Application of an analytic hierarchy process to hydrocarbon accumulation coefficient estimation

The hydrocarbon accumulation coefficient is a key parameter in resources evaluation by genetic techniques. Methods of obtaining its value scientifically have always been an important factor influencing evaluation credibility. In this paper, the hydrocarbon accumulation system is evaluated quantitatively by establishing a hierarchy structure model based on an analytical hierarchy process. The hydrocarbon accumulation system of a higher exploration degree is selected as a calibration area and its hydrocarbon accumulation coefficient can be calculated using methods of hydrocarbon generation potential and reservoir-scale sequence. The hydrocarbon accumulation coefficient of a petroleum accumulation system can be gained by analogy of reservoir forming comprehensive evaluation results with the calibration area. The hydrocarbon accumulation coefficient of each petroleum accumulation system in the upper reservoir-forming combination of the Liaohe Western Sag can be obtained with this method. Practice shows that using the analytical hierarchy process to quantitatively evaluate the hydrocarbon accumulation system and then quantitatively predict the hydrocarbon accumulation coefficient decreases the influence of human factors in resources evaluation, and makes the resources assessment more objective and closer to the actual geological condition.

Study on fault-controlled hydrocarbon migration and accumulation process and models in Zhu I Depression

Through the analysis of the faults and their internal structure in Zhu I Depression,it is found that the internal structure of the late fault is obviously segmented vertically.It develops unitary structure(simple fault plane)in shallow layers,binary structure(induced fracture zone in hanging wall and sliding fracture zone in footwall)in middle,layers and ternary structure(induced fracture zone in hanging wall and sliding fracture zone in middle,and induced fracture zone in footwall)in deep layers.Because the induced fracture zone is a high porosity and permeability zone,and the sliding fracture zone is a low porosity and ultra-low permeability zone,the late fault in middle layers has the character of"transporting while sealing".The late fault can transport hydrocarbon by its induced fracture zone in the side of the hanging wall and seal hydrocarbon by its sliding fracture zone in the side of the footwall.In deep layers,the late fault has the character of"dual-transportation",induced fracture zones in both sides of hanging wall and footwall can transport hydrocarbon.The early fault that only developed in the deep layers is presumed to be unitary structure,which plays a completely sealing role in the process of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation due to inactivity during the hydrocarbon filling period.Controlled by hydrocarbon source,early/late faults,sand bodies and traps,two reservoir-forming models of"inverted L"and"stereo-spiral"can be proposed in middle layers,while two reservoir-forming models of"cross fault"and"lateral fault sealing"are developed in the deep layers of Zhu I Depression.

Simulation of the Accumulation Process of Biogenic Gas Hydrates in the Shenhu Area of Northern South China Sea

Previous work has largely discussed the relations between sediment structures and accumulation of gas hydrates in the Shenhu area of South China Sea, but has not documented why the gas hydrates occurred at the seafloor topographic highs. Many gas hydrate exploration examples abroad also indicate that the saturation of gas hydrates was higher at seafloor topographic highs. This work aims to understand why gas hydrates accumulated at topographic highs and why their saturation is higher.

Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process in the Marine Strata in Jianghan Plain Area, Middle China

Marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area are widely distributed with a total depth of more than 8,000 m from the Upper Sinian to the Middle Triassic. Six reservoir caprock units, named Z-C2, C2-O, S, D--C, P and T1, can be identified with each epoch. The geology, stratigraphy, drilling, oil testing and other basic data as well as the measured inclusion and strontium isotope data in the study area are used in the analysis of the formation and evolution process of marine petroliferous reservoirs in the Jianghan Plain area. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for the further exploration of hydrocarbons in the Jianghan Plain and reduce the risks by analyzing the key factors for hydrocarbon accumulation in the marine strata. Our findings show that in the Lower Palaeozoic hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the early period of the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir was destroyed in the middle-late period of the Early Yanshanian. In the Lower Triassic-Carboniferous hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir suffered destruction from the Late Yanshanian to the Early Himalayanian. The preservation conditions of the marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area have been improved since the Late Himalayanian. However, because all source beds have missed the oil/gas generation fastigium and lost the capacity to generate secondary hydrocarbon, no reaccumulation of hydrocarbons can be detected in the study area＇s marine strata. No industrially exploitable oil/gas reservoir has been discovered in the marine strata of Jianghan Plain area since exploration began in 1958. This study confirms that petroliferous reservoirs in the marine strata have been completely destroyed, and that poor preservation conditions are the primary factor leading to unsuccessful hydrocarbon exploration. It is safely concluded that hydrocarbon exploration in the marine strata of the study area is quite risky.

Source and accumulation process of Jurassic biodegraded oil in the Eastern Junggar Basin,NW China

Biodegradation usually obscures or even radically alters the original characteristics of oil biomarkers.The mixing of oil from multiple sources makes each source difficult to trace.Identifying the source of biodegraded oil from multiple sources has always been a hard nut to crack.Rising to this challenge,in this study-we carried out a comprehensive investigation of biodegradation impacts,oil-source correlation,and oil charging history to trace the source and reveal the mixing process of biodegraded oil in the Toutunhe Formation(J_(2)t)in the eastern Junggar Basin,NW China.The oil of this area was biodegraded to different extent,consequently,many commonly used biomarker parameters(e.g.Pr/Ph,Pr/n C_(17))became less powerful for oil-source correlation.To address this problem,the resistance of many biomarkers to biodegradation was analyzed,and those of high bio resistance were selected to generate a more reliable oil-source correlation.The results revealed that biodegraded oil was a mixture of oil sourced from Lucaogou Formation(P_(2)l)and Xiaoquangou Formation(T_(2-3)xq).Core sample observation,microscopic fluorescent analysis and fluid inclusion analysis were combined to analyze comprehensively oil charging history.The analysis of accumulation process exhibited that the existing oil in J_(2)t was a mixture originated from the P_(2)l and T_(2-3)xq source rocks in two separate charging stages when it underwent a complicated process of charging,biodegradation,recharging and mixing.

Control of neotectonic movement on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Kuqa Foreland Basin,west China

Neotectonic movement refers to the tectonic movement that has happened since the Cenozoic, which is the latest movement. It has the most important influence on the basins in west China, especially on the hydrocarbon accumulation in the western foreland basins. We determined the time of neotectonic movement in the Kuqa Foreland Basin, which began from the Neogene, and analyzed the patterns of movement, which were continuous and fast subsidence in the vertical direction and intense lateral compression. The structure styles are that the faulting is weakened and the folding is strengthened gradually from north to south. We studied the control of neotectonic movement on the hydrocarbon accumulation process and model in the Kuqa Foreland Basin with basin simulation technique. The largest subsidence rate of the Kuqa Foreland Basin reached 1,200 m/Ma during the neotectonic movement, leading to rapid maturing of source rock within 5 Ma and a large quantity of hydrocarbon being generated and expelled. The thick neotectonic strata can form high quality reservoirs with the proved gas and oil reserves accounting for 5% and 27% of the total reserves, respectively. 86% of the structural traps were formed in the neotectonic movement period. The faults formed during the neotectonic movement serve as important migration pathways and they exist in the region where the hydrocarbon reservoirs are distributed. Abnormally high pressure caused by the intense lateral compression, thick neotectonic strata deposition and rapid hydrocarbon generation provide driving force for hydrocarbon migration. The accumulation elements match each other well over a short period, leading to many large gas fields formed later in the Kuqa Foreland Basin.

Dynamic control of a firm’s process innovation with knowledge accumulation in a vertically differentiated monopoly

This paper explores a multiproduct firm’s process innovation of high-and lowquality goods with knowledge accumulation in a vertically differentiated monopoly.We show that:(i)the system admits a saddle-point steady-state equilibrium under firm decision-making and social planner adjustment,respectively;(ii)the firm’s learning rates of knowledge accumulation of process innovation call for more intense efforts in both directions;(iii)there is a substitution between the process innovation for these two kinds of goods;(iv)the social incentive towards both kinds of innovation efforts is always larger than the private incentive characterizing the profit-seeking firm.Our contribution extends the dynamic innovation literature that focuses on singlegood and considers the effects of corresponding knowledge accumulation on process innovation of these two kinds of goods.Further,this theoretical work contributes to the design of efficient innovation effort strategies for firms’process innovation with corresponding knowledge accumulation in a vertically differentiated monopoly market.

Dynamic Systems of Petroleum Accumulation in the Nanpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

It is significant to distinguish the dynamic systems of petroleum accumulation （DSPA） for the understanding of petroleum accumulation and distribution. According to the formation pressure framework, genetic types of petroleum and characteristics of conduit systems, three dynamic systems of petroleum accumulation were identified in the vertical profile in the Nanpu depression, Bohai Bay basin. The deeper DSPA （including formations Es3 to Es2） is a sealed system with high-overpressure and high-mature self-sourced oil. Most of the crude oil in the system accumulated in the periods of late Oligocene （23.5 Ma） and late Pliocene （2.4 Ma）. The middle DSPA （including formations Es~ to Edl） is an overpressured half-sealed system with mature or lower-mature self-sourced oil. The accumulation of oil in the system also occurred in the late Oligocene （23.5 Ma） and late Pliocene （2.4 Ma）. The shallower DSPA （including formations Ed2 to Q） is a hydrostatic system with lower-mature aliensourced oil from the middle system. Oil within this system accumulated only in the late Pliocene period. The oil in the shallower system migrated vertically along the faults from the formerly accumulated oil in the middle system by lateral migration along the sandbodies, whereas petroleum accumulation in the deeper system was mainly derived from the system itself by lateral migration along the sandbodies and rarely migrated out of the system. In this case, it seems that the deeper system is a more potential exploration prospect in addition to the other two proved favorable systems.

Stress and Strain Accumulation Due to a Long Dip-Slip Fault Movement in an Elastic-Layer over a Viscoelastic Half Space Model of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System

Most of the earthquake faults in North-East India, China, mid Atlantic-ridge, the Pacific seismic belt and Japan are found to be predominantly dip-slip in nature. In the present paper a dip-slip fault is taken situated in an elastic layer over a viscoelastic half space representing the lithosphere-asthenosphere system. A movement of the dip-slip nature across the fault occurs when the accumulated stress due to various tectonic reasons e.g. mantle convection etc., exceeds the local friction and cohesive forces across the fault. The movement is assumed to be slipping in nature, expressions for displacements, stresses and strains are obtained by solving associated boundary value problem with the help of integral transformation and Green’s function method and a suitable numerical methods is used for computation. A detailed study of these expressions may give some ideas about the nature of stress accumulation in the system, which in turn will be helpful in formulating an earthquake prediction programme.

盐构造活动对油气成藏的控制作用:以下刚果盆地为例

盐构造对油气藏成藏具有重要的控制作用,很多富油气盆地都发育丰富的盐构造。本论文以南大西洋东海岸下刚果盆地为研究对象,从含油气盆地分析的角度,以构造地质学、沉积学和成藏动力学系统理论为指导,旨在明确盐岩构造变形特征及演化过程的基础上,分析盐岩构造变形对盐相关油气成藏的控制作用。基于二维和三维地震资料解释成果,识别出下刚果盆地发育盐滚、盐底辟、盐蓬/盐盖、厚层盐岩4种主要盐岩构造样式,明确了各类盐构造的变形特征及其上覆地层构造特征。最后,在分析盐构造变形对源、储、圈闭等静态成藏要素,以及圈闭演化过程、油气运移、保存等动态成藏过程影响的基础上,建立下刚果盆地油气动态成藏模式,以期指导该盆地下一步油气勘探。

相干累加与AR滤波相结合的舰船轴频电场信号处理方法

针对采用电场传感器阵列测量舰船电场的应用场景,为提升目标轴频电场的信噪比,提出一种相干累加结合自回归(autoregressive,AR)模型滤波的方法对阵列电场信号进行处理。对测量得到的阵列电场信号进行时延补偿后累加,同时对环境电场信号进行AR建模,并利用AR模型参数构造滤波器,以对累加后的信号实施滤波处理。为验证所提方法在低信噪比条件下的有效性,对实测阵列式电场信号进行处理,结果表明,所提方法能够在信噪比为-25.39 dB的条件下有效压制噪声频谱,保留轴频线谱,处理后信噪比提高约21.92 dB。

川西地区雷口坡组储层流体包裹体特征与成藏期次

以地震、钻井、岩心和包裹体薄片等资料为基础,结合区域构造演化和烃源岩生排烃过程,通过对川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组储层流体包裹体岩相学分析、均一温度及盐度测定、埋藏—热演化史模拟和气藏演化过程分析等,明确雷口坡组油气充注时间和期次,分析不同类型气藏的成藏过程。结果表明:川西探区雷口坡组包裹体成群/成带发育于孔洞矿物充填期后,丰度较低(GOI为1%±),均为灰色—深灰色含烃盐水包裹体;均一温度在90℃~200℃,温度峰值在120℃~150℃;盐度分布在0~24%,具体可细分为0~4%、6%~18%和20%~24%共3个区间。川西探区雷口坡组天然气主成藏期有3期,分别为晚三叠世末期、早侏罗世晚期至晚侏罗世早期和新近纪—第四纪。油气成藏过程为晚三叠世,上二叠统龙潭组和中三叠统雷口坡组烃源岩进入生油高峰,生成原油沿印支运动形成的断裂进入雷四段储层形成古油藏;早-中侏罗世,两套烃源岩进入生气高峰,叠加古油藏裂解生气形成气藏,斜坡区马鞍塘组烃源岩进入生油高峰,沿不整合面侧向运移至雷四段储层形成古油藏;新近纪以来,油气藏最终调整定型形成现今形态。

湘中涟源凹陷佘田桥组页岩气成藏过程与保存条件

湘中地区是四川盆地外围页岩气勘探开发的重要区域,构造上位于扬子板块和华夏板块的结合带(李智等,2019),为下古生界变质岩系基底上发展起来的一个以上古生界碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩沉积为主的准地台型坳陷。涟源凹陷为其内北部的一个次级构造单元,大致呈北西西向展布,经历了以挤压逆冲改造为主的多期构造活动.

塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带轻质油/凝析油地球化学特征与成藏过程

塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带浅层–深层储层中广泛产出轻质油/凝析油气藏,其油气相态变化大,母质来源多样,油气充注与成藏过程复杂。本研究对克拉苏构造带上58个轻质油开展有机地球化学分析,探讨其母质来源、热成熟度及油气成藏过程。结果显示,克拉苏构造带轻质油中正构烷烃以中、低碳数为主,烷基苯相对含量较高,全油稳定C同位素值主要分布在-29‰~-26‰之间。姥植比(Pr/Ph)、甲基环己烷指数(I_(MCH))、甲基菲比值等地球化学参数显示,克拉苏构造带轻质油主要来自湖相腐殖型、沉积于偏氧化环境烃源岩的贡献,经历了多期次油气充注成藏。其中,克深1-2段轻质油热成熟度普遍高于大北段,主要来自三叠系黄山街组烃源岩的贡献,经历了“早油晚气”2期烃类充注;大北段轻质油热成熟度偏低,主要来自侏罗系恰克马克组和三叠系黄山街组烃源岩的贡献,主要经历了3期油气充注与成藏。

深层—超深层走滑断裂带储层流体来源与油气成藏过程研究——以塔里木盆地富满油田为例

以富满油田北部走滑断裂带深部储层孔洞缝充填脉体为研究对象,基于脉体的岩相学特征、微区稀土元素和Sr(锶)同位素、油包裹体荧光光谱、显微热力学和碳酸盐岩U-Pb同位素定年进行分析。结果表明:富满油田北部走滑断裂带发育2期方解石脉体,脉体来源于中下奥陶统海源地层水,未见氧化性流体侵入,表明深层—超深层油气晚期具有良好的封闭性。通过包裹体测温投点埋藏史结合碳酸盐岩低U-Pb同位素定年技术,厘定塔里木盆地富满油田北部走滑断裂带深层奥陶系存在3期油气充注过程,分别对应于距今(459±7.2)Ma(加里东中期)、(348±18)Ma(海西早期)和268Ma(海西晚期),富满油田北部深层—超深层碳酸盐岩油气成藏关键期为海西早期,且油气充注与断裂活动有较好的对应关系。

积温驱动的稻谷热风干燥工艺优化与营养品质模型研究

本研究开展了水稻薄层热风干燥实验,采用正交实验方法研究稻谷在不同热风温度、热风湿度、初始含水率、热风风速、缓苏比条件下的热风干燥特性,比较9种干燥积温-营养指标(蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉)数学模型在稻谷热风干燥中的适用性。结果表明:利用Central-Composite设计了实验方案,通过回归模型优化参数组合为热风温度T=38.5℃、热风湿度RH=48.086%、初始含水率MC=19.82%、热风风速V=0.70m/s、缓苏比TR=1.45验证实验结果与优化结果的相对误差为3.65%,积温-营养品质模型的相对误差为5.92%。通过数学模型拟合发现,积温-蛋白质含量采用仿修正PageⅡ模型拟合效果最佳;积温-脂肪含量拟合效果最佳为仿Thompson方程;直链淀粉含量拟合效果最佳为仿Midilli方程;积温-支链淀粉含量拟合效果最佳为仿WeibullⅡ方程,模型都极其显著。优化后的干燥工艺保持了营养品质,提高了干燥效率,为深入探究稻谷品质变化机理提供新途径,为后续智能控制系统的开发奠定基础。

西湖凹陷西次凹古近系花港组—平湖组深层油气成藏过程

西湖凹陷西次凹古近系花港组和平湖组深层油气资源丰富,是东海陆架盆地勘探开发新领域,受储层差异致密化影响,油气成藏机理复杂。为了厘清西次凹深层油气成藏过程,本文通过流体包裹体岩相学特征、显微测温、激光拉曼光谱、包裹体所含油气地球化学等实验分析,结合构造演化、地层埋藏史、热史等,开展了系统的储层特征、油气成藏期次、成藏过程研究。结果表明,花港组深层(>4000 m)和平湖组储层均已致密化,溶蚀孔隙是主要的储集孔隙类型;花港组和平湖组均发育两期油气包裹体,早期含油包裹体较多,晚期以天然气包裹体为主,成藏时间分别为龙井运动期和冲绳运动期,以晚期天然气成藏最为关键。包裹体中油气地球化学特征类似,反映生烃母质以高等植物生源为主,低等生物为辅,与平湖组煤系烃源岩特征一致。冲绳运动叠加平湖组生气增压是晚期天然气成藏的主要动力,此时H10段及以上储层未致密化。根据储层致密化与成藏时序匹配关系可将西次凹M构造深层油气藏类型划分为常规型、先成藏后致密型、先致密后成藏型和边成藏边致密型4种。本文成果可为研究区下一步致密砂岩气的勘探开发部署提供重要的理论依据。

Application of modified discontinuous deformation analysis to dynamic modelling of the Baige landslide in the Jinsha River

Accurate dynamic modeling of landslides could help understand the movement mechanisms and guide disaster mitigation and prevention.Discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA)is an effective approach for investigating landslides.However,DDA fails to accurately capture the degradation in shear strength of rock joints commonly observed in high-speed landslides.In this study,DDA is modified by incorporating simplified joint shear strength degradation.Based on the modified DDA,the kinematics of the Baige landslide that occurred along the Jinsha River in China on 10 October 2018 are reproduced.The violent starting velocity of the landslide is considered explicitly.Three cases with different violent starting velocities are investigated to show their effect on the landslide movement process.Subsequently,the landslide movement process and the final accumulation characteristics are analyzed from multiple perspectives.The results show that the violent starting velocity affects the landslide motion characteristics,which is found to be about 4 m/s in the Baige landslide.The movement process of the Baige landslide involves four stages:initiation,high-speed sliding,impact-climbing,low-speed motion and accumulation.The accumulation states of sliding masses in different zones are different,which essentially corresponds to reality.The research results suggest that the modified DDA is applicable to similar high-level rock landslides.

一种基于图像处理的铁轨积沙检测方法

针对积沙检测实时性差、易受天气因素影响、积沙量化指标不明确等问题,提出了一种基于图像处理的铁轨积沙检测方法,使用单尺度Retinex算法处理了沙尘天气条件下的铁轨积沙图像,通过铁轨未积沙区域特征提取和最大类间方差法对含有阴影的铁轨积沙图像进行了阈值分割,综合两次图像分割结果并获取了积沙信息。此外,基于铁路沙害等级划分指标对提取的积沙信息进行了沙害等级划分,最终实现了不同天气条件下的铁轨积沙检测。结果表明,该方法能够在晴天和沙尘天气下准确获得铁轨积沙状况并根据对应沙害等级提供预警。

致密砂岩储层成岩过程及其与油气充注的关系——以鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区长8储层为例

储层致密化与油气充注的时间过程及其相互关系在勘探评价中具有关键作用。将铸体薄片观察、X射线衍射、扫描电镜及核磁共振相结合,细致分析了储层砂岩成岩过程与孔隙演化。结合已有油气成藏资料,综合建立了储层砂岩埋藏-成岩-孔隙演化-油气充注的演化序列。结果表明:富县地区长8储层类型以长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,孔喉关系复杂,为低-特低孔及特低-超低渗致密储层。早成岩阶段A期,长8储层经历机械压实(压溶)作用(Φ_(2)=21.6%),少量胶结物生成,距今192.5~152.0 Ma(J_(1)~K_(1)),Ⅰ期油气充注;早成岩阶段B期,大量胶结物生成(Φ_(3)=6.9%);中成岩阶段,距今152~126 Ma(K_(1)),Ⅱ期油气充注(主成藏阶段);晚期盆地构造抬升(Φ_(3)=10.8%),距今65.0~36.5 Ma(E_(1)),Ⅲ期油气充注。成岩过程导致油气充注的选择性与储层含油的差异性,研究成果对于寻找富县地区长8储层的“甜点区”具有重要的实际意义。