomorphic process of Tamarix nabkha are different due to the discrep- ant interaction between the nabkha and aeolian sand flow.

Study of Sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis, South Xinjiang, China

Based on investigation of sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis at the southernmargin of the Tarim basin, ^(14)C ages and grain-size and chemical element analyses, the followingviews are put forward in this paper.(1) Sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis are composed chiefly of 'oasis soil', similar to the recentoasis soil, i.e. brown desert soil, which was formed due to pedogenesis after aeolian sand (sandyloam) and dust (loess) of 3.32-6.64 phi were deposited.(2) The ancient Yutian-Hotan Oasis represented by oasis soil was formed at 13000 a B.P. During thecold period of the past 13000 years, this region is characterized mainly by accumulation of sand anddust storms, and sandy oasis soil was developed in this region due to pedogenesis in an oasisenvironment; during the warm period, dust falls predominated along with certain current concomitants(lacustrine facies), and silty oasis soil was formed by pedogenesis. Owing to fluctuations of coldand warm climates since 13000 a B.P., sandy oasis soil was deposited alternately with silty oasissoil and lacustrine soils. Nevertheless, the Yutian-Hotan Oasis has been preserved and developingcontinuously towards the contemporary time.(3) At the latest, the oasis became an important site of human inhabitancy at 10000 a B.P., andsince then it has been an important base for the propagation and activity of local people in theTarim Basin.

Changes in Water Quality of Origin Flows of Hotan River Based on Nemorow Pollution Index

[Objective] The study aimed to analyze water quality of origin flows of Hctan River using Nemorow pollution index method. [Method] Based on data monitored at four monitoring sections of Yorungkash River and Karakash River dudng 2001 -2005, water quality of Hotan River was assessed by using Nemorow pollution index method. [ Result] During 2001 -2005, Yorungkash River and Karakash River had clean water reaching the first standard. Nemorow pollution index was 0.15 -0.69 at the first section of Yorungkash River, and it was 0.23 -0.46 at its last section; there were few changes in water quality at the last section, while Nemorow pollution index showed a downward trend at the first section. Nemorow pollu- tion index was 0.23 -0.65 at the first section of Karakash River, and it was 0.23 -0.47 at its last section, showing a downward trend at its last section. [Condusion] Water quality of Hotan River belonged to first-class clean water.

From Hotan to Harper’s Bazaar?

DURING the Han Dynasty, almost 2,000 years ago, the great King of Yutian asked the Chinese Emperor for silkworms. As silk was such a valuable commodity for trade with the Western world, the Emperor did not agree, and actually enlisted special

Floating Down the Hotan River

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和田地区畜牧业高质量发展的政策建议

【目的】畜牧业高质量发展是农业现代化的重要组成部分,也是推动乡村振兴和农民增收的重要途径。【方法】应用文献分析法与统计分析方法对和田地区畜牧业发展现状进行分析,找出畜牧业高质量发展中存在的问题,并提出相应的政策建议。【结果】从畜禽良种繁育体系不健全、饲草料供应体系不完善、肉类产品供需矛盾突出、畜牧业经营主体的联农带农机制不强、畜牧产业发展的支撑条件不完善等方面分析和田地区畜牧业发展中存在的问题,提出了优化并完善畜禽良种繁育体系、加强饲草料供应体系建设、加强畜产品供给能力提升与市场体系构建、加强龙头企业的引领和带动作用、提高畜牧业产业发展支撑能力等政策建议。【结论】探讨和田地区畜牧业高质量发展的政策建议,对推动乡村振兴、促进经济发展、优化农业产业结构以及提高农民收入具有重要的现实意义。

基于土地利用情景模拟的和田地区生态系统服务价值时空特征与交互驱动研究

为探究生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Services Value,ESV)时空演变规律与驱动机制,以新疆和田地区为研究区,耦合PLUS-Geodetector模型对2018—2034年土地利用情景进行模拟,并从产业发展角度分析其ESV变化趋势与驱动机制。本研究设置8类土地利用类型和不同情景下的邻域权重,利用PLUS模型进行模拟得到2034年自然演变、经济优先、生态保护三种土地利用情景。结果表明:三种情景下,和田地区ESV总值均有所增加,其中生态保护情景增长量最高,经济优先情景最低;除南部山区、中北部水域附近为高值、次高值、中值区域外,ESV分布呈现出以低值、次低值区域为主,南高北低的总体特征;2010—2018年,和田地区ESV的大幅度变动主要集中在中部城镇发展轴邻近区域,而在2018—2034年,ESV的空间变化范围将进一步扩张,由农牧业、工业快速发展所带来的耕地、建设用地向城镇轴线南北两侧的迅速扩展是造成ESV空间变化的主要因素,经济优先情景下人造土地利用类型扩张速度更快,生态保护情景则与之相反。和田地区ESV现状与演化趋势是自然与产业因素综合作用的结果,自然因素对和田地区ESV驱动作用较社会经济因素更强,社会经济因素中牧业、工业具有更强的驱动作用,双因子交互作用的驱动力大于单因子,且各产业交互作用驱动力高于单产业。研究表明,不同的发展模式下和田地区ESV的数量与分布产生明显差异,而各产业内的各个因素及其交互作用对ESV的变化具有明显的驱动作用,根据ESV评估与驱动机制分析科学规划发展路线,对和田地区可持续、高质量发展具有重要意义。

汉唐文脉下的“古代和田艺术模式”考析

大夏美术造型样式沿丝绸之路进入塔里木盆地后形成古代和田派艺术模式,这种艺术样式在尼雅、达玛沟、约特干等遗址中都有着生动的体现。丝绸之路使得汉唐文脉下的造型艺术体系得以确立,中原文化对西域的影响从视觉图式扩展至风俗礼仪的各个环节之中。20世纪80年代出土于和田的布扎克彩棺,棺上面绘制的青龙、白虎、朱雀、玄武反映出西域与中原地区密切的文化交流。和田木雕在装饰范围、表现形式及雕刻技艺等方面都有了很大发展,镂雕、平雕等技法被广泛应用,作品中渗透了现实气息,造型上趋向真实,并在二维平面的基础上强化装饰风格,体现出鲜明的汉风风格。

和田市水系连通及水美乡村建设研究

和田市农村水系普遍存在淤塞严重、水体萎缩、围垦侵占、水体污染、生态退化等问题。文章系统梳理了和田市水美乡村建设面临的困境和亟须解决的问题,分析了治理目标、治理布局和工程措施,可为其他地区水美乡村建设提供参考和借鉴。

和田地区沙漠体育旅游资源开发的战略构建研究

本研究主要基于SWOT态势分析对和田地区沙漠体育旅游资源开发的优势、劣势、机会、威胁进行了审视,明确战略定位,提出有利于和田地区沙漠体育旅游资源开发的战略布局构建。结果:地理优势明显,但整体规划、产品种类、特需人才、运行模式、服务理念、配套设施建设等方面滞后,沙漠体育资源开发项目单一等。结论:实现和田地区沙漠体育旅游资源开发最大效益化需要从沙漠生态环境体系、媒体宣传体系,以及特色体育建、赛、研、培体系进行全面构建与布局。

和田河流域水化学特征与地下水补给来源分析

为研究和田河流域水化学与地下水补给特征,采用SPSS数理统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图解以及氢氧和14C同位素示踪等方法对不同地貌单元中的水体(井水、坑塘水和河水)进行了水化学组成特征、补给来源和转化关系分析。结果表明:(1)各水体主要起源于南部海拔2000 m以上的中高山区冰雪融水和大气降水。从山区到沙漠区,地下水水化学类型具有较明显的分带特征。不同水体pH值均呈弱碱性,离子之间组分和TDS值差异较大,整体呈坑塘水>井水>河水的规律。少数地下水样点中NO3-含量显著异常。(2)砾质平原区地下水大量接受地表河水的垂向脱节型补给。地下水溶解性总固体(TDS)值小,更新速度快,以水岩溶滤控制作用为主,水化学类型多呈SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg型。(3)细土平原区地下水TDS值变幅大,多为Cl·SO_(4)-Na型。其中,河间地块内,靠近上游地下水接受地表水及邻区侧向径流补给,14C年龄小;中下游地区地下水氢氧同位素“氧漂移”现象普遍。分水岭处地下水14C年龄大,近河岸处年龄小,地下水与河水联系密切。河间地块两侧地下水分别沿东北、西北方向径流,最终排泄于外围沙漠区。研究结果可为和田河流域水资源合理开发利用和生态环境保护提供科学理论依据。

新疆和田高氟区土壤氟形态分布与风险评价

为探明新疆和田高氟区小麦农田土壤氟的赋存形态特征及环境风险,采集该区小麦农田耕作层和剖面土壤样品,分析其总氟(TF)含量和氟形态分布,探讨其影响因素,并对比研究TF和氟形态的污染水平和潜在生态风险。结果表明:研究区耕作层土壤TF含量范围为552~761 mg·kg^(-1),平均值为629 mg·kg^(-1)。各形态氟的分布规律为残余态氟(Res-F)≫有机束缚态氟(Or-F)>水溶态氟(Ws-F)>铁锰结合态氟(Fe/Mn-F)>可交换态氟(Ex-F),其中Ws-F含量均值为4.35 mg·kg^(-1),具有较强的生物有效性。剖面土壤中,TF、Res-F和Or-F的含量最大值均出现在表层,Ws-F含量随土层深度的增加呈增加趋势,Ex-F和Fe/Mn-F含量的垂向变化不显著。土壤TF与Res-F呈极显著正相关关系,Ex-F与Ws-F和Or-F呈显著正相关关系,Fe/Mn-F与其他形态氟间不存在显著相关关系。Ws-F与Ex-F在一定条件下可以相互转化,处于动态平衡状态。综合分析结果表明,三氧化二铝(Al2O3)是影响TF和Res-F含量的主要因素,硼(B)是影响Ex-F含量的主要因素,有机碳(SOC)是影响Fe/Mn-F含量的主要因素,Ws-F和Or-F与土壤理化性质间无显著相关性。地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,研究区污染程度总体较低,基于氟赋存形态的生态风险较低,而基于土壤TF含量评价的结果偏高。从生物可利用的角度来说,基于氟赋存形态的生态风险评价结果相较于传统的基于总量的评价结果更加准确。

和田设施温室6个葡萄品种光合和叶绿素荧光日变化特征

【目的】探讨和田地区设施温室葡萄品种光合和叶绿素荧光日变化特征,综合评价其光合能力强弱,为该地区温室葡萄引种及栽培管理措施制定提供参考依据。【方法】以新疆和田地区设施温室引入的6个葡萄品种为材料,测定各品种光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、光合与叶绿素荧光参数,并利用主成分分析对各鲜食葡萄品种光合能力进行综合性评价。【结果】(1)设施温室PAR在不同位置总体表现出棚前>棚后>棚中,在不同架面位置总体表现为架上>架中>架下。(2)葡萄叶片SPAD值在不同架面位置表现为架上>架中>架下,在品种间由高到低依次为‘克瑞森无核’‘夏黑’‘新郁’‘户太八号’‘阳光玫瑰’‘妮娜女皇’。(3)各品种叶片P_(n)、G_(s)、T_(r)均呈现出双峰形日变化曲线,C i总体呈现U形或W形日变化规律;F_(v)/F_(o)与F_(v)/F_(m)总体上呈现先下降后上升的日变化规律。(4)6个葡萄品种的光合能力表现为‘克瑞森无核’>‘夏黑’>‘阳光玫瑰’>‘新郁’>‘户太八号’>‘妮娜女皇’。【结论】‘克瑞森无核’和‘夏黑’相比其他品种有较高的P_(n)、G_(s)、T_(r)、F_(o)、F_(m)和较低的F_(v)/F_(o)与F_(v)/F_(m),能够适应和田地区的高温与高光强设施环境。

和田河中下游流域地下水水化学特征及其演化规律

为研究和田河中下游流域地下水水化学特征及其演化规律,采用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、PHREEQC软件和数理统计等方法对该地区水化学特征、主要溶质组分来源和演化规律开展了综合研究分析。结果表明:(1)地下水中八大常规离子含量整体偏高,尤其是Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)和HCO_(3)^(-)占比较大。(2)水化学溶解组分空间差异性明显,除少部分地区水化学类型表现为SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg型外,大部分均以SO^(4)·Cl^(-)Na型为主。地下水呈弱碱性,大部分地区水样点水质基本满足生活饮用水标准。部分绿洲平原区受人类生产活动影响,水中NO_(3)^(-)含量明显异常。(3)在水-岩作用和阳离子交换作用下,地下水中Na+、Ca2+、Mg^(2+)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)等离子组分主要物质来源于岩盐、方解石、白云石和石膏等矿物的溶解。在向下游细土平原和沙漠区径流过程中,受蒸发浓缩作用普遍控制影响,水中各离子浓度含量不断增大。(4)在开放性较好的系统环境中,CO_(2)促进了各矿物的溶解,使得地下水中各离子含量不断溶解聚集,浓度增大。进入下游冲积平原区后,受细粒砂土介质层阻隔影响,地下水径流与交替强度减弱导致溶滤作用变差,蒸发浓缩作用逐渐占主导地位,进一步加大了水中离子含量和水化学类型的差异性。研究结果可为和田河流域水资源合理开发利用和生态环境保护提供理论依据。