Study on Safeguard System of Eco-tourism Compensation of Hukou Section during Ecological Water-control Project of Poyang Lake

Through analysis on the background to develop eco-tourism and necessity for ecological compensation,based on specific condition of Hukou County,in line with the situation to develop eco-tourism during ecological water control project of Poyang Lake,residents' interest protection system and ecological benefit safeguard system for eco-tourism compensation were put forward.

Landscape Formation and Protection of the Hukou Waterfall

Establishing geoparks is an effective approach to protect natural resources and promote local tourism industry. The national geopark of the Hukou Waterfall is an important geopark which attracts more than 2 million tourists per year. The Hukou Waterfall is formed by combination of multiple knickpoints due to the longitudinal profile analysis. Like other waterfalls in the world, the Hukou Waterfall will disappear in the future. Considering the mechanisms of waterfall evolution, this paper suggests establishing control engineering, preserving the water and soil in nearby region, and reinforcing the structure of waterfall to preserve the landscape of waterfall.

Cities Make Life Better:Hukou and Household Satisfaction about Life

This paper examines the relationship between a change of hukou and househoM satisfaction about life based on large-sample China Family Panel Studies （CFPS） data. As horizontally shown by cross-section data, significant hukou identity differences exist in the subjective happiness of households reflected in life satisfaction. However, the traditional view that ＂rural residents are subjectively happier than urban residents＂ is not verified in this study. From a vertical perspective of tracing data, the estimation results of the DID model and the PSM model indicate that a change of hukou identity for rural residents has a significantly positive effect on their subjective happiness, lending credence to the saying that ＂cities make life better＂.

Study on the Rual Migrant Workers＇ Willingness to Have Urban Hukou and the Choice of Urbanization Path of China in Recent Years

Based on the empirically analysis of the data from a nationwide survey in 2010 in China, the study found. （1） The overwhelming majority of rural migrant workers in China were not willing to convert their rural household registration （nongye hukou） to an urban or non-rural registration Orei nong hukou）. If they were required to return the rural land contract rights as precondition, only lOper cent were willing to be urban citizens. （2） For the small proportion of migrant workers who were willing to convert their rural household registration to urban household registration, ＇obtaining access to better education and more opportunities for the continuation of education for their children＇ is the major incentive. （3） The primary reason for retaining a rural hukou, on the other hand, is to keep their rural contract land. （4） Finally, there is no significant difference between the rural migrant workers who were born before 1980 and those after 1980, in term of the attitude toward converting rural hukou to urban hukou. The policy recommendations drew from the findings are as follows： 1） In order to promote the urbanization process, the government should choose the path of ＇urbanization based on the long term residence in the towns and cities＇ instead of the path of ＂urbanization based on household registration ＇. 2） The rural migrant workers should be converted into urban citizens without being forced to give up their contact land. 3） The government should give equal weight in policy making to the migrant workers born before 1980 and those born after 1980. Therefore, the policy emphasis of deepening the urbanization of China should focus on the ＇equalization of the resource allocation of the public services and social welfare＂ while the characteristics of the separation of the household registration system should not be strengthened any longer.

Harmonising "hukou"

When Du Yumeng was born in December 2005, she was probably not aware that she had been classified into a different category from other babies--a category which includes people toting wheelbarrows of fresh fruit, selling steamed buns from a comer booth or peddling phone cards. They all share one thing in common--a rural ＂hukou＂, or house-hold registration.

Hukou System Reform and Unification of Rural-urban Social Welfare

Using apolitical economy analytical framework, the present paper examines the hukou system reform in China. The potential unification of the social welfare system of rural and urban areas is discussed. The paper reviews the progress ofhukou system reform since 2004. It is suggested that since China met its Lewis turningpoint in about 2004, and a labor shortage became a limiting factor in production, there has been stronger demand for hukou system reform. In the meantime, various levels of government have apoint where incentives are compatibile for carrying out reforms. The paper also explores some limitations of the currently implemented reform in certain regions andputs forwardrelevantpolicy suggestions.

Does hukou still matter？ The household registration system and its impact on social stratification and mobility in China

The household registration system has been a basic institutional arrangement in Chinese society. Under this system, registered residence （hukou） plays an important role in resource allocation and interest distribution, and thus exerts a significant impact on social stratification and mobility. After nearly three decades of reform and opening up, does it still play a role, and, if so, what is this role？ Drawing on data from the China General Social Survey, we find that China＇s social stratification is characterized by the simultaneous existence of differentiation between urban and rural hukou and hierarchy within urban hukou; furthermore, there is a positive correlation between one＇s opportunities for social mobility and the possibility of changing and transferring one＇s hukou. Despite the increasing social mobility ensuing from market-oriented transformation, the hukou hierarchy and its structural influence on mobility within the institutional framework persist. The strongly conglutinative nature of the household registration system has given rise to social disparities. The basic direction for reform of the system should be unification ofhukou and free choice of movement from one place to another.

The Hukou and Land Tenure Systems as Two Middle Income Traps--The Case of Modern China

China＇s prevailing hukou （household registration） system and land tenure system seem to be very different in their applications. In fact, they both function to deny the exit right of rural residents from a rural community. Under these systems, rural residents are not allowed to freely exit from collectives if they do not want to lose their entitlements, such as their rights to using collectively owned land and their land-based properties. Farmers are neither allowed to sell their houses to outsiders, nor allowed to sell to outsiders their rights to contracting a piece of land from the collective where their households are registered. For migrant workers from rural areas, it is extremely difficult for them to obtain an urban hukou with all its associated entitlements at an urban locality where they currently work and live. The combined effect of the two systems leads to serious distortions in labor and land markets, resulting in discrimination against migrant workers, sprawling yet exclusive urbanization, housing bubbles, and depressed domestic demand. These distortions further entrench the existing and much widened urban/rural divide. Unless these two systems are thoroughly reformed, the rural residents in Chinese mainland will be trapped in their comparatively much lower income and remain unable to share the gains from the agglomeration effects of urbanization.

Transcending Hukou Barriers Effectively Unleashes the Income-Raising Effect of Education:Based on an “Agricultural to Non-agricultural Hukou Conversion” Perspective

The relatively low rate of return to education has played an important role in explaining the urban-rural income disparity.However,rural residents have a high demand for education,and one significant reason is that education can help them break the restrictions of the household registration(hukou)system and obtain a higher income.Using data from the 2017 China Household Finance Survey(CHFS 2017),this study employs unconditional quantile regression to find that after reclassifying individuals who have experienced agricultural to non-agricultural hukou conversion back to the rural household registration category,the income-promotion effect on the rural population of completing high school and university education is significantly enhanced.The decomposition analysis using the recentered influence function(RIF)reveals that when considering the agricultural to non-agricultural hukou conversion group,the income disparity between urban and rural areas caused by education is noticeably alleviated.Furthermore,the endogenous switching regression model finds that individuals with agricultural hukou are generally less likely to work in formal institutions.Improving educational attainment helps increase the probability of their obtaining non-agricultural hukou and entering formal employment,resulting in higher income.Hence,policymakers should focus on improving the quality of rural education and reforming the household registration system to gradually eliminate the occupational segregation and income disparity caused by hukou barriers.

Hukou, Labour Markets and the Chinese Developmental State

The East Asian development model ascribes an interventionist role to a state which uses regulations to govern the market in the early stages of devdopment. Many scholars have ascribed this role to the Chinese state in the post- planning era. However, a major difference between China and other East Asian economies is the massive size of China＇s population. In Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, the role of the state governing labor marl^ets and labor transfers from rural to urban areas has not been considered central to their development model. In China, the size of its rural population has led the Chinese state to take a more proactive approach to governing the labor market and the urbanization process by using the hukou system to institutionalize a temporary laboring class, to guide urbanization to low population density areas and to create competitive residency schemes in desirable urban areas. Such a developmental function differs considerably to the role of the state during the early development of East Asian economies and presents an additional barrier to the realization of a mature market economy and modern polity.

Hukou-Restricted Migration and Migrants'Health:Evidence and Policy Implication

Since the 1980s,rapid economic development in China has continued to attract great numbers of migrants from rural to urban labor markets.As a result,the constraints of the hukou registration system on migration flows have gradually declined.Nevertheless,institutional barriers associated with the hukou remain for migrants in their social integration in destination.And these have led to substantial negative impacts on migrants'physical,social and psychological wellbeing.Regional institutional variation and recent reforms in the hukou system at the provincial or lower level set up a semi experimental context in which to examine how institutional or structural differences can affect migrants'wellbeing.This study analyzes the health-related differences between migrants in two major migrant-receiving cities,Beijing and Shenzhen.To eliminate the effect of self-selection in destination choice,we use propensity score matching to remove the observable differences which are relevant in destination choice and to make the respondents in the two cities more comparable.With the matched samples,we examine the net effect of migration destination on health outcomes and health service use.We found that migrants in Shenzhen have relatively poorer physical and psychological health compared with those in Beijing,and that they have more unmet health needs in spite of their higher use of health services.We discuss the structural and institutional factors which may be relevant to the observed net health differences,including the differences III policy implementation and regulations between these two cities.

Should Home Buying Be Tied to Hukou?

Responding to the recent frenetic rise in house prices,the Central Government in January announced eight new

Are Hukou Point System Fair For Migrant Workers?

In early June,Guangdong in south China unveiled a points system for the millions of farmer-turned-workers in the province hoping to settle in cities and towns.A migrant worker will be qualified to apply for urban household registration once his or her

户籍身份转换让农业转移人口更好地融入城市了吗?——基于社会地位与收入水平的视角

利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)微观数据,采用倾向得分匹配法(PSM方法)从劳动者社会地位和收入水平两个视角检验农业转移人口在实现户籍身份转换后(即农转非)是否更好地融入城市。研究结果表明:首先,从实际收入水平和社会地位来看,户籍转换劳动者群体与城市户籍群体间的差异并不显著,户籍转换劳动者在实际收入和社会地位方面已较好地融入城市;其次,户籍转换劳动者群体的客观收入水平与实际社会地位平均高于农村户籍群体,劳动力市场上的户籍歧视依然存在;最后,从主观指标来看,农村户籍劳动者群体在收入水平及社会地位方面的主观评价高于户籍转换劳动者群体,而户籍转换劳动者群体的主观评价指标则高于城市户籍群体,原因可能是:与城市相比,农村户籍及户籍转换劳动者实际工作总收入及ISEI指数提升速度相对较快,心理上的满足度也较高,也可能是受“知足者常乐”心理状态的影响。研究证实了尽管经过多轮户籍制度改革,但劳动力市场上的户籍歧视依然存在,农村户籍劳动者工资收入水平及社会地位仍旧低于城市户籍劳动者;农转非劳动者与城市户籍劳动者在收入水平及社会地位方面的差距并不显著,户籍身份转换劳动者群体已经基本融入城市社会,说明加快推进农业转移人口市民化进程确实有助于提升农业转移人口的收入水平及其社会地位。基于此,提出加快推进城乡基本公共服务均等化,完善市民化成本共担、收益共享机制等建议。

农业转移人口市民化:政策演化、现实挑战与施策重点

农业转移人口市民化是推进新型城镇化、促进城乡融合发展的必然选择。党的十八大以来,国家对农业转移人口市民化的工作逐步深化,取得显著进展。然而,当前仍面临迁入地、迁出地以及农业转移人口自身因素的三重障碍,体现在迁入地财政和用地压力较大、落户政策与农业转移人口落户意愿不匹配、农村“三权”退出不畅、农业转移人口购房能力不足以及城市融入度较低等问题。针对农业转移人口市民化的现实困境,未来亟需从深化户籍制度改革、健全常住地提供基本公共服务制度、促进农业转移人口在城镇稳定就业、发挥农村“三权”退出的支撑作用以及完善农业转移人口市民化激励政策五个方面重点持续发力,加快农业转移人口市民化进程。

新一轮户籍改革的劳动力城乡再配置效应:理论机制与经验证据

在中国人口红利机会窗口逐步缩窄背景下,需要对新一轮户籍改革的劳动力城乡再配置效应进行评估。通过构建一个劳动力多元化流动决策的分析框架,阐释户籍改革影响劳动力城乡再配置的理论机制,并基于2012—2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据进行实证分析。研究发现:新一轮户籍改革显著促进了农村劳动力向城市转移,与未放开户籍管制的城市相比,放开落户限制城市持有农业户口且在农村地区就业的劳动力减少了3.4%,该效应可进一步分解为持有非农户口劳动力比重增加1.9%,流动人口比重增加1.5%;户籍改革引致的落户门槛降低和公共服务均等化,在降低迁徙成本的同时提高了迁徙收益,促进了劳动力城乡间的再配置;城市财政压力、户籍所在地的农地价值、迁徙的心理与社会融入成本以及不稳定就业均会对户籍改革的劳动力城乡再配置效应形成制约。拓展性分析表明,城市间落户政策差异引致的劳动力城乡再配置会进一步扩大特大城市与其他城市人力资本差距。因此,应进一步深化户籍制度改革,降低一线城市落户门槛,同时促进基本公共服务均等化,充分释放劳动力城乡再配置潜力。

人口流动与企业生产链长度--基于户籍制度改革的准自然实验

生产链长度反映了企业在全球价值链体系中生产的复杂程度和分工地位。本文以户籍制度改革为切入点,在梳理特征事实与理论机理后,构建多期双重差分模型探究了人口流动对企业生产链长度的影响及内在机制。研究发现:首先,户籍制度改革在促进人口流动方面有较大突破,但大部分外来人口仍面临落户困境,且受教育程度有限;其次,实证结果表明户籍制度改革缩短了企业的生产链长度,主要原因在于改革引致的人口主要流入了低生产率企业,只有协同推进户籍制度改革与教育和人力资本水平提升,才能显著延长企业生产链长度;最后,异质性分析表明,上述影响主要表现于劳动密集型行业和公共服务质量较高的城市。

三类户籍身份居民再分配态度形成机制的多元差异——基于结构方程模型的多群组比较分析

本文以城镇户籍身份居民、农村户籍身份居民和城镇就业农村户籍的混合型户籍身份农民工群体为研究对象,基于2015年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,采用结构方程模型的多群组比较分析方法,探究三类户籍身份居民再分配态度形成机制的多元差异及其原因。研究发现,三类群体的再分配态度存在显著差异;三类户籍身份居民再分配态度的形成机制呈现多元差异,且主要受到社会阶层因素的影响,表现在受教育程度对再分配态度的直接影响机制上,受教育程度与家庭年收入通过影响中介变量分配公平感对再分配态度的间接影响机制在三类群组间存在显著差异。形成态度和机制差异的重要原因在于户籍身份的调节作用影响,且这种差异不仅基于两种城乡户籍类型,也基于户籍身份混合型。对此,应建立精确群体的需要瞄准机制,建设基于公民身份的组合式普惠型社会保障制度,为共同富裕夯实制度基础。

长江中下游县域水资源开发与利用研究——以湖口县为例

长江中下游地区水资源丰富,但受人类活动和气候变化等因素的干扰,局部缺水、涉水管理水平不足等问题日益突出。以长江中下游县域的湖口县为例,分析了其2018—2022年水资源变化特征、开发与利用情况,并针对当前存在的问题提出了相应的解决对策,为长江中下游县域水资源的合理开发和可持续利用提供借鉴,助力长江经济带的高质量绿色发展。

鄱阳湖生态流量适宜性评估

近年来,鄱阳湖呈现出枯水期提前且持续时间延长的趋势,研究鄱阳湖生态流量需求是否得到满足至关重要。以鄱阳湖为研究对象,基于湖口水文站1950~2020年的资料数据,采用频率曲线法计算鄱阳湖年内生态流量,并从流量变化、持续时间和发生时间等方面构建了月流量偏差率、月生态流量满足度和月均生态流量适宜度3个生态流量适宜性评价指标,将这3个指标转换为一个综合指标对典型丰水年(2016年)、平水年(1997年)和枯水年(2004年)鄱阳湖的生态流量适宜性进行了评估。结果表明:①鄱阳湖生态流量呈单峰型季节变化趋势,谷值出现在12月份,为621.61 m^(3)/s,峰值出现在6月份,为4559.36 m^(3)/s,是谷值生态流量的7倍多。②在典型丰水年(2016年),鄱阳湖的生态流量适宜性综合指标为0.92~0.97,共有12个月的健康等级为“极佳”,实际径流量能够较好地满足生态流量的需求。③在典型平水年(1997年),适宜性综合指标最高为0.99,最低为0.73,共有11个月的健康等级为“极佳”,健康状态较为可观。④在典型枯水年(2004年),综合指标为0.39~0.99,鄱阳湖有2个月的健康等级达到“中等”或“差”,处于较差的健康状态。研究深入分析了鄱阳湖在不同典型年下的湖泊健康水平,突出了气候变化对湖区生态流量安全的潜在威胁,进而强调生态流量调控的紧迫性,为鄱阳湖生态系统管理和可持续发展提供了参考。