Nutrient Composition of Dust Emitted from Poultry Broiler Houses in Northwest Arkansas

A substantial body of research has been conducted on the potential water quality impairments associated with land application of poultry broiler litter. However, until recently, little attention has focused on the potential for nutrient runoff from dust emitted from broiler production houses despite related air quality concerns raised by the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency. The objective of this study was to characterize the composition of broiler house dust (BHD) and compare BHD composition to that of broiler litter (BL). Dust composition varied significantly (P < 0.05) among facilities operated by different integrator companies, likely due to differences in feed and house management among integrators. Specifically, BHD pH was lower (P < 0.05) in Facility 1 than in Facilities 2 and 3, which did not differ, whereas BHD K and Ca were greatest (P < 0.05) in Facility 1 and 2, respectively. The facility average moisture content of BHD was at least 1.9 times lower than that for the BL from the same facility. The facility average total phosphorus (TP) and water extractable phosphorus (WEP) concentrations in BHD were at least 1.2 and 1.6 times greater, respectively, than that for BL from the same facility. The greater WEP in BHD than in BL is of particular environmental importance given that extensive research shows WEP to be a major variable influencing P runoff risk. The facility average total nitrogen (TN) concentration in BHD was at least 3.0 times greater than that for BL from the same facility. As TP, WEP, and TN are greater in BHD than in BL, there is a greater risk of nutrient enrichment of runoff from an equivalent mass of BHD than BL. The results of this study highlight the need for careful management of dust emissions from broiler houses and a need for conservation practices to minimize the risk of BHD increasing nutrient runoff and its loss to waters of the US.

Determination of Nutrient Concentrations in Simulated Rainfall-Runoff from Poultry House Dust Deposited Adjacent to Exhaust Fans

Until recently, little attention has been given to the loss of nutrients that may occur in stormwater runoff from poultry houses. Dust emitted from poultry house fans and deposited near the fans has been shown to contain similar amounts of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) as in poultry litter, thus, there is need for information on the potential of runoff to transport deposited dust off-site. The objectives of this study are to quantify P and N in simulated rainfall-runoff from sites immediately adjacent to fans (sidewall and tunnel) from a commercial poultry house in northwest Arkansas. Runoff from fan plots range in total P (TP) and total N (TN) concentration from 1.0 to 26.0 mg·L-1 and from 5.1 to 189 mg·L-1. The concentration of P and N in runoff from plots adjacent to sidewall fans is significantly lower (P < 0.05) during warmer (June to August;1 and 2 mg·L-1 for TP and TN, respectively) than cooler months (November through March;3 and 7 mg·L-1 for TP and TN, respectively). In contrast, TP and TN concentrations of runoff from tunnel fan plots are significantly greater (P < 0.05) during warm (14 and 170 mg·L-1, respectively) than cool months (5 and 60 mg·L-1, respectively). The results of this research indicate that conservation practices are needed around poultry production houses to minimize the potential for runoff of nutrients in emitted dust entering nearby surface waters.

HONG KONG HOUSING AUTHORITY ——THE EVOLUTION OF QUALITY

The Hong Kong housing authority houses a half po pulation of Hong Kong. It constructs and manages pro perty on a massive scale. In 1989, the housing authority makes the decision that by 1993, its construction project management arm, and all construction companies working for the Housing Authority would be certified to the ISO 9000 standard. This decision is to have a profound and lasting impact on the construction industry in Hong Kong. In 1996, a management enhancement programme is launched. Targeting all 15 000 staff in the housing department, the programme aims at changing the culture of the organization and its partners in delivering high calibre services to customers. This paper examines the motivation and reasons behind the initiatives. It outlines the approach and framework used as the authority changes the mindset of a large department of the civil service.

Measuring Exterior Housing Quality in Four Older-Urban Neighbourhoods in Windsor, Ontario

Four theoretically-deduced hypotheses about geographical and temporal variations in exterior housing quality within a neighbourhood are summarized as a renovation- or deterioration-of-self effect, a contagion-down-the-street effect, a distance-from-riverbank effect, and a distance-from core effect. These hypotheses are tested with data for the exterior conditions of hundreds of single- detached (-like) houses that have been individually surveyed twice with the same instrument in four older-urban neighbourhoods in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Each surveyed house’s rated conditions of 12 exterior attributes are in particular utilized to calculate its overall exterior quality as a percentage above or below normal. Findings are that houses’ exteriors had average “normal” weathered conditions for Canada. Even so, overall exterior housing qualities in three neighbourhoods exemplified a hypothesized deterioration-of-self effect and proximity-to-core effect, as they had especially declined from their original survey to their resurvey for houses located near to a core such as downtown or a casino. In addition, the hypothesized distance-from-riverbank effect was observed in one neighbourhood where overall exterior housing quality linearly deteriorated with farther distance from a riverbank. Finally, overall exterior housing qualities had no observable contagion-down-the-street effect, and so, residents were not reacting positively or negatively to their neighbours’ maintenance and improvement of their homes’ exteriors. The practical implications of the study’s findings are discussed in the conclusion.

Spatial Quality of Social Housing for Seniors： Village of the Elderly in S^o Paulo （Brazil）

This paper presents the quality assessment of the built environment in the social housing for seniors ＂Village of the Elderly＂, located in the central area of Silo Paulo （Brazil） and it is the case study analyzed here. This multi-method study aimed to evaluate the quality of the built environment through the following indicators： community public facilities in the neighborhood, accessibility, safety and quality of housing. The results showed that ＂Village of the Elderly＂ was designed to house residents with income of up to three minimum wages, however, for lack of specific technical knowledge on human aging, some problems related to accessibility and safety of residents were neglected. The research contributes to studies on the quality of the ambience of constructed space and the results can support public policies, programs and projects of social housing for the elderly.

New Characteristics of Residential Housing Construction Quality in China

Base on the investigation results of residential housing construction quality recent years in China,this research first analyzes the general quality condition of residential housing construction,then demonstrates the quality condition in different regions in our country,finds out main quality problems in the residential housing construction and studies the new characteristics of quality problems,finally provides the construction industry positive foundation to solve the quality problems objectively for residential housing construction.

THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PERFORMANCE OF GREEN LOW-INCOME SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSING

There is little empirical evidence in the literature about the indoor environmental quality performance of residential buildings in general and of social housing in particular. To address this problem, this study used a mixed-method approach to evaluate the indoor environmental quality performance of 17 green low-income single attached family houses in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. Questionnaires were administered to occupants to assess their snapshot and long-term satisfaction with the indoor environment. In addition, snapshot measurements were carried out to evaluate the indoor environmental quality factors of thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting and acoustics. Occupants’ snapshot satisfaction was categorized into two groups (i.e. satisfied/comfortable or dissatisfied/uncomfortable) and compared with snapshot measurements. The results showed the measured IEQ parameters were well below recommended threshold levels. Further, occupants with higher snapshot satisfaction were generally exposed to relatively lower levels of indoor pollutants. A statistically significant difference was found in PM10 level only between the snapshot satisfied and snapshot dissatisfied groups of occupants. Apparent sound transmission classes were below the standard reference value of 50, suggesting potential problems in noise attenuation within different spaces in each apartment and between apartments. The findings of this study could help governments implement green shadowing for public-housing and also renovate existing houses using the same principles.

基于HOQ的患者满意度测评模型实证研究

把质量屋(HOQ)引入到患者满意度测评中,通过矩阵图表的方式,确定影响患者满意度的关键测评指标并逐级展开,形成基于HOQ的患者满意度测评指标体系及相应的评价模型,探索出一种科学、简便、直观、易于理解和操作的满意度测评方法,并通过测评实例说明其实施过程。

用HOQ拓展概念的软件描述及其定量结构化方法(英文)

为了改善软件的质量和生产性,注目于与其密切相关的软件结构.首先,讨论了现有方法中软件结构分析和设计的问题;然后根据质量设计中的质量屋HOQ(house of quality)与产品设计中的工程图之间的相似性,将质量功能展开QFD(quality function deployment)中的质量屋HOQ概念扩展成一种软件描述工具,并引入H.A.西蒙的系统准分解可能性原理,提出了基于数量化理论3类QMT3(quantification method of type 3)的软件定量结构化方法,再通过与现有方法的比较分析,阐明了该方法的特点;最后,通过应用实例验证了该方法对软件结构分析和设计的有效性.因而为软件质量保证提供了有力的支持.

基于E/HOQ/TRIZ的人机产品创新方法研究

为了快速准确地进行设计阶段的人机产品创新,开发了E/HOQ/TRIZ集成模型并描述了具体步骤,提出了基于人体工程学(E)的人机用户需求三维分类的需求获取方式;通过质量屋(HOQ)确立人机设计关键问题与关键人机设计区域;利用发明问题解决理论(TRIZ)分析人机设计关键问题中的冲突类型,借助TRIZ发明原理消除冲突。E/HOQ/TRIZ集成模型有效弥补了单一设计理论与方法的局限性,并发挥三种理论与方法的优势,实现人机产品创新设计。通过人机洗浴设施创新设计,论证了所提出E/HOQ/TRIZ集成模型与方法的可行性。

基于HOQ的康养手环研究与设计

目的利用质量屋HOQ(The House of Quality)进行康养手环产品的研究与设计。方法通过对质量屋HOQ的应用分析,创建了基于HOQ的康养手环产品设计模型,并以此为理论基础,采用PDS(Product Design Specification)方法对目标用户进行调研,得到危险预警、一键报警等10项核心用户需求,并将其作为康养手环质量屋HOQ的左墙输入。随后将核心用户需求转化为配置软件、快捷报警按键等技术特性并作为质量屋HOQ的天花板输入,再调研用户需求与技术特性关系强度以及产品满意度目标值等相关数据,根据公式推导出相对修正权重较高的用户需求和技术特性为一键报警、健康分析等,并以此辅助康养手环的初步设计方向。根据分析判定康养手环HOQ屋顶具有两对负相关的冲突技术特性,分别是快捷报警按键和低误操率、个性化和成本低。通过对照39项工程参数表和矛盾矩阵表以及40项发明原理,采用分离原理和预操作原理进行冲突的解决,从而消除设计矛盾。结论利用HOQ理论能够保证康养手环产品设计高效有序的进行。

基于RBF神经网络的干燥机HOQ模板自动生成模型

为了解决传统干燥机质量功能展开存在的问题,将人工智能理论引入质量功能展开配置过程,提出了智能干燥机质量功能展开的概念,并对其关键技术质量屋模板自动生成模型进行了深入研究,建立了基于径向基网络的干燥机质量屋模板自动生成模型·仿真研究表明,在知识库和数据库的支持下,该模型能够自动将顾客需求转化为相应的工程特性,降低了干燥机质量功能展开配置的复杂程度,减少了对开发人员经验和知识依赖,提高了配置效率,进而能够最大限度地发挥质量功能展开的优势·

Product design on the basis of fuzzy quality function deployment

In the implementation of quality function deployment （QFD）, the determination of the target values of engineering characteristics is a complex decision process with multiple variables and multiple objectives that should trade off, and optimize all kinds of conflicts and constraints. A fuzzy linear programming model （FLP） is proposed. On the basis of the inherent fuzziness of QFD system, triangular fuzzy numbers are used to represent all the relationships and correlations, and then, the functional relationships between the customer needs and engineering characteristics and the functional correlations among the engineering characteristics are determined with the information in the house of quality （HoQ） fully used. The fuzzy linear programming （FLP） model aims to find the optimal target values of the engineering characteristics to maximize the customer satisfaction. Finally, the proposed method is illustrated by a numerical example.

基于PPHoQ和随机变量的产品规划方案选择

为了以一种有效的方式反映客观环境的复杂性和备选方案工程特性值的分布特征,首先,结合产品规划质量屋(product planning house of quality,PPHoQ)的相关理论,客户代表使用区间型语言短语表征顾客需求的重要性,进而集结顾客需求与工程特性的关联度以及工程特性的自相关度,得到各项工程特性的重要度;其次,通过对备选方案工程特性目标值分布与最优值的差距分析,计算各个备选方案工程特性差距的总体分布期望值;进一步地,引入随机占优度的思想,构建备选方案两两比较的占优度矩阵;最后,依据工程特性的重要度、占优度矩阵和赋值优先关系矩阵,确定各个备选方案的综合评估指数.将本文方法应用于某颚式破碎机的设计,项目团队确定了该产品的5项顾客需求和5项工程特性,通过基于产品规划质量屋和随机变量的优选方法对拟定的备选方案进行了选择,最终结果验证了所提方法的可行性.

Residents Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Social Housing in Liberia

This paper evaluates the livability and convenience of social housing in Liberia from the residents’ perspectives. Using residents’ appraisal from several social housing projects in the suburb of Monrovia, residents’ satisfaction index with regards to the aesthetic, durability and comfort of their homes were measured. It also assessed their overall living environment which includes access to road and basic service facilities such as hospitals, schools, shopping and recreational centers. How secured and comfortable do they feel within their homes? What are the driving factors that led them to acquire their homes? Data were collected from 662 household heads from three housing estates in the suburb of Monrovia using the stratified systematic sampling method and analyzed using IBM SPSS descriptive statistic. Results show that while occupants of public housing are satisfied with certain aspects of their homes, they are generally unsatisfied with their living environment. This investigation is detailed to inform architects, designers and policymakers’ decisions toward social housing in Liberia. It looks at the underlining challenges affecting the improvement of social housing from the end users’ perspective and how these challenges can be mitigated to meet consumers’ satisfaction and make them part of the design process and policymaking.

基于多元数据的夏季鸡舍环境质量评价及其对产蛋性能的影响

蛋鸡舍环境质量直接影响蛋鸡产蛋性能。为探究夏季蛋鸡舍环境质量及其对产蛋性能的影响,研究提出基于多元数据的分析方法,首先采集鸡舍内7类关键环境因子数据,按照热环境、光环境和气体环境分组,再根据改进D-S证据理论规则进行迭代融合,得到蛋鸡舍各检测点环境质量的综合评价结果,进而分析其对产蛋性能的影响。以夏季八层层叠式蛋鸡舍为试验鸡舍开展试验。结果显示:八层层叠式蛋鸡舍下四层的环境质量和平均产蛋率的最优位置均处于鸡舍前端;平均产蛋率最差的位置处于鸡舍中端,该位置环境质量综合评价结果为一般;上四层平均产蛋率最优位置为鸡舍中端,该位置环境质量综合评价结果为适宜;平均产蛋率最差位置和环境质量最差位置均为鸡舍后端(靠近风机端)。在试验鸡舍所有检测点中,平均产蛋率高于86%的检测点,环境质量综合评价结果大都为适宜,平均产蛋率低于86%的检测点,环境质量综合评价结果为一般或差,鸡舍内各检测点环境质量综合评价结果与平均产蛋率的变化趋势高度一致。该研究为准确评价蛋鸡舍环境质量,揭示蛋鸡舍环境质量对产蛋性能的影响提供了一种行之有效的方法。

基于HOQ矩阵和粗糙集的产品概念设计及评价方法

为了使产品设计过程中的概念设计方案能够充分满足客户需求,提出一种基于质量屋(HOG)和粗糙集的产品概念设计及评价方法.首先,通过与客户和设计者的沟通确定主要客户需求(CR)和技术特征(TC).然后,利用层次分析法计算各CR的重要性权重,并根据CR和TC之间的HOG矩阵,获得各TC的重要性权重.接着,设计者根据TC重要性设计出多种候选产品概念方案.最后,利用粗糙集理论对候选产品概念进行评估,确定最优概念设计方案.案例分析表明,该方案能够产生满足CR的最优产品概念.

漏缝地板下粪水贮存周期内猪舍空气环境的监测

[目的]研究漏缝地板下粪水贮存周期内猪舍空气环境,为猪健康生长和生产提供参考。[方法]选取1栋分娩猪舍,测定粪水贮存周期(21 d)内猪舍的空气环境指标。沿猪舍对角线方向均匀选5个测定点,粪水贮存周期内每3 d测1次,每次分别在6:00、11:00、13:00、18:00测定。[结果]猪舍粪水贮存周期内平均温度(26.08±1.45)℃,相对湿度(93.44±3.96)%,氨气质量浓度为(3.58±1.62)mg/m^(3),二氧化碳质量浓度为(1760.63±284.98)mg/m^(3)。第18天的温度、相对湿度、二氧化碳浓度最高,各指标基本与其他测定时间差异显著;第21天氨气浓度最高,与第3天、第6天差异显著;[结论]漏缝地板下粪水贮存周期内,温度略高,相对湿度过高,氨气浓度持续上升但未超过标准,二氧化碳浓度较高,应增加通风设备,改善猪舍空气环境。

严寒地区混合垂直通风猪舍环境质量评价

为探究垂直通风系统(屋顶与粪坑混合排风)在寒区猪舍中的适应性,该研究在秋冬季节对内蒙古某规模化猪舍的热湿与空气质量环境进行了实时连续监测,并根据测试结果对猪舍环境质量进行评价。结果表明:1)测试期间,舍内平均温度、相对湿度以及氨气(NH_(3))、二氧化碳(CO_(2))、总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulate, TSP)浓度分别为22.7℃、59.6%、6.5 mg/m^(3)、2 200 mg/m^(3)、2 915μg/m^(3),舍内通风量为0.34~0.39 m^(3)/(h·kg),各环境指标基本满足生产环境阈值要求;保育期间舍内有效环境温度范围为27.1~30.7℃,存在轻度热应激情况,占总监测时间的12.9%;2)舍内温度、相对湿度与NH_(3)、CO_(2)、TSP浓度空间分布不均匀系数分别为0.01、0.15、0.45、0.03、0.15,各环境参数空间分布均较为均匀;3)试验单元(U1、U3)猪的平均日增质量、料重比与死淘率分别842和818 g/d、2.68和2.79、1.68%和1.31%,生产性能良好。综上,不设吊顶的侧墙进风,屋顶与粪坑混合排风的垂直通风系统,总体上能够满足严寒地区猪舍秋冬季热湿环境与空气质量调节需求,保证良好的生产性能。

从“老房子”变“好房子”——既有住宅系统性更新研究与实践

随着我国城市建设发展阶段的变化,住房发展已经从总量短缺转为结构性供给不足,进入结构优化和品质提升的发展时期;城市发展由大规模增量建设转为存量提质改造和增量结构调整并重,进入城市更新的重要时期。本文聚焦城市更新时期的既有住宅现状,以人民群众的生活需求和现实问题为导向,以北京市既有住宅为真实样本,围绕绿色低碳、健康舒适、智慧便捷、安全耐久等四个核心维度,开展既有住宅系统性更新改造研究与实践。以实现人民群众需要的“好房子”为目标,剖析既有住宅更新改造的痛点、难点,并针对既有住宅品质的综合提升提出建议。