Humoral Response and Tolerance of Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Adults Senegalese Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Multicenter Prospective Study

Introduction: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination has been proposed in several countries as the main preventive measure despite very limited data, particularly in dialysis patients. We conducted this study to assess the immunological response to vaccination in Senegalese hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective study, in two dialysis centers in Dakar from March 30th to August 30th, 2021 including patients on hemodialysis for >6 months, vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 according to the vaccination schedule recommended by WHO. A vaccine response was considered positive when seroconversion was observed after one dose of vaccine. The clinical efficacy of immunization was defined as the absence of new COVID-19 infection in patients who received a complete vaccination. Results: Among the 81 patients included in the study, 7.4% had anti-Spike IgM antibodies before their first vaccination. Seroprevalence of IgM antibodies was 38.3% one month after the first vaccine dose (at M1) and 8.6% one month after the second dose (at M4). Anti-Spike IgG antibodies were present in 40.3% of patients before vaccination, in 90.1% at M1, and in 59.7% at M4. Among patients previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, 10.2% had IgM antibodies at M0, 31.6% at M1, and 10.5% at M4 post-vaccination. Similarly, seroprevalences of IgG antibodies in this subgroup were 31.5%, 61.3%, and 50.0% respectively at M0, M1, and M4 post-vaccination. A comparison of seroconversion rates between M0 and M4 showed significant differences only for IgG in COVID-19 naive patients. Mean duration in dialysis and the existence of previous COVID-19 infection were associated with patients’ vaccinal response after the two doses. Age, gender and the use of immunosuppressive treatment did not influence post-vaccinal antibody production. Conclusion: Vaccination against COVID-19 in Senegalese hemodialysis patients induced a low seroconversion rate but it was well tolerated. Moreover, the induced protection was neither strong nor durable, particularly in patients with longer duration in dialysis.

Effect of aflibercept combined with triamcinolone acetonide on aqueous humor growth factor and inflammatory mediators in diabetic macular edema

AIM:To investigate the efficacy of aflibercept combined with sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)in treating diabetic macular edema(DME)and to examine changes in growth factors and inflammatory mediator levels in aqueous humor after injection.METHODS:Totally 67 DME patients(67 eyes)and 30 cataract patients(32 eyes)were enrolled as the DME group and the control group,respectively.The DME group was divided into the aflibercept group(34 cases)and the aflibercept combined with TA group(combined group,33 cases).The aqueous humor of both groups was collected during the study period.The aqueous levels of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-8(IL-8),and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)were detected using a microsphere suspension array technology(Luminex 200TM).Aqueous cytokines,best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),central macular thickness(CMT),and complications before and after treatment were compared between the aflibercept group and combined group.RESULTS:The concentrations of VEGF,MCP-1,IL-6,and IL-8 in the aqueous humor were significantly higher in the DME group than those of the control group(all P<0.01).After 1mo of surgery,the concentrations of VEGF,MCP-1,IL-6,and IL-8 in the aqueous humor were significantly lower in the combined group than those of the aflibercept group(all P<0.01).The BCVA and CMT values of the two groups were statistically different after 1 and 2mo of treatment(P<0.01).However,the difference was not statistically significant after 3mo of treatment(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The cytokines VEGF,MCP-1,IL-6,and IL-8 in the aqueous humor of DME patients are significantly increased.Aflibercept and aflibercept combined with TA have good efficacy in DME patients,can effectively reduce CMT,improve the patient’s vision,and have high safety.Aflibercept combined with TA can quickly downregulate the aqueous humor cytokines and help to relieve macular edema rapidly.However,the long-term efficacy is comparable to that of aflibercept alone.

Effects of Combined Application of NRTUAs and ABP on Growth and Humoral Immunity of Chicks

[Objectives]The paper was to study the effects of combined application of nonreplicating Toxoplasma uracil auxotrophs(NRTUAs)and Agaricus blazei Murill polysaccharide(ABP)on growth and humoral immunity of chicks.[Methods]A total of 120 one-day old female Hyline brown laying hens were randomly divided into 4 groups,30 hens for each group.The chicks in group 1 were subcutaneously injected with NRTUAs and fed on the diet containing with ABP;the chicks in group 2 were subcutaneously injected with NRTUAs;the chicks in group 3 were subcutaneously injected with equal volume of PBS,and fed on the diet containing with ABP;the chicks in group 4 were subcutaneously injected with equal volume of PBS.The body weight of chicks in each group was counted at the 21^(st),42^(nd),84^(th)and 112^(th)week.During this period,blood samples were collected from chicks in each group at 0,7,14,21,28 and 35 d post immunization against Newcastle disease(ND),and serum was separated to detect the antibody titer of ND.[Results]The combined application of NRTUAs and ABP had no effect on growth of chicks,but promoted the humoral immune response of chicks,significantly improved the ND antibody level of chicks,and could maintain high levels of antibodies in the body for a long time.[Conclusions]The study lays a theoretical foundation for further developing the clinical application of NRTUAs and ABP.

Retrospective Analysis of External Quality Assessment Data of Humoral (Except Feces) Morphology in Guangxi from 2010 to 2022

[Objectives] The study aims to improve the ability of inspectors to recognize humoral morphology and provide data reference for the improvement of EQA work of humoral morphology by Guangxi Clinical Laboratory Center. [Methods] A retrospective analysis was made on the EQA of humoral morphology by Guangxi Clinical Laboratory Center from 2010 to 2022, and the number of participating laboratories, the rate of return, sample types and maps of EQA of humoral morphology such as urine sediment, vaginal secretions and so on(except feces), and the reasons for the high error rate of the results of the participating laboratories were analyzed. [Results] The number of laboratories participating in the assessment of humoral morphology increased from 98 in 2010 to 371 in 2022. Except for 2011(90.98%), the rate of return was more than 94%, and the highest rate of return was up to 100%. A total of 119 pictures of EQA of humoral morphology were studied, including 101 urine sediment smears, 13 vaginal secretions smears and 5 other smears. The types of specimens were relatively comprehensive. The distribution of the maps was basically reasonable. The urinary sediment was mainly composed of crystalline salts, followed by tubes, and cells and fungi ranked third. The coverage was relatively complete. The error rate of return results from high to low were bacteria(error rate was equal to 40%), tubes and crystalline salts(error rate was close to 29%), and cells and fungi(error rate was about 14%). The main cases with high error rate of return results are as follows: the difference between different tubes was not clear, and the diversity of crystal morphology was not understood enough;the phase division of cells in the same system was wrong. [Conclusions] The analysis and summary of the reasons for the high error rate of the data and results of Guangxi's EQA of humoral morphology is helpful for laboratory physicians to improve their awareness of morphological examination and identify clearly the error type and blurred concept, and lays a foundation for Guangxi Clinical Laboratory Center to carry out EQA of humoral morphology more specifically.

Research progress on the correlation between aqueous humor components and pathogenesis and postoperative complications in patients with different types of cataracts

Aqueous humor provides the necessary nutrition for the lens and transports the metabolites in the eye.It was a liquid that can directly reflect the microenvironment in the eye'and it can be easily obtained during the operation.This review intended to analyze the components of aqueous humor in patients with different types of cataracts'so as to reflect the pathogenesis and development of the disease'evaluate the incidence of postoperative complications and provide reference value for the surgical design of sequential cataract surgery.The aqueous humor components of different types of cataracts showed different degrees of inflammation'oxidative stress and extracellular matrix remodeling.The biomarker of early neuropathy in diabetic cataract was neural cell adhesion molecule-1(NCAM1).Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)was the evaluation factor of disease development in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.The relationships between postoperative complications of different types of cataracts and aqueous humor components were as follows:Macular edema after diabetic cataract surgery was associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha;capsular contraction after high myopic cataract surgery was related to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)and TGF-β2;Klotho and glutathione S-transferase P 1(GSTP1)were associated with high intraocular pressure after primary open-angle glaucoma complicated by cataract surgery;capsular contraction after retinitis pigmentosa complicated by cataract surgery was associated with matrix metalloproteinases;pro-inflammatory cytokines and fibroblast growth factor 4 in the aqueous humor of congenital cataracts were associated with posterior capsular opacification after surgery.Granulocyte colony stimulating factor 3 and MCP-1 were the main cytokines mediating the pain of the second eye in the binocular sequential cataract surgery short interval(1 wk)'while MCP-1 mediated pain in the long interval(6 wk).The second eye after binocular sequential cataract surgery had a higher level of proinflammatory factors.The components of aqueous humor in patients with different types of cataracts were related to the pathogenesis and postoperative complications of the disease.Monitoring the components of the aqueous humor could help better understand the intraocular microenvironment of different types of cataracts and provide a reference for predicting the development of the disease and implementing relevant targeted therapy.

Temporal pattern of humoral immune response in mild cases of COVID-19

BACKGROUND Understanding the humoral response pattern of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is one of the essential factors to better characterize the immune memory of patients,which allows understanding the temporality of reinfection,provides answers about the efficacy and durability of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),and consequently helps in global public health and vaccination strategy.Among the patients who became infected with SARS-CoV-2,the majority who did not progress to death were those who developed the mild COVID-19,so understanding the pattern and temporality of the antibody response of these patients is certainly relevant.AIM To investigate the temporal pattern of humoral response of specific immunoglobulin G(IgG)in mild cases of COVID-19.METHODS Blood samples from 191 COVID-19 real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)-positive volunteers from the municipality of Toledo/Paraná/Brazil,underwent two distinct serological tests,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and detection of anti-nucleocapsid IgG.Blood samples and clinicoepidemiological data of the volunteers were collected between November 2020 and February 2021.All assays were performed in duplicate and the manufacturers'recommendations were strictly followed.The data were statistically analyzed using multiple logistic regression;the variables were selected by applying the P<0.05 criterion.RESULTS Serological tests to detect specific IgG were performed on serum samples from volunteers who were diagnosed as being positive by RT-qPCR for COVID-19 or had disease onset in the time interval from less than 1 mo to 7 mo.The time periods when the highest number of participants with detectable IgG was observed were 1,2 and 3 mo.It was observed that 9.42%of participants no longer had detectable IgG antibodies 1 mo only after being infected with SARS-CoV-2 and 1.57%were also IgG negative at less than 1 mo.At 5 mo,3.14%of volunteers were IgG negative,and at 6 or 7 mo,1 volunteer(0.52%)had no detectable IgG.During the period between diagnosis by RT-qPCR/symptoms onset and the date of collection for the study,no statistical significance was observed for any association analyzed.Moreover,considering the age category between 31 and 59 years as the exposed group,the P value was 0.11 for the category 31 to 59 years and 0.32 for the category 60 years or older,showing that in both age categories there was no association between the pair of variables analyzed.Regarding chronic disease,the exposure group consisted of the participants without any comorbidity,so the P value of 0.07 for the category of those with at least one chronic disease showed no association between the two variables.CONCLUSION A temporal pattern of IgG response was not observed,but it is suggested that immunological memory is weak and there is no association between IgG production and age or chronic disease in mild COVID-19.

Effects of dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum on the growth performance and humoral immune response in Miichthys miiuy

The effects of dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum on growth performance and humoral immune response in Miichthys miiuy were evaluated. One hundred and fifty Miichthys miiuy weighing approximately 200-260 g were divided into five groups and reared in 15 tanks with closed circuiting culture system. The animals were fed 5 diets： basal diet only （control） or supplemented of the basal diet with C. butyricum at doses of 10^3 （CB1）, 10^5 （CB2）, 10^7 （CB3） or 10^9 （CB4） CFU/g. Compared with the control, the serum phenoloxidase activity was significantly increased by the supplementation （P〈0.05）, acid phosphatases activity was increased significantly （P〈0.05） at the doses of 10^9 CFU/g. Serum lysozyme activity peaked at dose of 10^7 CFU/g and in the skin mucus at dose of 10^9 CFU/g. Immunoglobulin M level in the serum and skin mucus was increased except at dose of 10^3 CFU/g （P〈0.05）. The growth at the dose of 10^9 CFU/g was higher than that of the control （P〈0.05）. It is concluded that supplementation of C. butyricum can mediate the humoral immune responses and improve the growth performance in Miichthys miiuy.

Early plasmapheresis and rituximab for acute humoral rejection after ABO-compatible liver transplantation

Acute humoral rejection （AHR） is uncommon after ABO- compatible liver transplantation. Herein, we report two cases of AHR treated with plasmapheresis and rituximab in two ABO-compatible liver-transplant patients with preformed anti-human leukocyte antigen donor-specific antibodies. Patient 1 experienced a biopsy-proven AHR at day 10 post-transplant. She was treated by steroid pulses, and OKT3. Because of persisting signs of biopsy-proven AHR at day 26, she was treated by plasmapheresis and rituximab. Uver enzyme levels did not improve, and she died on day 41. Patient 2 experienced a biopsy-proven AHR on day 10 post-transplant. She was treated by steroid pulses, plasmapheresis, and rituximab. Liver enzymes returned to within normal range 18 d after diagnosis. Uver biopsies, at 3 and 9 mo post-transplant, showed complete resolution of AHR. We conclude that plasmapheresis should be started as soon as AHR is diagnosed, and be associated with a B-cell depleting agent. Rituximab may be considered as a first-line therapy.

Efficient Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by a Chimeric Virus-like Particle Displaying the Epitope of EV71 without Adjuvant

Objective To eliminate the side effects of aluminum adjuvant and His-tag,we constructed chimeric VLPs displaying the epitope of EV71（SP70） without His-tagged.Then evaluating whether the VLPs could efficiently evoke not only humoral but also cellular immune responses against EV71 without adjuvant.Methods The fusion protein was constructed by inserting SP70 into the MIR of truncated HBc Ag sequence,expressed in E.Coli,and purified through ion exchange chromatography and density gradient centrifugation.Mice were immunized with the VLPs and sera were collected afterwards.The specific antibody titers,Ig G subtypes and neutralizing efficacy were detected by ELISA,neutralization assay,and EV71 lethal challenge.IFN-γ and IL-4 secreted by splenocytes were tested by ELISPOT assay.Results HBc-SP70 proteins can self-assemble into empty VLPs.After immunization with HBc-SP70 VLPs,the detectable anti-EV71 antibodies were effective in neutralizing EV71 and protected newborn mice from EV71 lethal challenge.There was no significant difference for the immune efficacy whether the aluminum adjuvant was added or not.The specific Ig G subtypes were mainly IgG1 and IgG2 b and splenocytes from the mice immunized produced high levels of IFN-γ and IL-4.Conclusion The fusion proteins without His-tagged was expressed and purified as soluble chimeric HBc-SP70 VLPs without renaturation.In the absence of adjuvant,they were efficient to elicit high levels of Th1/Th2 mixed immune response as well as assisted by aluminum adjuvant.Furthermore,the chimeric VLPs have potential to prevent HBV and EV71 infection simultaneously.

Humoral Immune Response of Immunized Sows with Recombinant Proteins of Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Enteric disorders in pigs are related to the fimbriae F4 (K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P), F41 and F18 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Immunization of sows with adhesins is important to stimulate the production of antibodies and the consequent transfer of these to the piglets via colostrum to prevent diarrhea during the neonate period and after weaning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune response of the sows immunized with recombinant ETEC proteins (F4, F5, F6, F18 and F41). The immune response of the sows immunized with the recombinant proteins was compared with a commercial vaccine containing ETEC bacterins. The study was performed on a commercial farm and included nine pregnant sows divided into three groups: G1 was vaccinated with recombinant proteins (n = 3);G2 was vaccinated with the commercial vaccine (n = 3);and G3 was vaccinated with sterile buffered saline (PBS) (n = 3). All the sows were fed a balanced diet without antibiotics and water ad libitum. The recombinant fimbriae stimulated the specific humoral immune response of the immunized sows. There was a statistically significant increase in the levels of antibodies to the fimbriae F4 (K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P) and F18 in the sows vaccinated with the recombinant proteins compared with the control group. The colostrum IgG titers for all fimbriae in all the immunized sows were significantly increased compared to the control group. Additionally, all the piglets exhibited significantly increased antibody levels relative to all fimbriae when compared with those in the unimmunized control group, demonstrating successful antibody transfer via colostrum of the sows to the piglets.

A survey on changes of multiple humoral factors in Antarctic expedition members

Since Changes of cardiac function, el ectroencephalogram findings, immune responses as well as the personality of the Antarctic expedition members had been reported by our group, the underlying contribution of behavior and physiological changeS would be further studied in this time. Samples were taken,under standardized procedures, on the same individual at different time such as (A) before leaving to Antarctica(B) 2 weeks after arrival at Great Wall Saution(C) 12. 5 months after arrival(D) after returning back to Beijing for a break(summer-over memos) (E)after returning back to Dening for a long break(winter-over member).Results showed that a Prominent increase of urinary Noradrenaline(NE) in Antarctica(B) decreased at(C),and retUrned to the normal range in comparison with(A) and(D). The increase Of urinary Adrenaline was even greater than that of NE at Antarctica(B). It indicated that an rather early response in activation of sylnpothetic system,especially the adrenal glands,gradually lowered down as time went on.Plasma and urinary cortisol also inereased significantly at Antarctica(B), but sustained for a long time even after returning back to Beijing. Both parameters are closely related to stress syndrome.Plasma Tryptophan decreased significantly at Antarctica (B). Some even sustained after retUrning to Beijing(E). Whether or not,such changes might correlated to the change of 5-HT metabolism in brain,in turn to show some effeCt on psychoological or mental disturbanceS,which should be carefully evaluated.Serum MDA, the perokidation product, increaSing together with the findings of decreased RBC SOD activity, the scanvengrr for O2, and increased plasma glucuronidase, the lysozyme release from damage of lysosome membrane, strongly indicated the presence of cellular damage by increasing O2 production and membrase perokidation and with damage Of lysosome unduly. Severe cold and extensive ultraviolet expeure should be considered carefully.The sitwficances of the above findings were discuss and the possible preventive or therapeutic measures have ben suggested. Since the destruction of the ozonelayer might increase the extent of ultraviolet radiation,it is worth to further investigate the biological damage effect of ultraviolet in Antarctica.

THE HUMORAL ANTITUMOR RESPONSES INDUCED BY IL-4 GENE-MODIFIED TUMOR VACCINE

It is well known that IL4 plays important roles in the induction of humoral immunity. In the present study, the humoral antitumor responses induced by IL4 genemodified tumor vaccine were investigated. The mice were vaccinated with the IL4 genemodified B16 melanoma cells. Then the proliferative capacity of the splenic lymphocytes, the levels of the antibodies in the murine serum against wildtype B16 cells and the cytotoxicity of the serum to wildtype melanoma cells were detected. Our data showed that the LPSinduced proliferation of the splenic lymphocytes from the mice vaccinated with the IL4 genemodified tumor vaccine increased more significantly than that from mice vaccinated with wildtype tumor vaccine. The cytotoxicity of the serum to wildtype melanoma cells also increased markedly when detected. It was also observed that the number of pulmonary metastases decreased more obviously when the mice were intravenously injected with the mixture of wildtype B16 cells and the serum from the mice vaccinated with the IL4 genemodified B16 cells. Our data demonstrated that humoral immunity might contribute to the antitumor effect of IL4 gene therapy.

STUDIES ON LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS, HUMORAL IMMUNITY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH SELENIUM IN PATIENTS WITH KASHIN-BECK DISEASE

Objective To study the humoral immunity status and distribution pattern of lymphocyte subgroups of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) in patients with Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD), and their relationship with erythrocyte selenium. Methods 23 X-ray diagnosed patients, 22 age- and sex- matched healthy children in KBD affected area (KAA), and 25 in KBD non-affected area (KNAA) were randomly selected. Immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD20 was conducted to analyze the lymphocyte subsets. Serum IgM, IgA, IgG, Complement C3 and C4 were assayed using rate nephelometry (Array 360 System, USA). The contents of erythrocyte selenium was determined by 2,3-diaminonaphthalene fluorescence assay. Results CD4+ and CD8+ cells percentage in PBMCs and serum IgA were significantly lower in KAA than those in KNAA(P< 0.05). CD20+ percentage in KAA displayed a decreasing trend compared to KNAA, although not statistically significantly. No statistical differences were found in CD4/CD8 ratio, serum IgG, IgM, C3 and C4 levels. Erythrocyte selenium level in KAA still showed a pronounced decrease compared to that in KNAA. Correlation analysis showed that erythrocyte selenium contents had a strong association with the CD4 cell percentage (r= 0.625, P< 0.05), as well as serum IgA (r= 0.462, P< 0.05). In addition, a moderate correlation between the serum IgA and CD4+ percentage (r= 0.130, P> 0.05) was found. Conclusion These results suggested that children in KAA had a comparably low cellular immunity level and their humoral immunity status was also in a state of moderate immune suppression. Of this immune disorder in Kashin-Beck disease patients, selenium deficiency probably played a critical role via affecting the distribution pattern of peripheral blood lymphocyte. Selenium-deficiency and immune impairment maybe both have something to do with the cause-effect chain of KBD.

Anti-ENA autoantibody profiles and humoral immune activation

Objective: To study the clinical significance of anti-ENA autoantibody profiles and its relationship withother immune markers. Methods: AntiuENA autoantibodies were tested with Western--blot while immunoglobulinsand complements were detected quantitatively by turbidimetry. Results: 1. High positive rate of anti--ENAautoantibody was detected but not specific in several autoimmune diseases; 2. lgG and IgA was increased in antiENA antibody positive sera while IgM, C3 and C4 was decreased; 3. Elevation of IgG and decrease of IgM, C3and CHS, were correlated with the number of bands of anti-- ENA autoantibodies by immunoblot; 4. Associationbetween clinical activity of diseases and C3, C4 and CH50 were tested. Conclusion: Humoral immune activation wasdemonstrated in patients with positive ENA autoantibody and positively correlated with the number of bands ofanti-- ENA autoantibodies.

THE HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES INDUCED BY HPV18L1-E6/E7 DNA VACCINES IN MICE

Objective To construct eukaryotic expression vector of HPV18 L1-E6, E7 chimeric gene and examine the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by this DNA vaccines in mice. Methods The C-terminal of major capsid protein L1 gene and mutant zinc finger domains of early E6/7 oncogenes in HPV18 were integrated and inserted into eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1 to generate vaccines pVAX1-L1E6Mxx, E7Mxx. CHO cells were transiently transfected with the individual construct. Target protein expressions in the lysate of the transfected cells were measured by ELISA and immunocytochemistry. After BALB/c mice were vaccinated with various recombinant plasmids(pVAX1-L1-E6M3 or pVAX1-L1-E7M3) and immunie adjuvants (pLXHDmB7-2 or LTB) through different administration routes (intramuscular or intranasal) , the great cellular immune responses were produced as revealed by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and lymphocyte proliferation, and the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ cells in CD4 + and CD8 + subpopulations. Results The highly efficient expression of pVAX1-L1E6Mxx, E7Mxx vector in host eukaryotic cells were demonstrated both by ELISA and immunocytochemistry. The level of specific serum IgG against HPV in experiment groups mice was much higher than that of control group, and intranuscular immunization group had the highest antibody level. Intramuscular immunization groups were superior to intranasal immunization groups in DTH response, splenocyte proliferation and CD8+ IFN-γ + cells number, but CD4 + IL4 + cell number was higher in intranasal immunization groups. The immunization groups using pLXHDmB7-2 as adjuvant were superior to other groups in immunoresponse. Conclusion These DNA vaccines produce remarkable cellular and humoral immune responses in the mouse and may provide as prophylatic and therapeutic candidates for HPV induced cancer treatment.

Enhancement of Humoral Immune Response of Newcastle Disease Vaccine by ATRA

[ Objective] The paper was to study the immune enhancement of ATRA on Newcastle Disease （ND） vaccine. [ Method ] The 1-day-old AA broilers were treated with ATRA at the doses of I and 5 p.mol/kg, respectively. At 7 and 28 days of age, broilers in drug control group, low dose group and high dose group were immunized with ND vaccine by intranasal and eye immunization approach. At 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 clays of age, seven chickens were randomly se- lected from each group and weighed. The thymus, spleen, bursa of fabrieius and serum were collected for calculating immune organ index of thymus, spleen and bursa of fabricius. The ND specific antibody titers in serum were determined with HI test. [Result] ATRA promoted the growth of thymus, spleen and bursa of fabricius, and improved the immune organ index and ND specific antibody titers of chicks. [ Conclusion] ATRA enhanced the humoral immune response of chicks, and ATRT at the dose of 5 μmol/kg presented more prominent immune enhancement effect on ND vaccine.

Humoral Immune Response of Inactivated Bivalent <i>Leptospira</i>Vaccine among Dogs in Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India

Leptospirosis has been recognized as the disease of the dogs. The prevention of canine leptospirosis can block the transmission of the etiological agent to humans. Commercial vaccines prevent not only clinical leptospirosis but also the renal carrier state in dogs. Thus in this present investigation, the humoral immune response of the vaccinated dogs with the multivalent vaccine (Megavac-6) was analyzed. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with preparations of 2 whole cell lysate, 2 leptospiral LPS, 4 purified recombinant proteins were used to test sera from 30 dogs vaccinated with MEGAVAC-6, a commercial vaccine practiced by the animal husbandary Departments in Tamilnadu. All 30 sera were positive by ELISA with whole cell lysate of Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae, and ELISA with Canicola LPS, Icterohaemorrhagiae LPS;antibody titres ranged from 20 to ≥10,240. Although there was less frequent reactivity of sera with recombinant antigens, antibodies to LipL32 and LigA were detected in 25 (83.3%) serum samples. Less frequent reactivity was noted when recombinant GroEl, LK73.5 antigens were included separately in ELISAs. The highest MAT titre was observed against the serovar Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae. The more reactivity against LPS may be due to the dominance of serovar specific leptospiral LPS, which may be the dominant immunogenic antigen in inactivated bivalent leptospiral vaccines. Eventhough LPS is the dominant antigen. It is serovars specific and hence recommends the incorporation of the locally circulating serovars in vaccine for its efficient use. The efficiency at this point can be increased by the use of subunit vaccines rather than recombinant proteins as such. The present study has proposed certain epitopes with increased antigenic potency.

Effects of fish protein hydrolysate on growth performance and humoral immune response in large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.)

We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on growth performance and humoral immune response of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.). One thousand and two hundred large yellow croakers [initial average weight: (162.75±23.85) g] were divided into four groups and reared in floating sea cages (3 m×3 m×3 m). The animals were fed with 4 diets: basal diet only (control) or diets supplemented with 5%, 10% and 15% (w/w) FPH. The results show that dietary FPH levels significantly influenced the growth and immunity of the large yellow croaker. Compared with the control group, total weight gain (TWG) in all treatment groups, relative weight gain (RWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) in fish fed with diets supplemented with 10% and 15% FPH were significantly increased (P<0.05). Similar results were observed in immune parameters [lysozyme activity, serum complements, immunoglobulin M (IgM)]. Lysozyme activity, complement C4 and IgM were also significantly increased (P<0.05) in fish fed with diets supplemented with 10% and 15% FPH, while complement C3 level was significantly increased (P<0.05) in all treatment groups. In general, with the supplementation of FPH, particularly at dose of 10%, the growth performance and immunity of the large yellow croaker can be improved effectively.

Humoral Response to Toxoplasma gondii in Pregnant Women in Bangui Central African Republic

Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan antrhropozoonosis widespread in mammals and birds. Normally asymptomatic in the subject health, it can have serious consequences for the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy in the pregnant woman. It is in this context that we propose to assess the immune response to T. gondii in pregnant women in Bangui. This was a retrospective analytical study that consulted the records of pregnant women received in prenatal consultations at the Bangui Community Hospital Maternity ward from January 2019 to December 2019. Socio-demographic and laboratory data (IgM, IgG response to T. gondii) and results of HIV serology were collected from January to June 2021. Chi2 test was used. A total of 307 pregnant women were analyzed. The average age of the women included was 28 (±6) years. The average parity of the entire sample was 2.18 (±1.93). Toxoplasmosis infectious was 14.65%. Women with a positive IgM response accounted for 17.58% and those with an IgG-positive response for 42.99%. Patients with a positive HIV were 5.86%. Patients aged 20 - 29 had a serological profile suggesting a probable ongoing infection (p = 0.010). The paucipares were more represented with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.23). Pregnant women were not significantly exposed to toxoplasmosis infectious (p = 0.96). Immunized and non-immunized subjects were similarly exposed [OR = 0.97;CI 95% 0.4 = 6 - 2.05]. Toxoplasmosis remains particularly serious during pregnancy. Seroprevalence was significantly higher in the 20 - 24 year age group. Women were similarly exposed depending on whether they were immunized or not. This requires the establishment of a specific prevention program against this disease.

Montanide ISA-720 and Naloxone in HBsAg Vaccine Formulation:Cytokine Profiling and Monitoring of Long-Lasting Humoral Immune Responses

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of Montanide ISA-720 and Naloxone(NLX)in Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)vaccine formulation on cytokine and long-lasting antibody responses.Methods First,the HBsAg was formulated in Montanide ISA-720 adjuvant and Naloxone at 5 and 10mg/kg.The experimental mice were immunized three times at a 2-week interval,and then IL-4,IL-2,TNF-α,and IFN-γcytokines;long-lasting IgG antibody responses 220 days after the last shot;and IgG1/IgG2a isotypes were assessed by ELISA.Results The HBsAg-Alum group exhibited the highest IL-4 cytokine response among the experimental groups,whereas NLX in HBsAg-MON720 vaccine formulation did not affect cytokine responses.In addition,NLX in Alum-based vaccine suppressed IL-4 cytokine response and increased the IL-2/IL-4 cytokine ratio.Moreover,HBsAg-MON720 was more potent than HBsAg-Alum in the induction of antibody responses,and NLX in Alum-and MON720-based vaccines induced long-lasting antibody responses.Conclusion NLX in Alum-based vaccine decreased IL-4 cytokine response,increased IL-2/IL-4 cytokine ratio,and improved long-lasting humoral immune responses in both vaccine formulations.Therefore,the adjuvant activity of NLX in the vaccine formulation depends on the type of adjuvant and the nature of the antigen in the vaccine formulation.