Screening and evaluation of human single-chain fragment variable antibody against hepatitis B virus surface antigen

BACKGROUND: Phage display technology has become a vital tool in studies aimed at identifying molecules binding to a specific target. It enables the rapid generation and selection of high affinity, fully human antibody product candidates to essentially any disease target appropriate for antibody therapy. In this study, we prepared the recombinant single-chain fragment variable ( ScFv) antibody to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) by the phage display technology for obtaining a virus-targeting mediator. METHODS: mRNA was isolated from B-lymphocytes from a healthy volunteer and converted into cDNA. The fragment variables of heavy and light chain were amplified separately and assembled into ScFv DNA with a specially constructed DNA linker by polymerase chain reaction. The ScFv DNA was ligated into the phagmid vector pCANT-AB5E and the ligated sample was transformed into competent E. coli TG1. The transformed cells were infected with M13K07 helper phage to form a human recombinant phage antibody library. The volume and recombinant rate of the library were evaluated by bacterial colony count and restriction analysis. After two rounds of panning with HBsAg. the phage clones displaying ScFv of the antibody were selected by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay ( ELISA) from the enriched phage clones. The antigen binding affinity of the positive clone was detected by competition ELISA. HB2151 E. coli was transfected with the positive phage clone demonstrated by competition ELISA for production of a soluble form of the anti-HBsAg ScFv. ELISA assay was used to detect the antigen binding affinity of the soluble anti-HBsAg ScFv. Finally, the relative molecular mass of soluble anti-HBsAg ScFv was measured by SDS-PAGE. RESULTS: The variable heavy ( VH ) and variable light (VL) and ScFv DNAs were about 340bp, 320bp and 750bp, respectively. The volume of the library was up to 2 × 106 and 8 of 10 random clones were recombinants. Two phage clones could strongly compete with the original HBsAb for binding to HBsAg. Within 2 strong positive phage clones, the soluble anti-HBsAg ScFv from one clone was found to have the binding activity with HBsAg. SDS-PAGE showed that the relative molecular weight of soluble anti-HBsAg ScFv was 32 kDa. CONCLUSION: The anti-HBsAg ScFv successfully produced by phage antibody technology may be useful for broadening the scope of application of the antibody.

Novel Selenium-containing Human Single-chain Variable Fragment with Glutathione Peroxidase Activity from Computer-aided Molecular Design

In order to enhance the glutathione peroxidase（GPX） catalytic activity of the selenium-containing single-chain variable fragments（Se-scFv）, a novel human scFv was designed on the basis of the structure of human antibody and optimized via bioinformatics methods such as homologous sequence analysis, three-dimensional（3D） model building, binding-site analysis and docking. The DNA sequence of the new human scFv was synthesized and cloned into the expression vector pET22b（＋）, then the scFv protein was expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli BL21（DE3） and purified by Ni2＋-immobilized metal affinity chromatography（IMAC）. The serine residue of scFv in the active site was converted into selenocysteine（Sec） with the chemical modification method, thus, the human Se-scFv with GPX activity was obtained. The GPX activity of the Se-scFv protein was characterized. Compared with other Se-scFv, the new human Se-scFv showed similar efficiency for catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide by glutathione. It exhibited pH and temperature dependent catalytic activity and a typical ping-pong kinetic mechanism.

Fusion protein of single-chain variable domain fragments for treatment of myasthenia gravis

Single-chain variable domain fragment （scFv） 637 is an antigen-specific scFv of myasthenia gravis. In this study, scFv and human serum albumin genes were conjugated and the fusion pro-tein was expressed in Pichia pastoris. The afifnity of scFv-human serum albumin fusion protein to bind to acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction of human intercostal muscles was detected by immunolfuorescence staining. The ability of the fusion protein to block myas-thenia gravis patient sera binding to acetylcholine receptors and its stability in healthy serum were measured by competitive ELISA. The results showed that the inhibition rate was 2.0-77.4%, and the stability of fusion protein in static healthy sera was about 3 days. This approach suggests the scFv-human serum albumin is a potential candidate for speciifc immunosuppressive therapy of myasthenia gravis.

Expression of secreted human single-chain fragment variable antibody against human amyloid beta peptide in Pichia pastoris

BACKGROUND：Studies have shown that monoclonal or polyclonal antibody injections of amyloid β peptide are effective in removing amyloid β peptide overload in the brain. OBJECTIVE： Based on successful screening of a human single-chain fragment variable antibody specific to amyloidβpeptide, this paper aimed to express recombinant human single-chain variable antibody against amyloid β peptide. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A single sample experiment was performed at the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Hospital （Beijing, China） from January to July 2006. MATERIALS： Human single-chain fragment variable antibody gene against amyloid β peptide was screened from a human phage-display antibody library. METHODS： Human single-chain fragment variable antibody gene was mutated to eliminate a BamHI restriction site and cloned into a T easy plasmid for pT-scFvAβ construction, which was identified by PCR amplification and endonuclease digestion. Plasmid pT-scFvAβ was cut by EcoRI and NotI endonucleases, and the antibody gene was cloned into pPIC9K plasmid to construct pPIC9K-scFvAβ expression vector, which was confirmed by gene sequencing. Linearized pPIC9K-scFvAβ was used to transform a Pichia pastoris GS115 cell line, and the recombinant was induced by 0.5% methanol to express human single-chain fragment variable antibody specific to amyloid β peptide. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Protein electrophoresis was used to identify PCR products, gene sequencing was used to verify the pPIC9K-scFvA sequence, and SDS-PAGE was used to detect recombinant expression of human single-chain fragment variable antibody specific to amyloid β peptide in Pichia pastoris. RESULTS： Gene sequencing confirmed pPIC9K-scFvAβ orientation. Recombinants were obtained by linearized pPIC9K-scFvAβ transformation. After induction with 0.5% methanol, the recombinant yeast cells secreted proteins of 33-ku size. CONCLUSION： The expression vector pPIC9K-scFvAβ was successfully constructed. Human single-chain fragment variable antibody specific to amyloid β peptide was recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris.

Expression and identification of recombinant soluble single-chain variable fragment of monoclonal antibody MC3

AIM: To generate soluble single chain variable fragments (ScFv) of monoclonal antibody MC3 recognizing colorectal and gastric carcinomas. METHODS: mRNA was isolated from the hybridoma cell line producing MC3 and the DNAs encoding variable domains of heavy and light chains (VH and VL) of the antibody were amplified separately by RT-PCR and assembled into ScFv DNA with a linker DNA. The ScFv DNA was ligated into the phagemid vector pCANTAB5E and the ligated sample was transformed into E.coli TG1.The transformed cells were infected with M13KO7 helper phage to yield recombinant phages. After two rounds of panning with gastric carcinoma cell line AGS highly expressing MC3-binding antigen, the phage clones displaying ScFv fragments of the antibody were selected by ELISA. 4 phage clones showing strong signal in ELISA were used to infect E.coli HB2151 to express soluble ScFvs. The soluble ScFvs were identified by Dot blot and Western blot, and their antigen-binding activity was assayed by ELISA. The VH and VL DNAs of the ScFv DNA derived from phage clone 19 were sequenced. RESULTS: The VH,VL and ScFv DNAs were about 340 bp, 320 bp and 750 bp respectively. After two rounds of panning to the recombinant phages, 18 antigen-positive phage clones were selected from 30 preselected phage clones by ELISA. All the soluble ScFvs derived from the 4 out of the 18 antigen-positive phage clones were about M(r)32000 and concentrated in periplasmatic space under the given culture condition. The soluble ScFvs could bind the antigen, and they shared the same binding site with MC3. The sequences of the VH and VL DNAs of the MC3 ScFv showed that the variable antibody genes belonged to the IgG1 subgroup,kappa-type. CONCLUSION: The soluble ScFv of MC3 is successfully produced, which not only provides a possible novel targeting vehicle for in vivo and in vitro study on associated cancers, but also offers the antibody a stable genetic source.

Correctness and accuracy of template-based modeled single chain fragment variable (scFv) protein anti-breast cancer cell line (MCF-7)

Multiple sequence alignments can be used in the template-based modelling of protein structures to build fragment-based assembly models. Therefore, useful functional information on the 3D structure of the anti-MCF-7 scFv protein can be obtained using available bioinformatics tools. This paper utilises several commonly-used bioinformatics tools and databases, including BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), GenBank, PDB (Protein Data Bank), KABAT numbering and SWISS-MODEL, to gain specific functional insights into the anti-MCF-7 scFv protein and the assembly of single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies, which consist of a variable heavy chain (VH) and a variable light chain (VL) connected by the linker (Gly4-Ser)3. The linker has been built as a loop structure using the Insight II software. The accuracy of the loop structure has been evaluated using Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD). The accuracies of the VL and VH template-based structures are enhanced by using the evaluation methods Verify3D, ERRAT and Ramchandran plotting, which measure the error in the residues. In the results, 100% of the light-chain residues scored above 0.2, whereas 88.5% of the heavy-chain residues’ scored above 0.15 in the Verify3D evaluation method. Meanwhile, using ERRAT, the alignments of both chains scored more than 70% in space. Additionally, the Ramchandran plot evaluation method showed large numbers of residues in the favoured areas in both chains;these findings demonstrated that all of the chosen templates were the best candidates.

Cloning, sequencing and analyzing of the heavy chain V region genes of human polyreactive antibodies

The heavy chain variable region genes of 5 human polyreactive mAbs generated in our laboratory have been cloned and sequenced using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. We found that 2 and 3 mAbs utilized genes of the VHIV and VHIII families, respectively. The former 2 VH segments were in germline configuration. A common VH segment, with the best similarity of 90.1 % to the published VHIII germline genes, was utilized by 2 different rearranged genes encoding the V regions of other 3 mAbs. This strongly suggests that the common VH segment is a unmutated copy of an unidentified germline VHIII gene. All these polyreactive mAbs displayed a large NDN region (VH-D-JH junction). The entire H chain V regions of these polyreactive mAbs are unusually basic. The analysis of the charge properties of these mAbs as well as those of other poly- and mono- reactive mAbs from literatures prompts us to propose that the charged amino acids with a particular distribution along the H chain V region,especially the binding sites (CDRs), may be an important structural feature involved in antibody polyreactivity.

Single Chain Fragment Variables Antibody binding to EGF Receptor in the Surface of MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Line: Application and Production Review

In this review, single-chain fragment variable construction using phage-display technology as a promising anticancer immunotherapy technology is described. Cloning and the specific bio-panning selection with phage display technology, as well as the use of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at the surface of MCF-7 cells as the antigen for the straightforward specific selection of single chain Fvs, are discussed. Moreover, phage display technologies and their application are important for vaccine production and immunotherapy against viruses and cancers. Furthermore, expression of the gene will cause the production and expression of the protein in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which can be used to detect anti-cancer single chain fragment variables (scFvs). Finally, homology modelling is described to show the three-dimensional scFv structure that verifies the Complementary-Determining-Regions (CDRs) on the surface of the model.

Study of renaturation condition of anti-TNF-α recombinant antibodies

Objective: To study the rules in the renaturation of recombinant antibody. Methods: Anti-TNF-a single domain (Sd) and single chain fragment variety(SCFv) antibodies were separated and purified under four conditions, including cosolvent redoxing, surface active solvent inducting, denaturant solvent inducting and the antigen of rhu TNFL-a inducting. Results: The dissolubility of renaturation products were between 6% - 11 %. Conclusion: These several conditions were good enough to the 2 antibody proteins and the best in them is the combination of the antigen inducting with affinity chromatography.

应用噬菌体展示随机12肽库筛选诺如病毒抗原模拟表位

目的:利用Ph.D.-12噬菌体展示肽库筛选诺如病毒(NoV)的抗原模拟表位。方法:包被与GⅡ.4、GⅡ.6、GⅡ.17型NoV具有高特异性及中和能力较强的单链可变片段抗体(scFv),用Ph.D.-12噬菌体展示肽库进行3轮生物淘选。ELISA鉴定淘选所得噬菌体与scFv的结合活性及其与NoV P蛋白的竞争作用;阳性克隆测序后进行生物信息学分析,合成多肽鉴定其抗原性。结果:发现1段与GⅡ.6 VP1区同源性较高的氨基酸序列“MG-D-W”,综合分析提示其可能为GⅡ.6 NoV的抗原模拟表位,且合成的包含“MG-D-W”的多肽可竞争抑制P蛋白与人类组织血型抗原(HBGAs)受体的结合。结论:“MG-DW”是与NoV单链抗体高亲和力的肽段,可能模拟了GⅡ.6 NoV与scFv结合的抗原表位。

Production and characterization of a human single-chain Fv to collagenase IV

The over\|expression of collagenase IV in tumor tissues was found to be closely related to tumor metastasis. Collagenase IV has been therefore considered as one of the novel indicative molecules for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Based on phage display antibody library technique, a single\|chain Fv specific for collagenase IV was successfully cloned. This antibody, referred to as hCo4, was mainly composed of variable regions from heavy and light chains, with its molecular weight of 27 ku. The engineered antibody bound to collagenase IV specifically. The affinity of hCo4 was found to be the same as that of a single\|chain antibody constructed from a monoclonal antibody to collagenase IV. Since hCo4 is the smallest among all the antibodies specific for collagenase IV and it is of human origin, it has a potential to be applied for tumor immunotherapy and for the study of the relationship between collagenase IV and tumor metastasis.

Human single chain antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor: gene cloning, high-level expression, affinity maturation and bioactivity

Using antibody phage display technique, a human single chain antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been cloned. The antibody expression reached 45% of the total bacterial proteins. The purification and refolding of the antibody were completed in one step by using gel filtration chromatograph. ELISA analysis showed that the antibody not only specifically bound to human VEGF, but also competitively inhibited VEGF reacting with its receptors. In order to raise the affinity of the single chain antibody, its heavy chain variable region was randomly mutated using error-prone PCR and an antibody mutant library was constructed, from which a mutant with higher affinity was screened out. The three-dimensional structure and binding affinity of wild type and mutant antibody were compared. Our study provided a potential reagent for tumor angiogenic therapy and a significant model for antibody high-level expression and affinity maturation.

肝癌特异性鼠源及人源化单链抗体基因的构建及在大肠杆菌中的表达

为探讨一株肝细胞癌特异性鼠源及其人源化单链抗体基因在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达策略并比较二者对抗原的结合能力,在三种载体中分别以融合、分泌及胞内表达的方式进行了研究,表达产物均以包涵体形式存在;对复性后的单链抗体以细胞ELISA及竞争抑制流式细胞仪法进行检测,表明人源化单链抗体和鼠源单链抗体有相近的抗原结合能力。结论是:在大肠杆菌中表达的基因工程单链抗体的可溶性可能主要由自身氨基酸一级序列决定;先前的设计所采取的人源化方案没有影响到鼠源抗体的CDR的天然构象。

胃癌单抗MGd1的噬菌体呈现型ScFv的制备

目的制备胃癌单抗 MGd1的单链可变区片段 (single chain variable fragm ent,Sc Fv) ,为胃癌体内诊疗研究提供候选靶向载体分子。方法从 MGd1杂交瘤分离 m RNA,RT- PCR分别扩增抗体重、轻链可变区基因 (VH和 VL DNA) ,二者经 linker DNA连接形成 Sc Fv DNA。将 Sc Fv DNA与载体 p CANTAB5 E的连接产物转化于大肠杆菌 TG1,经 M13KO7感染后 ,获得重组噬菌体抗体 Sc Fv。以高表达 MGd1结合抗原的细胞株 KATO 对重组噬菌体抗体 Sc Fv进行两轮筛选后 ,随机挑取克隆经 EL ISA筛选 MGd1Sc Fv单克隆 ,并对其结合抗原的能力进行鉴定。结果 VH、VL 和 Sc Fv DNA分别约为 340、32 0和 75 0 bp。经两轮亲和筛选后 ,在随机筛检的 30个克隆中得到 12个噬菌体呈现型 MGd1Sc Fv单克隆 ,其中结合抗原能力强的克隆有 5个。结论用噬菌体呈现技术成功地获得了单抗 MGd1的 Sc Fv,为拓展该抗体的应用范围奠定了基础。

伏马菌素B_1特异单链抗体的同源建模及分子对接模拟研究

目的分析伏马菌素B1(Fumonisin B1,FB1)与其特异单链抗体的分子互作模式。方法通过同源建模构建和优化抗FB1单链抗体的三维结构,结合Procheck和Verify 3D等方法评价得到稳定的抗体模型,利用分子对接研究单链抗体与其抗原FB1的结合特性、疏水性和表面静电力作用。结果单链抗体的互补决定区参与同其抗原FB1的结合,抗体与抗原之间不仅形成稳定的氢键,疏水性和静电力的匹配也很好。结论氢键结合力、分子间疏水相互作用和静电力的共同作用,使得单链抗体形成一个能够与FB1高度互补的相互作用区域,并在抗体与抗原的特异性识别及结合稳定性等方面起着关键作用。

具有GPX活性单链抗体的制备及其抗氧化效应

为实现单链抗体的可溶性表达,制备具有谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活力的单链抗体,在单链抗体表达载体pTMF 2F3上去除原2F3基因N端非必需的18个氨基酸,采用新的表达载体pRose质粒,在2F3的N端引入13个氨基酸的前导肽,转入BL21(lysS)中,使其分泌到大肠杆菌的周质腔中得以表达,获得可溶性表达产物.产物经过分离纯化、WesternBlot印迹和硒化测活确定具有GPX活性的鼠单链抗体,其GPX活力为2530U/μmol.以脂质过氧化、细胞存活率和细胞膜完整性为指标的抗氧化实验研究表明,具有GPX活性的单链抗体对大鼠乳鼠表皮细胞有抗紫外线损伤的作用,是膜脂质过氧化的有效抑制剂.

^(131)I标记CD133单链抗体对人肝癌CD133^+ HepG2干细胞的抑制作用

目的:研究131I标记CD133单链抗体(single chain rariable fragment,ScFv)在体外对人肝癌CD133+HepG2干细胞的抑制作用。方法:免疫磁珠分选HepG2细胞,流式细胞术检测分选前后HepG2细胞的CD133表达率,克隆形成实验及体内成瘤实验验证CD133+HepG2细胞的"干性"。氯胺T法131I标记CD133 ScFv并测定标记率、比活度、放射性浓度。将分选出的CD133+HepG2细胞分为131I-CD133抗体治疗组、131I治疗组、CD133抗体治疗组和131I+CD133抗体治疗组,MTT法检测各组中对CD133+HepG2细胞生长抑制的最适剂量和不同药物在12、48、72 h三个时间点对CD133+HepG2干细胞的生长抑制作用,流式细胞术检测各组细胞周期的变化。结果:分选的HepG2细胞的CD133表达率显著高于未分选细胞[(97.71±1.13)%vs(1.52±0.78)%,t=1.13、P=0.000]。CD133+HepG2细胞相对于CD133-HepG2细胞具有更强的体外成球、克隆形成能力[(45.03±1.35)%vs(7.4±0.54)%;t=3.92,P=0.000]和体内成瘤能力。131I-CD133 ScFv的标记率为88.92%,放射化学纯度为98.63%。当131I为3.7 MBq/100μl、CD133抗体为1μg/100μl时,对CD133+HepG2细胞的抑制率最高,达(89.58±0.74)%;在此剂量下131I-CD133 ScFv治疗组对CD133+HepG2细胞生长抑制率显著高于其余各实验组,且呈时间依赖性。131I-CD133 ScFv治疗组G0/G1期细胞比例为(27.50±1.12)%,较其余各组均明显减少(P<0.05)。结论:成功制备的131I-CD133 ScFv在体外能有效抑制人肝癌CD133+HepG2干细胞的生长。

抗癌胚抗原单链抗体的原核表达及对人胃癌的检测

目的:探讨T84．66单链抗体的原核表达及对6 种胃癌细胞系及胃癌组织的特异性亲和力．方法:将抗CEA单链抗体T84．66的cDNA插入噬菌粒载体pcANTAB5E,获得噬菌粒载体T84．66-scFv-pCANTAB5E．将后者转化入 E．coli HB2151,经β,D异丙基硫代半乳糖苷 (IPTG)诱导表达．采用细胞培养及免疫细胞／组织化学方法,检测胃癌细胞中及石蜡包埋的胃癌组织中的癌胚抗原表达．结果:SDS-PAGE及Western blot证实,T84．66 单链抗体蛋白分子正确表达．T84．66单链抗体可结合KATOIII,HGC-27和MKN45,表明这3种细胞表达了特异性肿瘤抗原;单链抗体不能结合SGC7901,GC803,BGC823．42例胃癌组织癌胚抗原阳性率早期和进展期分别为55％(6／11)和61％(19／31),在正常胃黏膜组织标本中无表达,二者之间存在显著性差异 (P<0．05)．结论:KATOIII等胃癌细胞系可表达癌胚抗原．后者在胃癌组织表达水平较高,而正常胃组织不表达．

抗镰刀菌单链抗体在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达条件的研究

通过优化诱导表达条件,实现抗镰刀菌单链抗体在大肠杆菌周质中高效可溶性表达。将抗镰刀菌单链抗体FvSG7转化到大肠杆菌XL1-Blue中,确定诱导表达培养基,在不同的诱导温度、诱导剂IPTG的浓度和诱导时间条件下培养重组大肠杆菌,通过Western杂交和ELISA检测分析单链抗体的可溶性表达情况以及抗体的活性。重组大肠杆菌培养至OD600nm为0.5时加入终浓度为0.1 mmol/L IPTG,25℃诱导表达2 h可获得最大量的可溶性单链抗体。通过对诱导温度、IPTG浓度和诱导时间等表达条件的优化,可以显著提高Fv SG7抗体在大肠杆菌XL1-Blue周质中的表达量。

肿瘤相关糖蛋白-72抗原在原发性胆囊癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨抗肿瘤相关糖蛋白-72（TAG-72）抗原的表达及其与原发性胆囊癌（PGC）病理特征的关系。方法用原核表达获得抗TAG-72单链抗体，并用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS—PAGE）和Western blot得以验证；用免疫组化方法检测TAG-72抗原在PGC的表达。结果通过原核表达获取大小为31kDa的抗TAG-72单链抗体并得以证实。TAG-72抗原在胆囊良、恶性组织阳性率分别为59．6％、6．7％（P〈0．05）。高分化PGC的TAG-72抗原表达显著低于中低分化PGC（P〈0．05）；肿瘤直径≤2cm者TAG-72表达显著低于〉2cm者（P〈0．05）；在PGC Nevin临床分期Ⅰ～Ⅲ期与Ⅳ～Ⅴ期间则无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论获得了抗TAC-72单链抗体的原核表达方法。TAG-72抗原可以作为一个肿瘤标志物在临床中应用，为抗TAG-72单链抗体在PGC诊治中的应用奠定实验基础。