Study of Sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis, South Xinjiang, China

Based on investigation of sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis at the southernmargin of the Tarim basin, ^(14)C ages and grain-size and chemical element analyses, the followingviews are put forward in this paper.(1) Sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis are composed chiefly of 'oasis soil', similar to the recentoasis soil, i.e. brown desert soil, which was formed due to pedogenesis after aeolian sand (sandyloam) and dust (loess) of 3.32-6.64 phi were deposited.(2) The ancient Yutian-Hotan Oasis represented by oasis soil was formed at 13000 a B.P. During thecold period of the past 13000 years, this region is characterized mainly by accumulation of sand anddust storms, and sandy oasis soil was developed in this region due to pedogenesis in an oasisenvironment; during the warm period, dust falls predominated along with certain current concomitants(lacustrine facies), and silty oasis soil was formed by pedogenesis. Owing to fluctuations of coldand warm climates since 13000 a B.P., sandy oasis soil was deposited alternately with silty oasissoil and lacustrine soils. Nevertheless, the Yutian-Hotan Oasis has been preserved and developingcontinuously towards the contemporary time.(3) At the latest, the oasis became an important site of human inhabitancy at 10000 a B.P., andsince then it has been an important base for the propagation and activity of local people in theTarim Basin.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Environmental Effects from Land Change in Hotan Oasis,Xinjiang

[Objective] This study aimed to evaluate the environmental effects coming from land changes in Hotan oasis during 1980-2010. [Method] Based on the Driving Force-State-Response model, expert weight method and entropy method were used to determine weight, and then the composite indexes of environmental effects （CIE for short） were calculated. [Result] During the period from 1980 to 2010, CIE had presented a rising trend whether expert weight method or entropy method in the study area, while the CIE presents downtrend basically in lower reaches. [Conclu- sion] It was the arable land expansion in middle reaches that led to serious land degradation in lower reaches, and may endanger ecosystem safety in Hotan River green corridor. Therefore, it is suggested that the agricultural land use should be restructured, such as reducing the sown areas of some crops with large amount of water consumption. Meanwhile, the effective measures should be taken to distribute water resources and utilize them reasonably. In addition, the oasis-desert ecotone, as well as the groundwater resources, should be also protected.

Assessment of Ecosystem Services Value in Hotan Oasis, Xingjiang

[Objective] The study aimed to assess the ecosystem services value in Hotan Oasis, Xingjiang. [Method] The visual interpretation method was adopted to process TM/ETM＋ images based on field investigation in Hotan Oasis. These inter- pretation data, along with two periods of land use data, were reclassified to farm- land, forest, grassland and so on. Then, the ecosystem services value was calculat- ed and analyzed. [Result] Analysis indicated that the ecosystem services value had been increased by 30.44x108 Yuan （16.51%） in the study area during 1980-2010, which can be explained by the increase of glacier and snowfield distributed in the south mountain with the increase of annual precipitation. At the same time, the con- tribution rate of grassland to ecosystem services value had been decreased as a result of degradation of grassland and occupation from farmland. For the whole basin, the increase of ecosystem services value came from the upper reaches, while the ecosystem services value had been reduced in the middle and lower reaches. In the middle reaches, the reduction came mainly from wetland （-1.83x10s Yuan）, waters （-1.68x10s Yuan）, forest （-0.86x108 Yuan） and grassland （-0.80x108 Yuan）. But in the lower reaches, the ecosystem services values of waters, grassland and forest were -0.61 x108 Yuan, -0.24x108 Yuan, and -0.07x10s Yuan, respectively. [Conclusion] If some effective policies, such as the implementation of returning farm- land to forest and ceasing from farming to grazing, would be taken, the ecosystem degradation can be constrained and reversed in the northwest arid region.

The Estimation of Water Supply and Demand in Hotan Oasis

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to estimate water supply and demand, which can provide a basis for how to allocate rationally water resources in Hotan Oasis. [Method] The water supply and demand in Hotan Oasis in the next15 years were calculated according to water-soil balance. [Result] When the runoff of Hotan River is at a probability of 50%（P=50 for short）, the total water resource is 50.57×10^8m^3, and there is only 33.13×10^8m^3available for social and economics,but there would be a need of 33.44×10^8and 36.06×10^8m^3, and the water shortage would be 1.31 ×10^8and 2.93 ×10^8m^3in 2020 and 2030 respectively. When P =75,the total water resource is 44.30×10^8m^3, there is only 29.39×10^8m^3water available for social and economics. However, there would be a need of 31.43 ×10^8and33.11×10^8m^3, and the water shortage would be 2.04×10^8and 3.72×10^8m^3in 2020 and 2030, respectively. [Conclusion] The problem of water shortage would be serious over the next 15 years, and the fragile ecosystem would be destroyed dramatically with the large-scale land reclamation against natural laws. Hence, the effective policies and measures should be taken timely to prohibit reclamation and to cope with ongoing water shortage, based on the water supply and demand estimation under the background of climate change.

The Estimation of Cultivated Land Threshold Value in Hotan Oasis

[Objective] Water shortage is a key natural factor limiting arid economic development and ecological security.However,the large-scale land reclamation against natural laws has been speeding up water consumption,and the ecological water use which is the primary condition for maintaining ecological security was squeezed.Moreover,the fragile oasis ecosystem would be destroyed dramatically.In order to maintain ecological security,it is urgent to evaluate the threshold value of cultivated land.[Method] The method of water-soil balance was used to evaluate the threshold value of cultivated-land on the premise of allocating downstream ecological water demand.[Result] Under the frequency of 75%（P =75 for short） in Hotan River,the threshold value of cultivated-land in Hotan Oasis would be 13.83×10^4,16.78×10^4and 16.50×10^4hm^2in 2010,2020 and 2030 respectively.Under the frequency of 50%（P=50 for short）,the threshold value of cultivated land in Hotan Oasis would be 14.95 ×10^4,18.08 ×10^4and 17.78 ×10^4hm^2in 2010,2020 and 2030 respectively.If effective measures are not taken to control cultivated-land expansion,the cultivated land area will be 2.78×10^4and 5.07×10^4hm^2more than the threshold values of cultivated land at P =75 in 2020 and 2030 respectively.Even if the efficient water-saving technique are adopted,the water requirement of crop use will increase from 19.77×108to 20.82×108and 21.95×108m3during 2010-2030,and then the ecological water use cannot be guaranteed.[Conclusion] The cultivated-land expansion would threaten the ecological security in Hotan River and Tarim River.Therefore,some strict measures should be taken to protect desert-oasis ecotone,an important constituent of oasis ecosystem which has vital role in maintaining the stability of oasis,and to prohibit cultivated-land expansion.

Bio-geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in Hotan River Basin, Xinjiang

Tamarix nabkha is one of the most widespread nabkhas, distributing in the arid region of China. Based on the observations outdoors and the simulation experiments in laboratories, analysis in this paper refers to the biological geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in the middle and lower reaches of the Hotan River, Xinjiang. And the results indicate that the ecological type of Tamarix in the study area is a kind of Tugaic soil habitat based on the deep soil of the Populus Diversifolia forests and shrubs. This type of habitat can be divided into three kinds of sub-habitats which demonstrate the features of ecological environment of Tamarix nabkhas during the differential developed phases. Meanwhile, the Tamar, ix nabkha can exert intensified disturbance current on wind-sand flow on the ground,and its root and stems not only have strong potential of sprouting but are characteristic of wind erosion-tolerance, resistance to be buried by sand and respectively tough rigid of the lignified branches, for it has a rather longer life-time. Thus, the wind speed profile influenced by the Tamarix nabkha is different from the Phragmites nabkha and Alhagi nabkha. And the structure of the wind flow is beneficial to aeolian sand accumulating in/around Tamarix shrub, which can create unique Tamarix nabkhas with higher average gradient and longer periodicity of life. Tamarix nabkha evolution in the area experienced three stages： growth stage, mature and steady stage and withering stage. In each stage, morphological features and geomorphic process of Tamarix nabkha are different due to the discrep- ant interaction between the nabkha and aeolian sand flow.

Structural Adjustment of Oasis Agriculture in Xinjiang

Xinjiang’s oasis agriculture has made enormous strides over past decades. Structural adjustment of oasis agriculture sector has promoted production diversification. Xinjiang’s oasis agriculture sector is entering a new era. The era means more adjustments in oasis agricultural and rural economic structure so as to realize the sustainable development of agriculture. By summing and analyzing the main problems in Xinjinag’s oasis agricultural structure, such as raising farmer’s income, industry structure within agriculture, rural urbanization, pressure coming from market, agricultural environment degradation, puts forward the thinking, director and countermeasures to adjust oasis agricultural structure.

Comprehensive Assessment of Tourism Environment in Oases of Xinjiang

[Objective] The study aimed to assess tourism environment in oases of Xinjiang. [Method] Based on basic theory of tourism environ- ment assessment and related standards at home and abroad, the evaluation indicator system and standards for tourism environment in oases of Xin- jiang were constructed according to the actual situation of the tourism environment, and then the comprehensive evaluation model was constructed to assess tourism environment in Urumqi using linear weighted sum. [Result] The comprehensive score of tourism environment in Urumqi is 6.807 68, and the tourism environment is in a good state. Resource and landscape environment is the best, followed by social service and economic environ- ment, while the other environments are bad. [ Conclusion] The comprehensive evaluation indicator system for tourism environment in oases of Xin- jiang is rational.

不同气象干旱指数在北疆绿洲农业区适用性分析

选取北疆绿洲农业区11个气象站1961—2020年的数据,按月尺度计算降水距平百分率(PA)、标准化降水指数(SPI)、标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)、K指数和气象干旱综合指数(MCI)5种干旱指数,通过比较这些指数的相关性、不同等级的干旱发生频率以及在典型干旱年份的识别能力,分析各指数在该区域的适用性。结果表明,PA和SPI对降水亏缺有敏感的反应,但对温度的关联较弱,未充分考虑增温对干旱的影响;MCI与温度和降水的关联均较弱,倾向于低估重旱和特旱;SPEI和K指数与温度和降水均有较好的关联,但K指数过多地报告中度至重度干旱,而SPEI则全面考虑了温度和降水对干旱的综合影响,其结果更符合实际情况。由于SPEI计算蒸散发采用的Thornthwaite方法可能高估了温度对干旱的影响,在降水显著偏少、温度偏差较小的情况下,SPI的监测结果可能比SPEI更为严重,因此,建议结合SPI使用,以弥补这一不足。

北疆绿洲农业区气象干旱指数的确定及干旱特征分析

气象干旱指数是衡量农业干旱程度的指标之一。选取降水距平百分率PA、标准化降水指数SPI、标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI,通过SPI和SPEI构建的新标准化降水蒸散指数nSPEI 4种气象干旱指数,利用北疆绿洲农业区1961—2020年的气象数据,进行相关性、回归拟合、不同等级干旱频率分布分析,选出符合实际的干旱指数,进而分析研究区的气象干旱变化特征。结果表明:(1)PA的干旱标准低估了干旱程度,SPI对温度上升引起的干旱加剧不敏感,SPEI计算蒸散发选用的Thornthwaite方法会高估温度对干旱的影响,nSPEI克服了SPI和SPEI的不足,对研究区的适用性最优。(2)近60年,研究区气象干旱随时间呈波动性变化特征。进入21世纪以来,春、夏季表现为湿—干变化,秋季表现为弱的干—湿变化;春、夏季干旱由弱增强、秋季略减弱;以全局性干旱为主,春季局域性干旱增多,夏、秋季局域性干旱减少;春季特旱多,夏季重旱多。

北疆地区城市化对地面气温趋势的影响

基于前期研究发展的气温参考站数据和分析方法,对北疆地区国家基准气候站、国家基本气象站和4个代表性城镇站记录的地面气温序列趋势变化特征进行对比分析,探讨造成北疆地区城镇站气温序列中城市化影响特殊性的可能原因。研究表明:北疆地区城镇站和基准、基本站与全国其他地区相比,其城市化影响表现为明显的气温负趋势,基准、基本站年平均城市化影响达到-0.05℃/10 a,城市化贡献率为-14.1%,春、夏和秋季城市化影响均为显著的负趋势,秋季最明显,冬季城市化影响表现出不显著的正趋势;乌苏、石河子、克拉玛依和乌鲁木齐4个城镇站年平均城市化影响为-0.19~-0.07℃/10 a,城市化贡献率为-100%~-23.3%。

基于基于TOPSIS法对和田地区温室番茄滴灌方案优选研究

为了确定和田地区日光温室越冬茬番茄适宜的灌溉指标,进而为该地区设施农业的科学灌溉提供理论依据,于2020年10月至次年4月,以番茄“粉保利”为材料,在新疆昆玉市现代农业科技示范园进行了灌溉试验。设置了4种土壤水分下限处理T1、T2、T3和CK(分别为田间持水率的45%、60%、70%及80%),利用TOPSIS法对滴灌方案进行综合评价优选。研究表明:T3水分下限处理与CK处理相比可提高番茄产量7.5%,T1处理番茄产量最低。随着番茄水分下限升高,灌水量增加,灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率显著降低。降低水分下限对番茄可溶性固形物(TSS)、可溶性糖、Vc、可滴定酸含量和果实硬度影响显著(P<0.05)。采用TOPSIS法,对番茄产量、水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率及品质综合评价,得出适宜本地区越冬茬番茄滴灌水分下限最优处理为T3(70%田持)处理。

Exploitation of mineral resource and its influence on regional development and urban evolution in Xinjiang, China

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between mineral resources exploitation and economic and urban development in Xinjiang. The article summarizes the mineral resource exploitation development of Xinjiang especially over the last 50 years, and investigates energy industries and their driving forces, directions, and economic impact on the oasis urban system evolution in Xinjiang. Methods like correlation analysis, location quotient and elastic coefficient are employed in the presentation and discussion, and also field reconnaissance surveys, interviews and secondary sources are used. The result shows Xinjiang＇s economic growth is promoted by the contributions of the increasing mineral resource industry which promotes economic development by accelerating infrastructure construction, developing industry and raising revenue and fixed investment. Mineral exploitation in recent years had profound impacts on urban development as a growth engine. The evolution of urban system has a close relationship with resource exploitation, and statistical results provide strong evidence to support the argument that mineral resource exploitation has promoted the growth of built-up areas and its expansion patterns in Xinjiang, especially regions along the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains.

可持续生计视角下脱贫户返贫风险评估及防控——以新疆维吾尔自治区和田地区C县为例

以新疆维吾尔自治区和田地区C县为研究区域,综合运用问卷调查、层次分析法、熵权法、模糊综合评价对返贫风险进行评估。结果表明,C县人力资本、自然资本、物质资本、金融资本和社会资本返贫风险的评价值分别为2.784 4、1.965 5、2.540 5、3.559 0、1.861 2,人力资本、物质资本和金融资本风险是造成脱贫户返贫的主要风险;脱贫户的返贫风险等级为中等风险,返贫风险的综合评价值为2.588 3;研究发现,C县存在人力资本存量不足、主导产业发展不成熟、土地流转难度较大、基层组织发挥作用不充分、帮扶责任人的管理不够精准、帮扶工作的专业化和多样化有待提升、脱贫户社会融入不足、返贫监测预警工作不完善等问题;针对以上问题,提出一是提升内生动力,促进人力资本积累;二是加强产业规划,提升产业后续帮扶力;三是强化基层组织引领,引导发挥先锋作用;四是提升乡村治理水平,帮助农户融入社会;五是落实预警机制,完善返贫监测系统。

近代新疆蚕丝业发展概况及其特点——以和田地区的蚕丝业为例

新疆,这片古代被称为“西域”的地方,是古丝绸之路的重要枢纽,也是东西方文明交汇的十字路口,而和田地区出产的“艾特莱斯绸”曾享有相当高的知名度。文章通过对近代新疆蚕丝业发展情况的考察可知,和田地区在政府扶持下引进内地蚕丝技术和技工,以及对本地蚕农进行技能培训,是新疆蚕丝业获得发展的关键。提高蚕农的专业技能并使其成为一种技能再生产的社会群组,对新疆蚕丝业的稳定发展至为重要。

新疆绿洲生态系统固碳潜力研究

净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)是表征陆地碳循环的重要指标,它可以反映陆地生态系统的碳汇能力。面对我国实现“碳达峰”与“碳中和”的“双碳”目标,提升陆地生态系统固碳能力是重要途径之一。新疆地域面积广阔、植被恢复潜力巨大,评估新疆生态系统碳固存现状,挖掘碳固存潜力,对积极响应并实现国家“双碳”目标具有重要的现实意义。本研究基于Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach(CASA)模型,结合土地利用数据、遥感数据以及气象(气温、降水和太阳辐射)数据,模拟2001—2020年新疆NPP,通过Sen-MK方法分析NPP的变化特征趋势,并利用Pearson相关分析法分析NPP变化与气候因子之间的影响关系,进一步采用2001年和2020年不同土地利用及植被情景,以及Miami模型模拟的纯气候情景下NPP的变化格局,最终获取新疆NPP的最大潜力及NPP的最大增量。结果表明:(1)2001—2020年间新疆NPP总体表现为波动上升趋势;(2)在气候因素的影响中降水对新疆NPP产生的影响最大;(3)新疆的主要土地利用类型中耕地的NPP较大且耕地面积呈现增加趋势;(4)新疆整体NPP的增量潜力达79.43 g C·m^(-2)。本研究可以为新疆实施生态恢复以及耕地保护措施等提供参考依据。

Coincidence of abandoned settlements and climate change in the Xinjiang oases zone during the last 2000 years

The study on the relationship of abandoned settlements and climate change in the oases could provide a historical reference for understanding human responses to present and future global warming in the arid zone. A total of 554 abandoned historical settlements in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, were used to examine the relationship between abandoned settlements and temperature change over the past 2000 years. The analysis covered dynastic epochs from the Han Dynasty （206BC-220AD） to the Qing Dynasty （1644AD- 1911AD） in the oases of Xinjiang. Greater density of settlements was found at the oases larger than 2000 km^2, which were more stable and less sensitive to climate change compared to smaller oases. Settlements flourished at small oases and the middle and lower reaches of rivers during warm periods and shrank back to piedmont basins and upstream alluvial fans during cold periods. These results demonstrated responses of oasis agriculture to climate change.

新疆绿洲棉花生产布局变化特征及其驱动因素研究

新疆绿洲棉花种植业发展迅速,已成为我国最大的产棉基地,研究新疆绿洲棉花生产布局变化特征对调整和优化农业结构布局、农民增收、促进棉花生产的可持续发展具有重要意义。选定新疆绿洲棉区为研究对象,基于1990—2020年的新疆棉花生产数据,以新疆四大绿洲棉区(即塔里木盆地绿洲棉区、西北沿边绿洲棉区、将吐鲁番—哈密盆地绿洲棉区以及和田绿洲棉区)及主要产棉市县为研究基本单元,运用时间序列分析与空间分析相结合,对绿洲棉区的棉花种植面积、总产量、单位产量趋势数据进行剖析,分析各影响因素对新疆绿洲棉花种植业地理集聚的影响程度,揭示新疆四大绿洲棉区棉花种植业发展的主要驱动因素。结果表明:1991年以来,新疆绿洲棉花种植面积不断扩大,且表现出明显的阶段性和波动性,四大棉区变化特点各异,其中以塔里木盆地绿洲棉区和西北沿边绿洲棉区面积增长明显,且塔里木盆地绿洲棉区在新疆棉花生产中起主导作用;生产驱动因素分析表明,自然条件、生产科技和政策引导是非常重要的驱动因素。由此可见,30年来新疆绿洲棉花种植面积先减后增,生产集中程度不断增大,优势产区趋于稳定,单位产量逐步提升;生产布局呈现新疆棉花生产重心呈现出由西向东北方向变迁的特点,同时自然条件、生产科技水平和政策因素也促进了棉花生产向塔里木盆地绿洲棉区转移。

基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型的乌鲁木齐市绿色发展水平测度及其影响因素

城市绿色发展是实现高质量发展的内在要求。科学评价城市绿色发展水平、准确识别绿色发展影响因素是促进城市绿色转型与“资源-环境-经济”协调发展的关键性命题。从社会经济发展、资源禀赋与消耗、环境压力与治理、公众生活与社会状态、技术创新与政策等方面综合构建城市绿色发展水平测度指标体系,结合DPSIR-TOPSIS模型与障碍度模型分析测算乌鲁木齐市2007~2021年绿色发展水平动态变化,识别影响城市绿色发展的限制性因素。结果表明:①乌鲁木齐市2007~2021年绿色发展状况不断改善,发展水平呈显著上升态势,绿色发展已见成效;②城市绿色发展水平的驱动力、状态、影响、响应指数均呈上升趋势,增幅差异显著,压力指数则呈小幅下降趋势;绿色发展政策措施响应积极,但资源环境压力制约仍然存在;③2007~2013年影响乌鲁木齐市绿色发展的主要因素为人均城市道路面积、恩格尔系数、城镇居民可支配收入、第三产业占GDP的比重,2014~2021年主要因素为GDP增长率、单位GDP电耗、人口自然增长率、全年供水总量。综上所述,针对乌鲁木齐市“资源富集、产业聚集、生态脆弱”的特点,建议加快绿色低碳转型、推动绿色技术创新、倡导绿色消费、实时调整绿色发展思路等。

绿洲影响下的新疆哈密地区长城军事防御体系

【目的】哈密地区是新疆维吾尔自治区东北部的主要绿洲分布区,也是新疆现存长城军事建筑遗产最多的地区。该区现有研究集中于考古、历史、地理、社科等领域,尚未有长城军事遗产与自然景观关系的专题研究。为厘清绿洲资源对长城军事防御体系构成和军事建筑建造的影响,从环境角度展开长城研究。【方法】实地踏勘并结合已有考古调查、古籍文献、ArcGIS软件,绘制各类绿洲调节范围内长城遗产分布图,模拟军事建筑与绿洲环境的关系。【结果】该区绿洲根据成因、形态和分布特点可分为3类。区域内的长城军事建筑择绿洲而筑、就地取材,形成了由点状泉水调节的山体防御线、由面状湖水调节的水体防御线和由带状河流调节的平原防御线,有军事防御和交通保障两大重要作用。总结出了该地区宏观军事防御体系和微观建筑建造的新类型。【结论】绿洲资源是干旱地区长城军事建筑修筑的重要驱动力和影响因子,绿洲的形态、空间分布特点及其地理差异性,影响了宏观的长城防御模式和微观的长城单体建造,为今后长城军事体系和建筑研究提供新思路。