Combined Promoting Effects of Specific Organic Functional Groups and Alumina Surface Characteristics for the Design of a Highly Efficient NiMo/Al_(2)O_(3) Hydrodesulfurization Catalyst

To prepare a highly efficient NiMo/Al_(2)O_(3) hydrodesulfurization catalyst,the combined effects of specific organic functional groups and alumina surface characteristics were investigated.First,the correlation between the surface characteristics of four different alumina and the existing Mo species states was established.It was found that the Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity can be used as a specific descriptor to quantitatively evaluate the changes in surface characteristics of different alumina.A lower Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity for alumina means weaker metal-support interaction and the loaded Mo species are easier to transform into MoS2.However,the Mo-O-Al bonds still exist at the metal-support interface.The introduction of cationic surfactant hecadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)can further improve Mo species dispersion through electrostatic attraction with Mo anions and interaction of its alkyl chain with the alumina surface;meanwhile,the introduction of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA)can complex with Ni ions to enhance the Ni-promoting effect on Mo.Therefore,the NiMo catalyst designed using alumina with lower Mo equilibrium adsorption capacity and the simultaneous addition of EDTA and CTAB exhibits the highest hydrodesulfurization activity for 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene because of its proper metal-support interaction and more well-dispersed Ni-Mo-S active phases.

基于全质心WLS-HDS-TWR算法的无人驾驶农业机械协同定位算法研究

针对室内全球导航卫星系统(Global navigation satellite system,GNSS)信号受遮挡时,农用车辆协同定位精度低、稳定性差、信号丢包等问题,本文开展面向超宽带(Ultra-wideband,UWB)调频技术的室内外农用车辆协同定位算法研究。首先,搭建三基站多边测距定位模型,实现主基站绝对位置标定以及辅助基站绝对位置坐标的变换求解;其次,提出全质心加权最小二乘的高速双边双向(Weighted least squares high double sided two-way ranging,WLS-HDS-TWR)农机协同定位算法,基于泰勒级数展开的WLS估计算法,求解主车位置。同时,提出面向室内环境的多状态基站组合的UWB定位模块布设模式,并验证其可行性;通过飞行时间法(Time of flight,TOF)获取主从车距离信息,融合GNSS标定位置信息、主车坐标信息以及测距信息,实现主从车协同定位。最后,基于Prescan/Simulink搭建联合仿真平台,验证提出算法的可靠性;通过农用履带车辆开展室内及室外协同定位实车试验,试验结果表明:全质心WLS-HDS-TWR协同定位算法可有效解决室内GNSS信号缺失问题,室内环境下,定位精度较HDS-TWR及全质心LS-HDS-TWR算法分别提高26.98%和22.03%,满足智能农机协同定位作业需求。

Al-modified yolk-shell silica particle-supported NiMo catalysts for ultradeep hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene:Efficient accessibility of active sites and suitable acidity

Yolk-shell SiO2 particles(YP)with center-radial meso-channels were fabricated through a simple and effective method.Al-containing YP-supported NiMo catalysts with different Al amounts(NiMo/AYP-x,x=Si/Al molar proportion)were prepared and dibenzothiophene(DBT)and 4,6-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene(4,6-DMDBT)were employed as the probes to evaluate the hydrodesulfurization(HDS)catalytic performance.The as-prepared AYP-x carriers and corresponding catalysts were characterized by some advanced characterizations to obtain deeper correlations between physicochemical properties and the HDS performance.The average pore sizes of series AYP-x supports are above 6.0 nm,which favors the mass transfer of organic sulfides.The cavity between the yolk and the shell is beneficial for the enrichment of S-containing compounds and the accessibility between reactants and active metals.Aluminum embedded into the silica framework could facilitate the formation of Lewis(L)and Brønsted(B)acid sites and adjust the metal-support interaction(MSI).Among all the as-synthesized catalysts,NiMo/AYP-20 catalyst shows the highest HDS activities.The improved HDS activity of NiMo/AYP-20 catalyst is attributed to the perfect combination of excellent structural properties of the yolk-shell mesoporous silica,enhanced acidity,moderate MSI,and good accessibility/dispersion of active components.

Multi-lump Kinetic Parameter Estimation and Simulation of Trickle-bed Reactor for Ultra-deep Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel

A three-lumping Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model was established based on the structures and reactivities of sulfur compounds.This model described the ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization(UDHDS)performance of diesel,reducing sulfur content from 10000μg/g to less than 10μg/g,with experimental and predicted data showing a discrepancy of less than 10%.The diesel UDHDS reaction was simulated by combining the mass transfer,reaction kinetics model,and physical properties of diesel.The results showed how the concentrations of H2S,hydrogen,and sulfur in the gas,liquid,and solid phases varied along the reactor length.Moreover,the study discussed the effects of each process parameter and impurity concentrations(H2S,basic nitrogen and,non-basic nitrogen)on diesel UDHDS.

不育男性精子HDS与精子DFI、精子形态的相关性及其对IVF结局的影响

目的:探讨男性不育患者精子高可染性指数(HDS)与精子DNA碎片指数(DFI)、精子畸形的相关性及其对体外受精(IVF)结局的影响,评估精子HDS的临床价值。方法:采用流式细胞仪辅助的精子染色质结构分析法(SCSA)检测322个仅因女方输卵管因素行IVF助孕周期的不育男性精子DFI、HDS,根据精子HDS值进行分组,比较各组精液常规参数、精子畸形率、精子DFI以及IVF受精率、卵裂率、优胚率及妊娠结局的差异。结果:322例不育男性中精子HDS值0~<5%、5~<10%、10~<15%、15~<20%、≥20%分别为119例(36.96%)、117例(36.34%)、50例(15.53%)、23例(7.14%)、13例(4.03%),随着精子HDS升高、精子浓度、精子活率、精子前向运动率下降,但无统计学差异(P>0.05),精子DFI、精子畸形率与精子HDS呈正相关(r=0.236,r=0.203);IVF受精率、优胚率、妊娠率随着HDS增高而下降,但无统计学差异(P>0.05);当HDS>10%时,早期流产率显著升高。结论:精子HDS可能是导致精子DFI、精子畸形的风险指标,HDS可作为IVF早期流产的预测指标。

工业大麻ZF-HD转录因子的鉴定及表达分析

【目的】对工业大麻ZF-HD(Zinc finger-homeodomain)转录因子进行鉴定和表达模式分析,为ZF-HD功能研究及工业大麻遗传性状的改良提供理论参考。【方法】对5个工业大麻ZF-HD转录因子的基因结构、蛋白理化性质、蛋白系统进化关系和启动子顺式作用元件进行生物信息学分析,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)对基因表达量进行检测。【结果】5个CsZF-HD基因分布于大麻基因组的2条染色体上,其编码序列长度为783~1185 bp,编码260~394个氨基酸残基,蛋白分子量为27.95~43.33 ku,理论等电点为7.46~8.87。它们编码的蛋白均含有1个保守的ZF-HD_dimer结构域,均为不稳定的亲水性蛋白且定位于细胞核中。ZF-HD蛋白家族分为3个亚族(A、B和C),CsZF-HD1和CsZF-HD2属于A亚族,CsZF-HD3属于C亚族,CsZF-HD4和CsZF-HD5属于B亚族。CsZF-HD1和CsZF-HD2在茎和叶中的表达量相差不明显,在根中表达量最低;CsZF-HD3在茎中的表达量最高,叶中表达量最低;CsZF-HD4在叶中的表达量最高,根中表达量最低;CsZF-HD5在根中表达量最高,茎中表达量最低。5个CsZF-HD基因均对盐和干旱胁迫响应,其中CsZF-HD1和CsZF-HD3在盐和干旱胁迫下表达量升高最明显。5个CsZF-HD基因启动子序列中均含有不同种类和数量的逆境相关顺式作用元件。【结论】ZF-HD转录因子可能在工业大麻应对盐和干旱胁迫时发挥转录调控作用。

Active phase morphology engineering of NiMo/Al2O3 through La introduction for boosting hydrodesulfurization of 4,6-DMDBT

Herein,we designed and constructed a mesoporous LaAlOx via a solvent evaporation induced self-assembly protocol.The structure and physicochemical property of the corresponding NiMo supported catalyst was analyzed by a set of characterizations,and its catalytic activity was investigated for hydrodesulfurization(HDS)of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene.It has confirmed that the incorporation of La profoundly facilitate the generation of“Type II”NiMoS phase by weakening the interaction of Mo–O–Al leakage and promoting the sulfidation of both Ni and Mo oxides as well as changing the morphology of Ni promoted MoS2 slabs,thereafter boosting the HDS performance substantially.The finding here may contribute to the fundamental understanding of structure-activity in ultra-deep desulfurization and inspire the advancement of highly-efficient HDS catalyst in future.

巨桉转录因子ZF-HD基因家族及其功能初步分析

[目的]解析转录因子ZF-HD在桉树生长发育中的作用,进而深入了解其在桉树中如何发挥功能。[方法]在本研究中利用生物信息学鉴定巨桉ZF-HD基因家族成员,并对其染色体定位、理化性质、基因结构、蛋白保守结构域和表达模式进行分析。[结果]桉树中共发现10个基因家族成员,编码78~343个氨基酸,几乎所有成员都属于碱性蛋白质,主要定位于细胞核,且motif1在ZF-HD家族中非常保守,其启动子顺式作用元件主要为激素应答、生长发育和逆境应答等响应元件。ZF-HD基因家族成员在不同组织、不定根诱导和不定芽诱导过程中的表达分析表明,大多数家族成员在不同组织中存在着差异表达,且家族成员主要在顶端等初生生长阶段表达。且巨桉ZF-HD家族部分成员在不定根和不定芽诱导阶段表达量显著上升,亚细胞定位分析与预测结果相同。同时EgrZHD2定位于细胞核,且在茎尖的表达量较高,随着茎顶端向下其表达量显著下降。[结论]巨桉ZF-HD基因家族成员在桉树不定根和不定芽诱导等发育中起着重要的调控作用。EgrZHD2作为重要的转录因子作用于桉树的初生生长以及不定根诱导等生物学过程。

医科达Versa HD直线加速器Agility治疗机头光学系统故障维修2例

简要介绍了医科达Versa HD直线加速器Agility治疗机头光学系统的工作原理,分析了该系统在日常使用中出现的2例故障的原因并给出了故障排除方法,为临床工程师排除类似故障提供了参考。

工业大麻HD-Zip基因家族鉴定与干旱胁迫下的表达分析

HD-Zip在植物抗逆过程中起着重要的调节作用,为了解大麻基因组中HD-Zip基因家族的特征和潜在功能,并为进一步研究CsHDZ基因对干旱胁迫下的调控提供重要线索,根据大麻全基因组数据库中的参考序列,利用生物信息学的方法对大麻HD-Zip基因家族进行全基因组鉴定,并系统分析其理化特性、进化发育、基因结构、启动子顺式结合元件并测定干旱胁迫下的表达模式。结果表明,大麻HD-Zip基因家族共筛选出20个CsHDZs基因,分别定位在7条染色体上,属于4个亚家族,编码氨基酸204~837个,理论等电点4.54~9.04,属不稳定蛋白,亚细胞定位预测全部定位于细胞核;蛋白保守基序分析显示,CsHDZs共有10个保守基序,其中motif 1和motif 9为各成员共有;启动子调控元件分析发现,CsHDZs富含多种逆境胁迫应答相关元件。实时荧光定量分析结果显示,CsHDZ1/8/10基因转录水平在干旱前期无显著差异,而后期显著上调。研究表明CsHDZs基因参与了胁迫应答过程并能够积极响应干旱。

Highly Active Sulfided NiPMo Hydrodesulfurization Catalyst Prepared from Keggin-type Phosphomolybdic Acid

A highly active sulfided NiPMo/MCM-41(NiPMo-S/M41)hydrodesulfurization(HDS)catalyst was successfully synthesized using Keggin-type phosphomolybdic acid as the phosphorus and molybdenum source and thioacetamide as the sulfur source.The supported catalysts NiPMo/M41,Ni_(2)P-Mo/M41,and Ni_(2)P/M41 were also prepared to investigate the effects of Mo,S,and the Keggin structure on the HDS performance.The HDS activities of NiPMo/M41 and NiPMo-S/M41 toward dibenzothiophene were much higher than that of Ni_(2)P-Mo/M41,demonstrating that the active phases in the Keggin-structured catalysts were significantly superior to the Mo-modified Ni_(2)P phase.The HDS activities of the catalysts followed the order NiPMo-S/M41(96.7%)>NiPMo/M41(89.9%)>Ni_(2)P-Mo/M41(53.5%)>Ni_(2)P/M41(48.9%).For Ni_(2)P/M41,Ni_(2)P-Mo/M41,and NiPMo/M41,cyclohexylbenzene(CHB)was formed in low concentrations(<21.0%),indicating that direct desulfurization was the favored reaction route and that this did not change for Keggin-structured NiPMo/M41.By contrast,the CHB selectivity of NiPMo-S/M41 increased to 44.6%,much higher than that of NiPMo/M41(17.6%),demonstrating that sulfidation enhanced the hydrogenation ability,which was ascribed to a metal-acid synergistic effect.

枇杷HD-ZipⅠ转录因子家族全基因组鉴定及表达模式分析

【目的】同源结构域-亮氨酸拉链(HD-Zip)转录因子参与多种植物的非生物胁迫响应过程。然而,在枇杷中,HD-ZipⅠ基因家族尚未被鉴定。【方法】利用生物信息学方法对全基因组范围内枇杷HD-ZipⅠ基因家族成员进行鉴定和综合分析,通过qRT-PCR法分析基因家族成员在枇杷不同组织和干旱胁迫下的表达特征。【结果】在枇杷基因组中筛选出20个HD-ZipⅠ家族成员。共线性分析结果发现了3对串联复制序列和22对片段复制序列,表明串联复制和片段复制可能促进了枇杷HD-ZipⅠ基因家族的扩张。蛋白序列比对分析表明,所有的HD-ZipⅠ家族成员均具有高度保守的HD和Zip结构域。系统发育分析表明,枇杷HD-ZipⅠ家族可以分为7个分支。HD-ZipⅠ各基因在枇杷不同组织中的表达模式有所差异。启动子序列分析表明,HD-ZipⅠ家族成员的启动子上含有多个与干旱胁迫和胁迫相关激素信号响应的顺式作用元件。干旱处理能够诱导EjHB9、EjHB10、EjHB17、EjHB18和EjHB20在叶片中的表达显著上调,预示着这些基因参与枇杷对干旱胁迫的响应。【结论】鉴定出5个受干旱胁迫显著诱导表达的枇杷HD-ZipⅠ基因,为进一步研究HD-ZipⅠ基因在响应枇杷干旱胁迫中的分子功能提供理论依据。

高粱ZF-HD基因家族鉴定与盐碱胁迫下的表达分析

ZF-HD(zinc finger-homeodomain)是仅存在于植物中的转录因子家族,在植物的生长发育和逆境应答过程中发挥着重要作用。为分析ZF-HD基因家族成员在高粱基因组中的组成与潜在的生物学功能,利用生物信息学分析方法并结合高粱转录组数据,对高粱ZF-HD基因(SbZF-HD)及其编码氨基酸序列进行分析。结果表明:共有14个SbZF-HD基因不均匀地分布在高粱的8条染色体上,且基因结构各异;它们编码的氨基酸的基序组成较为相似,蛋白质的高级结构均以无规则卷曲为主。ZF-HD蛋白质的进化树分析结果表明,SbZF-HD与玉米的ZF-HD亲缘关系较近,与拟南芥的ZF-HD亲缘关系较远。SbZF-HD启动子区域中包含多个激素调控类元件、胁迫响应类元件和光响应元件。SbZF-HD基因组织表达分析显示,SbZF-HD基因有组织表达特异性,在根、叶和种子中的表达量较高。转录组分析表明,盐碱胁迫条件下,SbZF-HD2、SbZF-HD7、SbZF-HD8和SbZF-HD12这4个基因在2份盐碱耐性不同的酿造高粱材料中表现出相反的表达趋势,可能在高粱耐盐碱机制中发挥着重要作用。综上,SbZF-HD基因家族成员可能是高粱耐盐碱胁迫的关键调控基因,该研究为高粱耐盐碱转基因育种提供了基因资源。

Tuning active sites in MoS_(2)-based catalysts via H_(2)O_(2)etching to enhance hydrodesulfurization performance

A H_(2)O_(2)etching strategy was adopted to introduce coordinatively unsaturated sites(CUS)on MoS_(2)-based catalysts for dibenzothiophene(DBT)hydrodesulfurization(HDS).The CUS concentrations on MoS_(2) slabs were finely regulated by changing the concentrations of H_(2)O_(2)solution.With the increasing H_(2)O_(2)concentrations(0.1–0.3 mol/L),The CUS concentrations on MoS_(2) slabs increased gradually.However,the high-concentration H_(2)O_(2)etching(0.5 mol/L)increased the MoOxSy and MoO_(3) contents on MoS_(2) slabs compared to etching with the H_(2)O_(2)concentration of 0.3 mol/L,which led to the less CUS concentration in the sulfided Mo–H-0.5 catalyst than in the sulfided Mo–H-0.3 catalyst.A microstructure-activity correlation indicated that the CUS introduced by H_(2)O_(2)etching on MoS_(2) slabs significantly enhanced DBT HDS.Different Co loadings were further introduced into Mo–H-0.3,which had the most CUS concentration,and the corresponding 0.2-CoMo catalyst with the highest CoMoS content(3.853 wt%)exhibited the highest reaction rate constant of 6.95×10^(−6)mol g^(−1)s^(−1)among these CoMo catalysts.

Optimization of dendritic TS-1/Silica micro–mesoporous composites for efficient hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene

A novel composite material(TD)composed of TS-1 microcrystalline and dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres(DMSNs)was successfully prepared.The TD composite material had open pore structure and large specific surface area,which was conducive to the mass transfer of reactants and products.The Ti element in TS-1 could be used as an electron assistant,and the spillover d-electrons were conducive to the improvement of the sulfidation and dispersion of MoS_(2),thereby forming more type II MoS_(2) active phases.The incorporation of Ti could bring more Brønsted(B)and Lewis(L)acid,which was conducive to the hydrogenation pathway(HYD)selectivity(41.2%)of dibenzothiophene(DBT)hydrodesulfurization(HDS)and isomerization(ISO)route selectivity(21.9%)of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene(4,6-DMDBT)HDS,thus improve the HDS activity of DBT and 4,6-DMDBT.NiMo/TD-70(Aging temperature=70℃)had the best HDS activities of DBT(99.0%)and 4,6-DMDBT(93.7%)due to its large open pore structure,good acidity,suitable metal-support interaction(MSI)and perfect dispersion of the metallic active sites.

基于pix2pixHD图像修复的光伏电站秒级功率预测方法

云团遮挡导致地面辐照度发生瞬变是光伏电站出力剧烈波动的根本原因,为提高在云团遮挡情况下光伏功率预测的精度,提出一种基于pix2pix HD图像修复的光伏电站秒级功率预测方法。首先,依据光伏电站光伏组件的参数、内部光伏阵列的排列结构和布局,推导光伏电站精细化模型;其次,深入挖掘逆变器集群输出的光伏功率数据特征,剖析光伏功率与辐照度的映射关系,构建能够描述云团形状、厚度和运动方向的虚拟云图用以表征云团遮挡(功率缺失)情况;随后,提出生成对抗网络的pix2pixHD图像修复算法对缺损的虚拟云图进行修复,融合最近5s的修复云图,提高对云团性质的精确表达;最后,依据光伏功率、辐照度、虚拟云图像素值三者之间的线性关系,实现高精度的光伏电站秒级功率预测;以山东某地市的实际光伏电站为例,仿真结果表明所提pix2pixHD图像修复的预测模型能够有效提高秒级光伏功率预测精度。

NaCl可促进HD2家族基因对拟南芥根长发育的调控

本论文通过拟南芥HD2家族基因突变体和转基因过表达株系研究了该家族成员对主根发育的影响,以及对NaCl处理的响应。结果显示,在正常培养条件下,hd2q突变体可以导致主根缩短5.29%,而HD2过表达株系可以促进主根伸长12.94%~28.24%。100 mmol/L NaCl处理后,上述表型差异更加显著。此外,在主根的根尖处,HD2家族成员均有蛋白积累,经过100 mmol/L NaCl处理后,4个成员在根中的转录水平和蛋白积累水平都有显著提高,其中HD2A最为明显。研究表明,HD2家族成员在正常培养和盐处理条件下均能促进主根的伸长,这可能与HD2影响分生区细胞的分裂和伸长区细胞的伸长有关。该研究为进一步探究HD2家族基因在植物根系发育和逆境响应中的作用提供了基础。

HD2基因调控拟南芥下胚轴发育的功能研究

为探究组蛋白去乙酰化酶HD2基因在拟南芥下胚轴发育中的调控作用,本研究采用野生型(Col-0)、HD2突变体以及过表达植株为材料,研究其在1/2MS以及1/2MS+100 mmol/L甘露醇培养中下胚轴的表型特征,并结合转录组测序数据进一步分析.实验结果显示,四种过表达株系下胚轴长度较Col-0长,伸长百分比为7.1%~19.5%,差异显著;甘露醇处理后,过表达植株下胚轴较Col-0更长,伸长百分比为14.6%~32.8%,差异更加显著,缩短幅度也更小.hd2a/hd2b和hd2a/hd2c双基因突变体植株在有无甘露醇时,下胚轴长度均显著短于Col-0,但干旱胁迫后变短幅度无明显增加.转录组数据揭示,HD2基因调控光合系统响应基因影响植株暗形态建成反应,从而影响下胚轴发育.甘露醇处理后,HD2基因诱导产生非生物刺激响应因子,帮助下胚轴抵抗不良环境.综上所述,HD2基因在拟南芥下胚轴发育中承担重要调控作用.

HD水电站库岸大型斜坡变形体成因机制及稳定性评价

近年来,受水库蓄水及降雨等因素影响,造成大量水电站库岸边坡变形加剧,一旦失稳极可能对电站的正常运行造成极大危害。选取距HD水电站坝址约6 km,方量约353×10^(4)m^(3)的库岸边坡变形体作为研究对象,通过综合采用野外地质精细调查、室内试验、三维数值模拟和理论分析等方法对该变形体的稳定性及成因机制进行深入研究。结果表明:该岸坡变形体基岩以玄武岩、凝灰岩为主,覆盖层总体较薄,主要为碎石土,变形体的持续发育由多因素耦合作用引起;当暴雨或水库蓄水时,变形体有效应力减小,位移量增加,滑面剪应变增量增加且贯通性更好;三维数值模拟结果显示,在天然、暴雨、低蓄水位(1586 m)和高蓄水位(1691 m)工况下的最大变形量分别为33.9、56.2、79.5、88.6 cm;该变形体的发育过程可分为两个阶段,分别是天然情况下的稳定阶段和暴雨或水库蓄水后的加速变形阶段,暴雨和库水位上升是促进该变形体持续变形的主要原因。

菠菜HD-ZIP Ⅲ基因家族鉴定与表达分析

植物叶片在生长发育过程中,近-远轴极性的建立与维持是叶片正常行使光合效应、呼吸作用、蒸腾作用的结构基础.HD-ZIPⅢ是重要的叶片近轴极性基因,本研究在菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)基因组中鉴定到3个HD-ZIPⅢ基因家族成员,依次命名为SoHB1,SoHB2和SoHB3,并对其蛋白理化性质、保守结构域和进化关系进行了分析.研究结果表明:3个HD-ZIPⅢ蛋白都具有4个保守结构域.共线性分析表明:菠菜SoHB1,SoHB2和SoHB3分别与拟南芥ATHB8,ATREV和ATHB15存在共线性关系.启动子顺式作用元件预测结果表明:菠菜HD-ZIPⅢ家族基因启动子上游包含光响应、逆境胁迫反应、激素响应等顺式作用元件.在不同叶型菠菜种质中的表达模式分析结果表明:单戟型叶片的SoHBs表达量最高;此外,经干旱胁迫处理后,SoHB1,SoHB2和SoHB3的基因表达量普遍下降;对菠菜包括根、茎、薹叶、功能叶、薹叶柄、功能叶柄等部位进行表达分析,发现SoHB1在根部表达最为丰富,SoHB2和SoHB3在薹叶处表达最为丰富.