Gypsum-based Silica Gel Humidity-controlling Composite Materials:Preparation,Characterization,and Performance

Gypsum was used as substrate,and silica gel was mixed into substrate at a certain mass ratio to prepare humidity-controlling composites;moreover,the moisture absorption and desorption properties of gypsum-based composites were compared with adding different silica gel particle size and proportion.The morphological characteristics,the isothermal equilibrium moisture content curve,moisture absorption and desorption rate,moisture absorption and desorption stability,and humidity-conditioning performance were tested and analyzed.The experimental results show that,compared with pure-gypsum,the surface structure of the gypsum-based composites is relatively loose,the quantity,density and aperture of the pores in the structure increase.The absorption and desorption capacity increase along with the increase of silica gel particle size and silica gel proportion.When 3 mm silica gel particle size is added with a mass ratio of 40%,the maximum equilibrium moisture content of humidity-controlling composites is 0.161 g/g at 98% relative humidity(RH),3.22 times that of pure-gypsum.The moisture absorption and desorption rates are increased,the equilibrium moisture absorption and desorption rates are 2.68 times and 1.61 times that of pure-gypsum at 58.5% RH,respectively.The gypsum-based composites have a good stability,which has better timely response to dynamic humidity changes and can effectively regulate indoor humidity under natural conditions.

Modelling of the variation of granular base materials resilient modulus with material characteristics and humidity conditions

This study aims to quantify the susceptibility of granular materials used in pavements to changes in moisture content and propose a correlation model to incorporate this susceptibility into seasonal analyses.The fines content and the percentage of fractured coarse aggregates were identified as direct indicators of the resilient modulus susceptibility to changes in water content.The results showed that the percentage of fractured coarse aggregates particles(FR)has a more significant impact on the resilient modulus(Er)of crushed granular materials used in pavement construction than the combined indicator of the fines content and sample volumetrics(nf).Crushed granular materials with a higher percentage of fractured coarse aggregates are relatively insensitive to changes in the degree of saturation,but become more sensitive as the fine fraction porosity decreases.An adjusted model was proposed based on the existing formulation,but considers a complex parameter to describe and adjust the sensitivity of base granular materials to variations in moisture content with respect to fabrication charac-teristics,fines content and volumetric properties.The model shows that the variation of Er values is below10%for fully crushed granular materials.However,it reaches approximately±12%for materials with 75%of crushed coarse aggregates andþ40%and-25%for materials with FR=50%.This model could help select good ag-gregates characteristics and adjust grain-size distribution for environments where significant moisture content variations can occur in the pavement system,such as in the Province of Quebec(Canada).As it is based on pa-rameters that can be easily determined or estimated,it also represents a valuable tool for detailed design and analysis that can consider material characteristics.

Recent urbanization increases exposure to humid-heat extreme events over populated regions of China

目前对于高温的研究主要侧重于干热,针对湿热的研究相对较少,但它通常会造成更大的社会影响,尤其对人体健康的威胁.已有研究证实,当环境湿球温度超过35℃时,它会破坏人体正常生理代谢,进而威胁人体健康.本研究指出在过去四十年,中国区域日最高湿球温度几乎没有超过35℃,但部分地区日最高湿球温度超过了30℃,主要集中在中国的人口密集区,包括华东,华南和四川盆地等.进一步分析发现,中国区域近期的快速城市化加剧了极端湿热事件的社会影响,城市地区暴露于极端湿热事件的范围的增加速率明显大于其他地区,这也意味着快速城市化使得人口密集区暴露于极端湿热事件的风险明显增加.初步估算指出,自2000年以来,中国区域暴露于极端湿热事件的人口数以每年每天约3100人次的速率显著增加.

Outstanding Humidity Chemiresistors Based on Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Framework Films for Human Respiration Monitoring

Human metabolite moisture detection is important in health monitoring and non-invasive diagnosis.However,ultra-sensitive quantitative extraction of respiration information in real-time remains a great challenge.Herein,chemiresistors based on imine-linked covalent organic framework(COF)films with dual-active sites are fabricated to address this issue,which demonstrates an amplified humidity-sensing signal performance.By regulation of monomers and functional groups,these COF films can be pre-engineered to achieve high response,wide detection range,fast response,and recovery time.Under the condition of relative humidity ranging from 13 to 98%,the COFTAPB-DHTA film-based humidity sensor exhibits outstanding humidity sensing perfor-mance with an expanded response value of 390 times.Furthermore,the response values of the COF film-based sensor are highly linear to the relative humidity in the range below 60%,reflecting a quantitative sensing mechanism at the molecular level.Based on the dual-site adsorption of the(-C=N-)and(C-N)stretching vibrations,the revers-ible tautomerism induced by hydrogen bonding with water molecules is demonstrated to be the main intrinsic mechanism for this effective humidity detection.In addition,the synthesized COF films can be further exploited to effectively detect human nasal and oral breathing as well as fabric permeability,which will inspire novel designs for effective humidity-detection devices.

Laser direct writing of Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based flexible humidity sensors

Flexible and wearable humidity sensors play a vital role in daily point-of-care diagnosis and noncontact human-machine interactions.However,achieving a facile and high-speed fabrication approach to realizing flexible humidity sensors remains a challenge.In this work,a wearable capacitive-type Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based humidity sensor is demonstrated by a one-step laser direct writing technique.Owing to the photothermal effect of laser,the Ga_(2)O_(3)-wrapped liquid metal particles can be selectively sintered and converted from insulative to conductive traces with a resistivity of 0.19Ω·cm,while the untreated regions serve as active sensing layers in response to moisture changes.Under 95%relative humidity,the humidity sensor displays a highly stable performance along with rapid response and recover time.Utilizing these superior properties,the Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based humidity sensor is able to monitor human respiration rate,as well as skin moisture of the palm under different physiological states for healthcare monitoring.

More extreme-heat occurrences related to humidity in China

极端日夜复合高温往往会造成更为严重的社会经济影响及健康风险,受到了广泛关注。本文基于ERA5逐小时资料,针对中国区域极端日夜复合湿热和高温事件的变化及其影响进行了比较分析.结果指出,中国区域夏季极端湿热和高温在空间分布上较为一致,强度高值区主要分布在南方地区,但高频中心主要出现在北方地区.两类事件发生频次在全国范围内均呈明显增加趋势,尤其在西部和北部地区.进一步研究表明,在中国大部分地区,湿度异常在极端湿热事件变化中有着十分重要的作用,部分区域甚至超过温度异常的影响。随着极端湿热事件的增加其影响也在加剧,自1961年以来中国暴露于极端湿热事件的人口数量和城市面积增速明显大于高温事件.

Combined effects of temperature and humidity on the interaction between tomato and Botrytis cinerea revealed by integration of histological characteristics and transcriptome sequencing

The environment significantly impacts the interaction between plants and pathogens,thus remarkably affecting crop disease occurrence.However,the detailed combined mechanisms of temperature and humidity influencing this interaction remain unclear.In this study,the interaction between tomato and Botrytis cinerea in various temperature and humidity conditions was analyzed by histological observation and a dual RNA-seq approach.Results showed that low humidity was not favorable for mycelial growth,resulting in infection failure.Both high and low temperatures at high humidity successfully inhibited pathogenic infection and disease incidence in the tomato plants,thus enhancing their resistance to B.cinerea.The high temperature and high humidity(HH)treatment induced the upregulation of light reaction genes,increased the net photosynthetic rate,and expanded the chloroplast morphology of infected tomatoes.The HH treatment also inhibited the expression of cell cycle-related genes of B.cinerea,interfered with conidial germination andmycelial growth,and damagedmycelial cell structure.Lowtemperature and high humidity(LH)treatment induced the expression of cell wall modification genes and remodeled the cell wall morphology of tomatoes in response to B.cinerea.In addition,the downregulated fungal catabolic genes and the abnormal increase in electron density ofmycelial cells under LH treatment subsequently reduced the infection ability of B.cinerea.These results further explain the coupled effects of temperature and humidity on plant defenses and pathogen virulence,and provide a potential means to control gray mold.

A new hybrid approach to assessing soil quality using neutrosophic fuzzy-AHP and support vector machine algorithm in sub-humid ecosystem

Soil quality determination and estimation is an important issue not only for terrestrial ecosystems but also for sustainable management of soils.In this study,soil quality was determined by linear and nonlinear standard scoring function methods integrated with a neutrosophic fuzzy analytic hierarchy process in the micro catchment.In addition,soil quality values were estimated using a support vector machine(SVM)in machine learning algorithms.In order to generate spatial distribution maps of soil quality indice values,different interpolation methods were evaluated to detect the most suitable semivariogram model.While the soil quality index values obtained by the linear method were determined between 0.458-0.717,the soil quality index with the nonlinear method showed variability at the levels of 0.433-0.651.There was no statistical difference between the two methods,and they were determined to be similar.In the estimation of soil quality with SVM,the normalized root means square error(NRMSE)values obtained in the linear and nonlinear method estimation were determined as 0.057 and 0.047,respectively.The spherical model of simple kriging was determined as the interpolation method with the lowest RMSE value in the actual and predicted values of the linear method while,in the nonlinear method,the lowest error in the distribution maps was determined with exponential of the simple kriging.

Experimental investigation on degradation mechanism of membrane electrode assembly at different humidity under automotive protocol

Humidity can affect the attenuation of MEA(membrane electrode assembly), however, the relationship between humidity and MEA decays is complex and ambiguous in realistic application. Herein, we design a simulating automotive protocol, performed on five single fuel cells under RH(relative humidity) 100%,RH 80%, RH 64%, and RH 40%, RH 10%, respectively, to study the relationship of MEA decays and humidity and suggest optimized humidity range to extend the durability. With the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the four degradation mechanisms about catalyst layer, including Pt dissolution, Pt coarsening, carbon corrosion and ionomer degradation, are observed. Pt coarsening and carbon corrosion are accelerated by higher water content at high humidity. Ionomer degradation and Pt dissolution are enhanced in low humidity. With the linear sweep voltammetry, ion chromatography,nuclear magnetic resonance, tensile test and scan electron microscope, chemical and mechanical degradation in proton exchange membrane are all observed in these five fuels. Chemical degradation, characterized by membrane thinning and more fluoride loss, occurred markedly in RH 10%. Mechanical degradation, characterized by the non-uniformity thickness and bad mechanical properties, is more pronounced in RH 100%, RH 80%, RH 64%. These two degradations are in a moderate level in RH 40%. The research suggests that the RH range from 64% to 40% is conductive to mitigate the degradation of MEAs operated in automotive applications.

Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors

Breathing is an inherent human activity;however,the composition of the air we inhale and gas exhale remains unknown to us.To address this,wearable vapor sensors can help people monitor air composition in real time to avoid underlying risks,and for the early detection and treatment of diseases for home healthcare.Hydrogels with three-dimensional polymer networks and large amounts of water molecules are naturally flexible and stretchable.Functionalized hydrogels are intrinsically conductive,self-healing,self-adhesive,biocompatible,and room-temperature sensitive.Compared with traditional rigid vapor sensors,hydrogel-based gas and humidity sensors can directly fit human skin or clothing,and are more suitable for real-time monitoring of personal health and safety.In this review,current studies on hydrogel-based vapor sensors are investigated.The required properties and optimization methods of wearable hydrogel-based sensors are introduced.Subsequently,existing reports on the response mechanisms of hydrogel-based gas and humidity sensors are summarized.Related works on hydrogel-based vapor sensors for their application in personal health and safety monitoring are presented.Moreover,the potential of hydrogels in the field of vapor sensing is elucidated.Finally,the current research status,challenges,and future trends of hydrogel gas/humidity sensing are discussed.

不同温湿度组合对鹅种蛋孵化效果及孵化后雏鹅体重的影响

为研究不同孵化模式下温度和湿度对鹅种蛋孵化效果及雏鹅生长发育性能的影响,试验采用“单阶段”变温和“二阶段”恒温孵化模式,每种孵化模式设定两种不同的温度和湿度参数来评估其对孵化效果及雏鹅早期体重的影响。结果显示:①两种孵化模式具有相近的总体失水率(67%),但采用较高温度的孵化方案具有更高的孵化率(P<0.05)和更短的出雏窗口期(28.5~30 d)。②“单阶段”变温孵化模式的孵化率显著高于“二阶段”恒温孵化(P<0.05)。③鹅种蛋孵化周期中,第1~4周种蛋失重率分别为2.44%、4.85%、7.72%和10.67%,呈现前期失重大、后期失重小的规律。④“二阶段”恒温孵化模式下,采用37.6℃和64%的温湿度组合所生产的雏鹅在第2~4周的体重极显著高于37.5℃和65%的温湿度组合(P<0.05)。研究表明,二阶段恒温孵化模式(37.6℃+64%)以及单阶段变温孵化模式均能产生较好的孵化效果,采用“单阶段”变温孵化模式可提高孵化率,且优化关键孵化参数还能促进雏鹅的早期生长发育。

环境温度·饵料湿度和饵料酸碱度对蚯蚓生长繁殖的影响

[目的]研究不同环境温度、饵料湿度和饵料pH对蚯蚓生长和繁殖的影响,确定其最佳生长繁殖条件,为蚯蚓养殖提供科学依据。[方法]设计3个试验,分别研究不同环境温度对蚯蚓生长和产卵数的影响、不同饵料湿度对蚯蚓生长和产卵数的影响、不同pH对蚯蚓生长和产卵数的影响。[结果]不同温度对蚯蚓生长和繁殖的影响结果表明:23℃时产卵数最多,显著多于18和30℃时的产卵数(P<0.05);25℃次之,但两者间差异不显著;18℃时蚯蚓产卵数最少,显著少于23、25和30℃时的产卵数(P<0.05)。但从增重效果来看,18℃条件下总增重3.022 g,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。不同湿度对蚯蚓生长和繁殖的影响结果表明:室温23~25℃条件下,65%湿度组个体生长最好,60%和70%湿度组稍次之,但处理间差异不显著(P>0.05);湿度70%时,蚯蚓产卵数显著高于其他组(P<0.05);湿度40%时,蚯蚓产卵数回升,但成活率较低。不同pH对蚯蚓生长和产卵数的影响结果表明:在pH 5~11范围内蚯蚓均能成活并有少量产茧,其适应性较广,而在pH为9时产卵数较多;处理组蚯蚓成活数在pH为6时最多;pH为8时,在增重、产茧数上,对照组优于任一处理组。[结论]大平二号蚯蚓繁殖最佳条件为温度23℃、湿度70%、pH 6;大平二号蚯蚓生长最佳条件为温度18℃、湿度65%、pH 8~9。

高压氧舱恒湿平压系统的设计

目的:设计一种高压氧舱恒湿平压系统,以消除舱内静电火花造成的危害,保证氧舱的安全运行。方法:该系统的硬件主要由加湿装置、除湿装置、平压装置、主控制器、压力传感器、温湿度传感器等组成。其中,加湿装置主体为经过特殊加工后的防爆过滤瓶;除湿装置采用工业级风机过滤单元(fan filter unit,FFU),由蒸发器、冷凝器、风轮3个部分组成;平压装置主要由电磁阀和减压管路组成;主控制器选用EX3G-C系列PLC触摸屏一体机,温湿度传感器选用NWSF-1AT型号温湿度传感器,压力传感器选用TXYS-G1K2HN3型变送器。系统的软件控制程序采用指令表语言编程,通过PID(proportional-integral-derivative)控制算法实现整体控制。结果:经过测试,该系统可使高压氧舱内相对湿度恒定在70%,使舱内极难产生静电。结论:该系统能够调节氧舱内的湿度、减少静电火花产生,保证舱内治疗的安全。

我国6个典型城市大气能见度及其影响因素研究

采用线性相关性分析、分类变量分析等统计学方法,分析了巴彦淖尔、石家庄、廊坊、郑州、武汉、广州六市2019—2020年的PM_(2.5)与气象观测数据,研究了PM_(2.5)浓度与大气相对湿度对大气能见度的影响。结果表明:六市大气能见度年变化规律虽存在较大差异,但最低值均出现于每年12月—次年2月,且年变化规律基本一致;气象条件、相对湿度、PM_(2.5)浓度对能见度的影响明显,其中相对湿度通过改变PM_(2.5)物化性质间接影响能见度,与能见度相关程度相对较弱。PM_(2.5)浓度与能见度的线性相关性良好,以幂函数为主;整体上,相对湿度与PM_(2.5)浓度对大气能见度影响呈协同作用,相对湿度越大的城市对PM_(2.5)的控制要求越高。此外,PM_(2.5)浓度高于平台点时,大气能见度基本不随PM_(2.5)浓度增加而继续降低,只有PM_(2.5)浓度低于突变点时,大气能见度才会随PM_(2.5)浓度降低而显著提升,各市能见度突变点与平台期点所对应PM_(2.5)浓度差异较大。

柔性可穿戴湿敏传感器制备及呼吸检测实验

该文以壳聚糖/导电炭黑复合薄膜作为敏感层,构建了高性能湿度传感器,并研究了传感器件微结构薄膜对呼吸检测敏感的机理。该文展开实验测试了传感器的湿度及呼吸响应特性,使用灵敏度、响应恢复特性、重复性等参数评价传感器性能,同时基于LabVIEW技术实现了湿敏/呼吸信号的实时读取与处理、单片机与电脑终端通信、呼吸波形显示等功能。该检测平台成本低、易操作,为传感器检测技术的实际应用提供了借鉴,同时可促进学生对柔性可穿戴传感器检测实验与应用的深度理解,有效提升课堂教学效果和学生的学习积极性。

基于MEMS技术的集成压力-湿度传感器

设计了一种高灵敏度的集成压力和湿度传感单元的芯片。压力传感单元基于SOI和蛇形电阻结构。室温下,传感器在载压范围为3~129 kPa内灵敏度为0.026 mV/kPa,与有限元仿真基本吻合。传感器在25~120℃范围内的热灵敏度漂移为0.004‰FS/℃,热零点漂移为0.25%FS/℃。湿度传感单元采用的叉指电极和电容式结构,引入含氟PI作湿度敏感膜。设计Mo电阻加热结构加快传感器降湿过程,缩短降湿时间近32%。在10%~90%RH的湿度范围,含氟PI湿度传感器的灵敏度为0.121 pF/%RH,略低于无氟PI器件。含氟基团的引入,使得传感器的湿滞较无氟PI降低16%。“电容-湿度”曲线呈指数分布,相关系数R^(2)=0.996。测试结果发现,湿度传感单元和压力传感单元拥有良好的独立工作性能。

基于CsPbBr_(3)量子点的湿度传感器的制备及其在微裂纹检测中的应用

采用简单的溶液路线结合乙酰丙酮铁(AAI)改性技术,制备了分散性良好、尺寸均匀的钙钛矿型CsPbBr_(3)-Fe量子点(QDs),通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及光致发光(PL)光谱对材料进行表征。并通过旋涂法构筑基于钙钛矿QDs的电阻式湿度传感器。湿敏特性测量结果表明:该湿度传感器在10%~100%的相对湿度(RH)的检测范围内具有良好的线性、快速响应特性;在70%RH时传感器的灵敏度为1.1,响应时间为33 s,恢复时间为38 s。此外,我们运用有限元方法模拟了管道微裂缝的泄漏行为,通过模拟不同流速、压力下的流速场和压力场分布,验证了利用湿度传感器检测泄漏点位置的可行性。

莱赛尔赛络集聚纺纱过程温湿度控制

探讨莱赛尔纤维赛络集聚纺纱过程中的温湿度控制问题。分析了莱赛尔纤维性能,得出莱赛尔纤维在纺纱各工序中的主要加工性能特点和环境温湿度要求。以纺制中高档赛络集聚纺纱线为例,介绍了纺纱主要工序空调控制方法和温湿度参数及各工序半成品回潮率控制范围。认为:莱赛尔纤维纺纱过程应增加预处理工序,需要采用偏大的相对湿度环境,并保证各工序纤维吸湿和放湿过程稳定,以减少静电,保证纤维开松、梳理顺利,减少纺纱断头。

江阴靖江长江隧道大体积混凝土抗裂技术研究

江阴靖江长江隧道是国内在建最大直径盾构隧道,其明挖段主体结构混凝土最大厚度达2.2 m,面临着较大的开裂与渗漏风险。在水化与膨胀历程双重调控技术的基础上,进一步研究了高吸水树脂(SAP)的湿度历程调控对混凝土抗裂性能的影响。室内试验结果表明,SAP可显著提高自生体积膨胀变形并优化变形历程,且基本不影响胶凝材料水化放热历程;工程现场试验结果表明,在湿度、水化、膨胀历程多重调控作用下,混凝土温升值降低了4.5℃,温升阶段单位膨胀变形增大206.7%,温降阶段单位收缩变形减小27.5%,为解决裂缝控制难度较大结构的收缩开裂难题提供了材料技术方案。

温湿度对多孔含油胶木保持架性能的影响

研究了温湿度对多孔含油胶木保持架的含油率、尺寸和拉伸强度等关键指标的影响规律,结果表明:随温度升高,多孔含油胶木保持架出现一定程度的出油现象,保持架含油率降低,含油率下降速率与保持架初始含油率和孔径有关,尺寸变化率不大于0.1%,拉伸强度变化浮动在1%以内;多孔含油胶木保持架在高湿度环境下吸湿后,内外径均有所增大,尺寸变化率不大于0.2%,拉伸强度降低率不大于3%;高湿度对多孔含油胶木保持架尺寸和拉伸强度的影响大于温度。