Characteristic changes in astrocyte properties during astrocyte-to-neuron conversion induced by NeuroD1/Ascl1/Dlx2

Direct in vivo conversion of astrocytes into functional new neurons induced by neural transcription factors has been recognized as a potential new therapeutic intervention for neural injury and degenerative disorders. However, a few recent studies have claimed that neural transcription factors cannot convert astrocytes into neurons, attributing the converted neurons to pre-existing neurons mis-expressing transgenes. In this study, we overexpressed three distinct neural transcription factors––NeuroD1, Ascl1, and Dlx2––in reactive astrocytes in mouse cortices subjected to stab injury, resulting in a series of significant changes in astrocyte properties. Initially, the three neural transcription factors were exclusively expressed in the nuclei of astrocytes. Over time, however, these astrocytes gradually adopted neuronal morphology, and the neural transcription factors was gradually observed in the nuclei of neuron-like cells instead of astrocytes. Furthermore,we noted that transcription factor-infected astrocytes showed a progressive decrease in the expression of astrocytic markers AQP4(astrocyte endfeet signal), CX43(gap junction signal), and S100β. Importantly, none of these changes could be attributed to transgene leakage into preexisting neurons. Therefore, our findings suggest that neural transcription factors such as NeuroD1, Ascl1, and Dlx2 can effectively convert reactive astrocytes into neurons in the adult mammalian brain.

Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller for Grid Interface Ocean Wave Energy Conversion

This paper presents a closed-loop vector control structure based on adaptive Fuzzy Logic Sliding Mode Controller (FL-SMC) for a grid-connected Wave Energy Conversion System (WECS) driven Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). The aim of the developed control method is to automatically tune and optimize the scaling factors and the membership functions of the Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC) using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGA) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). Two Pulse Width Modulated voltage source PWM converters with a carrier-based Sinusoidal PWM modulation for both Generator- and Grid-side converters have been connected back to back between the generator terminals and utility grid via common DC link. The indirect vector control scheme is implemented to maintain balance between generated power and power supplied to the grid and maintain the terminal voltage of the generator and the DC bus voltage constant for variable rotor speed and load. Simulation study has been carried out using the MATLAB/Simulink environment to verify the robustness of the power electronics converters and the effectiveness of proposed control method under steady state and transient conditions and also machine parameters mismatches. The proposed control scheme has improved the voltage regulation and the transient performance of the wave energy scheme over a wide range of operating conditions.

Two-photon live imaging of direct glia-to-neuron conversion in the mouse cortex

Over the past decade,a growing number of studies have reported transcription factor-based in situ reprogramming that can directly conve rt endogenous glial cells into functional neurons as an alternative approach for n euro regeneration in the adult mammalian central ne rvous system.Howeve r,many questions remain regarding how a terminally differentiated glial cell can transform into a delicate neuron that forms part of the intricate brain circuitry.In addition,concerns have recently been raised around the absence of astrocyte-to-neuron conversion in astrocytic lineage-tra cing mice.In this study,we employed repetitive two-photon imaging to continuously capture the in situ astrocyte-to-neuron conversion process following ecto pic expression of the neural transcription factor NeuroD1 in both prolife rating reactive astrocytes and lineage-tra ced astrocytes in the mouse cortex.Time-lapse imaging over several wee ks revealed the ste p-by-step transition from a typical astrocyte with numero us short,tapered branches to a typical neuro n with a few long neurites and dynamic growth cones that actively explored the local environment.In addition,these lineage-converting cells were able to migrate ra dially or to ngentially to relocate to suitable positions.Furthermore,two-photon Ca2+imaging and patch-clamp recordings confirmed that the newly generated neuro ns exhibited synchronous calcium signals,repetitive action potentials,and spontaneous synaptic responses,suggesting that they had made functional synaptic connections within local neural circuits.In conclusion,we directly visualized the step-by-step lineage conversion process from astrocytes to functional neurons in vivo and unambiguously demonstrated that adult mammalian brains are highly plastic with respect to their potential for neuro regeneration and neural circuit reconstruction.

Cascadability of Uniform Fibre Bragg Grating for 40 Gbit/s RZ-OOK to NRZ-OOK Conversion

The cascadability of uniform fibre Bragg grating for 40 Gbit/s return to zero on-off keying to non-return to zero on-off keying format conversion has been shown using OptSim simulation program. The main idea of this approach is use of specially designed uniform fibre Bragg grating with appropriate transfer function for shaping of 40 Gbit/s return to zero on-off keying optical spectrum. Error free performance is achieved after four cascades of uniform fibre Bragg grating with different reflectivity values.

Nanostructured energy materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage: A review

Nanostructured materials have received tremendous interest due to their unique mechanical/electrical properties and overall behavior contributed by the complex synergy of bulk and interfacial properties for efficient and effective energy conversion and storage. The booming development of nanotechnology affords emerging but effective tools in designing advanced energy material. We reviewed the significant progress and dominated nanostructured energy materials in electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, including lithium ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-oxygen batteries, lithium metal batteries, and supercapacitors. The use of nanostructured electrocatalyst for effective electrocatalysis in oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions for fuel cells and metal-air batteries was also included. The challenges in the undesirable side reactions between electrolytes and electrode due to high electrode/electrolyte contact area, low volumetric energy density of electrode owing to low tap density, and uniform production of complex energy materials in working devices should be overcome to fully demonstrate the advanced energy nanostructures for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. The energy chemistry at the interfaces of nanostructured electrode/electrolyte is highly expected to guide the rational design and full demonstration of energy materials in a working device. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

Kinetic simulation of hydrocarbon generation and its application to in-situ conversion of shale oil

The kinetic parameters of hydrocarbon generation are determined through experimental simulation and mathematical calculation using four typical samples selected from the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in the northwest of Songliao Basin,Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southwest of Ordos Basin,Paleogene in the southwest of Qaidam Basin,and Lucaogou Formation of Jimusar Sag in the east of Junggar Basin.The results show that activation energy of hydrocarbon generation of organic matter is closely related to maturity and mainly ranges between 197 kJ/mol and 227 kJ/mol.On this basis,the temperature required for organic matter in shale to convert into oil was calculated.The ideal heating temperature is between 270℃and 300℃,and the conversation rate can reach 90%after 50-300 days of heating at constant temperature.When the temperature rises at a constant rate,the temperature corresponding to the major hydrocarbon generation period ranges from 225 to 350℃at the temperature rise rate of 1-150℃/month.In order to obtain higher economic benefits,it is suggested to adopt higher temperature rise rate(60-150℃/month).The more reliable kinetic parameters obtained can provide a basis for designing more reasonable scheme of in-situ heating conversion.

Insight into structure evolution of carbon nitrides and its energy conversion as luminescence

A series of carbon nitride(CN)materials represented by graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))have been widely used in bioimaging,biosensing,and other fields in recent years due to their nontoxicity,low cost,and high luminescent quantum efficiency.What is more attractive is that the luminescent properties such as wavelength and intensity can be regulated by controlling the structure at the molecular level.Hence,it is time to summarize the related research on CN structural evolution and make a prospect on future developments.In this review,we first summarize the research history and multiple structural evolution of CN.Then,the progress of improving the luminescence performance of CN through structural evolution was discussed.Significantly,the relationship between CN structure evolution and energy conversion in the forms of photoluminescence,chemiluminescence,and electrochemiluminescence was reviewed.Finally,key challenges and opportunities such as nanoscale dispersion strategy,luminous efficiency improving methods,standardization evaluation,and macroscopic preparation of CN are highlighted.

Improving clinical outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma:Role of antiviral therapy,conversion therapy,and palliative therapy

In this editorial,I comment on three articles published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is an important public health concern,and there are three articles on the theme of HCC in this issue.I focus on the articles by Mu et al,Chu et al,and Ma et al for this editorial.While these articles may be considered as low-quality evidence,and the results cannot be generalized to non-hepatitis-B or C virus patients,the discussion of the results is important.In addition,though all the articles are from China,the relevance of the results is not minuscule.As resection is the main form of curative treatment modality owing to a donor liver shortage,surgeons need to be aware that preoperative long-course antiviral therapy can improve clinical outcomes by reducing postoperative liver dysfunction and recurrence of HCC following resection.Similarly,patients with super-giant HCC(defined as≥15 cm diameter)should also be carefully considered for liver resection,and if it is unresectable upfront,then a combination of liver-directed therapy and systemic therapy may downstage HCC.If,following downstaging,the patient qualifies for liver resection based on locally prevalent resectability criteria,then such therapy is labelled as conversion(from unresectable to resectable)therapy.In unresectable patients treated by a combination of treatment options,serological markers like neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and alpha-fetoprotein are reported to predict treatment responses,thus enabling personalized medicine.

Connotation and strategic role of in-situ conversion processing of shale oil underground in the onshore China

In-situ conversion processing (ICP) of shale oil underground at the depth ranging from 300 m to 3 000 m is a physical and chemical process caused by using horizontal drilling and electric heating technology, which converts heavy oil, bitumen and various organic matter into light oil and gas in a large scale, which can be called"underground refinery". ICP has several advantages as in CO2capture, recoverable resource potential and the quality of hydrocarbon output. Based on the geothermal evolution mechanism of organic materials established by Tissot et al., this study reveals that in the nonmarine organic-rich shale sequence, the amount of liquid hydrocarbon maintaining in the shale is as high as 25%in the liquid hydrocarbon window stage (R o less than 1.0%), and the unconverted organic materials (low mature-immature organic materials) in the shale interval can reach 40%to 100%. The conditions of organic-rich shale suitable for underground in-situ conversion of shale oil should be satisfied in the following aspects, TOC higher than 6%, R o ranging between 0.5%and 1%, concentrated thickness of organic-rich shale greater than 15 meters, burial depth less than 3 000 m, covering area bigger than 50 km2, good sealing condition in both up-and down-contacting sequences and water content smaller than 5%, etc. The shale oil resource in China’s onshore region is huge. It is estimated with this paper that the technical recoverable resource reaches 70-90 billion tons of oil and 60-65 trillion cubic meters of gas. The ICP of shale oil underground is believed to be a fairway to find big oil in the source kitchen in the near future. And it is also believed to be a milestone to keep China long-term stability of oil and gas sufficient supply by putting ICP of shale oil underground into real practice in the future.

Options and survival benefits of conversion therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

In the study by Wu et al,patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma were subjected to transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)as a conversion therapy in order to render their tumors suitable for resection.A nomogram was devised and shown to be effective in predicting the survival of these patients.Generalization of the results,however,is questionable since the study subjects consisted of patients who had resection after TACE while excluding patients with the same disease but not suitable for TACE.Immunotherapy can be considered to be an option for conversion therapy.However,markers for determining responses to a conversion therapy and for guiding the decision between TACE and sequential immunotherapy have been lacking.The question of whether effective conversion therapy can truly enhance overall survival remains unanswered.

Liver transplantation following two conversions in a patient with huge hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein invasion:A case report

BACKGROUND Surgical resection and liver transplantation(LT)are the most effective curative options for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,few patients with huge HCC(>10 cm in diameter),especially those with portal vein tumor thrombus(PVTT),can receive these treatments.Selective internal radiation therapy(SIRT)can be used as a conversion therapy for them because it has the dual benefit of shrinking tumors and increasing residual hepatic volume.However,in patients with huge HCC,high lung absorbed dose often prevents them from receiving SIRT.CASE SUMMARY A 35-year-old man was admitted because of emaciation and pain in the hepatic region for about 1 month.The computed tomography scan showed a 20.2 cm×19.8 cm tumor located in the right lobe–left medial lobes with right portal vein and right hepatic vein invasion.After the pathological type of HCC was confirmed by biopsy,two conversions were presented.The first one was drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and lenvatinib and sintilimab,converted to SIRT,and the second one was sequential SIRT with continued systemic treatment.The tumor size significantly decreased from 20.2 cm×19.8 cm to 16.2 cm×13.8 cm,then sequentially to 7.8 cm×6.8 cm.In the meantime,the ratio of spared volume to total liver volume increased gradually from 34.4%to 55.7%,then to 62.9%.Furthermore,there was visualization of the portal vein,indicating regression of the tumor thrombus.Finally,owing to the new tumor in the left lateral lobe,the patient underwent LT instead of resection without major complications.CONCLUSION Patients with inoperable huge HCC with PVTT could be converted to SIRT first and accept surgery sequentially.

Conversion hip arthroplasty for failed nailing of intertrochanteric fracture: Reflections on some important aspects

In this editorial,I present my comments on the article by Solarino et al.Conversion hip arthroplasty,which is an optional salvage procedure performed following unsuccessful fixation of intertrochanteric femur fractures in elderly pati-ents,entails more complex processes and higher rates of operative complications than primary arthroplasty.Hence,it is important to consider the appropriateness of the primary treatment choice,as well as the adequacy of nailing fixation for intertrochanteric fractures.This article briefly analyzes the possible factors contributing to the nailing failure of intertrochanteric fractures and attempts to find corresponding countermeasures to prevent fixation failures.It also analyzes the choice of treatment between nailing fixation and primary arthroplasty for intertrochanteric fractures.

Efficacy evaluation and survival analysis of the combination of oxaliplatin plus Teysuno (SOX) with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the conversion therapy of locally advanced gastric cancer

Background:The efficacy of combining immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)with chemotherapy in neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced gastric cancer has been explored.However,limited research exists on its effectiveness in conversion therapy,and its superiority over standalone chemotherapy remains to be elucidated.This study aims to investigate the efficacy and survival outcomes of patients treated with ICIs in combination with conversion therapy for locally advanced gastric cancer.Methods:Retrospective data from patients with locally advanced gastric cancer treated with either oxaliplatin+S-1(SOX)alone or in combination with ICIs in conversion therapywere collected.Clinical andpathological characteristics,disease-free survival,andefficacy assessments in nonoperable patients were compared between the 2 treatment groups.Efficacy was further evaluated through dynamic changes in serum markers,and patients’quality of life was assessed using the QLQ-STO22(Gastric Cancer–Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire)quality-of-life measurement scale.Results:A total of 140 patients underwent conversion therapy:80 in the SOX alone group and 60 in the SOX combined with the ICIs group.There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups.Compared with the SOX alone group,the SOX combined with ICIs group exhibited a higher conversion rate(83.3%vs 75%,P=0.23),R0 resection rate(90.0%vs 83.3%,P=0.31),pathological complete response(pCR)rate(18%vs 5%,P=0.02),median disease-free survival(21.4 vs 16.9 months,P=0.007),the objective response rate in nonoperable patients(60%vs 40%,P=0.301),and median progression-free survival time(7.9 vs 5.7 months,P=0.009).The QLQ-STO22 quality-of-life assessment revealed statistically significant improvements in pain,swallowing difficulties,and dietary restrictions in the combination therapy group compared with those in the monotherapy group.The enhanced efficacy of immune combination with SOX is evident,as demonstrated by the significantly prolonged surgical duration in operated patients(206.6±26.6 min vs 197.8±19.8 min,P=0.35)and intraoperative blood loss(158.9±21.2 mL vs 148.9±25.1 mL,P=0.59).No significant differences were observed in postoperative complications.Conclusions:Compared with the SOX conversion therapy regimen,SOX combined with ICIs demonstrated higher conversion rates,R0 resection rates,pathological response rates,and disease-free survival without increasing surgical difficulty or complications.Nonoperable patients also experienced longer progression-free survival and objective response rates.

Conversion therapy of a giant hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombus and inferior vena cava thrombus:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)combined with portal and hepatic vein cancerous thrombosis is poor,for unresectable patients the combination of targeted therapy and immune therapy was the first-line recommended treatment for advanced HCC,with a median survival time of only about 2.7-6 months.In this case report,we present the case of a patient with portal and hepatic vein cancerous thrombosis who achieved pathologic complete response after conversion therapy.CASE SUMMARY In our center,a patient with giant HCC combined with portal vein tumor thrombus and hepatic vein tumor thrombus was treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE),radiotherapy,targeted therapy and immunotherapy,and was continuously given icaritin soft capsules for oral regulation.After 7 months of conversion therapy,the patient's tumor shrank and the tumor thrombus subsided significantly.The pathology of surgical resection was in complete remission,and there was no progression in the postoperative follow-up for 7 months,which provided a basis for the future strategy of combined conversion therapy.CONCLUSION In this case,atezolizumab,bevacizumab,icaritin soft capsules combined with radiotherapy and TACE had a good effect.For patients with hepatocellular carcinoma combined with hepatic vein/inferior vena cava tumor thrombus,adopting a high-intensity,multimodal proactive strategy under the guidance of multidisciplinary team(MDT)is an important attempt to break through the current treatment dilemma.

Advanced Thermochemical Conversion Approaches for Green Hydrogen Production from Crop Residues

The huge volumes of crop residues generated during the production,processing,and consumption of farm products constitute an ecological nuisance when ineffectively managed.The conversion of crop residues to green hydrogen is one of the sustainable management strategies for ubiquitous crop residues.Production of green hydrogen from crop residue sources will contribute to deepening access to clean and affordable energy,mitigating climate change,and ensuring environmental sustainability.However,the deployment of conventional thermochemical technologies for the conversion of crop residues to green hydrogen is costly,requires long residence time,produces low-quality products,and therefore needs to be upgraded.The current review examines the conventional,advanced,and integrated thermochemical conversion technologies for crop residues for green hydrogen production.After a brief overview of the conventional thermochemical techniques,the review delves into the broad narration of advanced thermochemical technologies including catalytic pyrolysis,microwave pyrolysis,co-pyrolysis,hyropyrolysis,and autothermal pyrolysis.The study advocates the deployment of integrated pyrolysis,anaerobic digestion,pyrolysis,and gasification technologies will ensure scalability,decomposition of recalcitrant feedstocks,and generation of high grade green hydrogen.The outlook provides suggestions for future research into cost-saving and sustainable integrated technologies for green hydrogen production towards achieving carbon neutrality and a circular bio-economy.

Self-separation ionic liquid catalyst for the highly effective conversion of H_(2)S by α,β-unsaturated carboxylate esters under mild conditions

The deep-processing utility of pure hydrogen sulfide (H_(2)S) is a significant direction in natural gas chemical industry.Herein,a brand-new strategy of H_(2)S conversion by a,β-unsaturated carboxylate esters into thiols or thioethers using task-specific carboxylate ionic liquids (ILs) as catalyst has been developed,firstly accomplishing the phase separation of product and catalyst without introducing the third component.It can be considered as a cascade reaction in which the product selectivity can be controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of H_(2)S to a,β-unsaturated carboxylate esters.Also,the effects of ILs with different anions and cations,intermittent feeding operations,as well as pressure-time kinetic behaviors on cascade reaction were investigated.Furthermore,the proposed interaction mechanism of H_(2)S conversion using butyl acrylate catalyzed by[Emim][Ac]was revealed by DFT-based theoretical calculation.The approach enables the self-phase separation promotion of catalyst and product and achieves 99%quantitative conversion under mild conditions in the absence of solvent,making the entire process ecologically benign.High-efficiency reaction activity can still be maintained after ten cycles of the catalyst.Therefore,the good results,combined with its simplicity of operation and the high recyclability of the catalyst,make this green method environmentally friendly and cost-effective.It is anticipated that this self-separation method mediated by task-specific ILs will provide a feasible strategy for H_(2)S utilization,which will guide its application on an industrial scale.

A review on electrocatalytic CO_(2) conversion via C-C and C-N coupling

Electrochemical C-C and C-N coupling reactions with the conversion of abundant and inexpensive small molecules,such as CO_(2) and nitrogencontaining species,are considered a promising route for increasing the value of CO_(2) reduction products.The development of high-performance catalysts is the key to the both electrocatalytic reactions.In this review,we present a systematic summary of the reaction systems for electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction,along with the coupling mechanisms of C-C and C-N bonds over outstanding electrocatalytic materials recently developed.The key intermediate species and reaction pathways related to the coupling as well as the catalyst-structure relationship will be also discussed,aiming to provide insights and guidance for designing efficient CO_(2) reduction systems.

Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of cultivated land conversion in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,northern China

Protection and optimization of cultivated land resources are of great significance to national food security.Cultivated land conversion in northern China has increased in recent years due to the industrialization and urbanization of society.However,the assessment of cultivated land conversion in this area is insufficient,posing a potential risk to cultivated land resources.This study evaluated the evolution and spatiotemporal patterns of cultivated land conversion in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China,and the driving factors to improve rational utilization and to protect cultivated land resources.The spatiotemporal patterns of cultivated land conversion in Inner Mongolia were analyzed using the cultivated land conversion index,kernel density analysis,a standard deviation ellipse model,and a geographic detector.Results showed that from 2000 to 2020,the trends in cultivated land conversion area and rate in Inner Mongolia exhibited fluctuating growth,with the total area of cultivated land conversion reaching 7307.59 km^(2) at a rate of 6.69%.Spatial distribution of cultivated land conversion was primarily concentrated in the Hetao Plain,Nengjiang Plain,Liaohe Plain,and the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos urban agglomeration.Moreover,the standard deviational ellipse of cultivated land conversion in Inner Mongolia exhibited a directional southwest-northeast-southwest-northeast distribution,with the northeast-southwest direction identified as the main driving force of spatial change in cultivated land conversion.Meanwhile,cultivated land conversion exhibited an increase-decrease-increase change process,indicating that spatial distribution of cultivated land conversion in Inner Mongolia became gradually apparent within the study period.The geographic detector results further revealed that the main driving factors of cultivated land conversion in Inner Mongolia were the share of secondary and tertiary industries and per-unit area yield of grain,with explanatory rates of 57.00%,55.00%,and 51.00%,respectively.Additionally,improved agricultural production efficiency and the coordinated development of population urbanization and industry resulted in cultivated land conversion.Collectively,the findings of this study indicated that,from 2000 to 2020,the cultivated land conversion in Inner Mongolia was significant and fluctuated in time,and had strong spatial heterogeneity.The primary drivers of these events included the effects of agriculture,population,and social economy.

Pathologic complete response to conversion therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma using patient-derived organoids:A case report

BACKGROUND For primary liver cancer,the key to conversion therapy depends on the effectiveness of drug treatment.Patient-derived tumor organoids have been demonstrated to improve the efficacy of conversion therapy by identifying individualtargeted effective drugs,but their clinical effects in liver cancer remain unknown.CASE SUMMARY We described a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)who achieved pathologic complete response(pCR)to conversion therapy guided by the patientderived organoid(PDO)drug sensitivity testing.Despite insufficiency of the remaining liver volume after hepatectomy,the patient obtained tumor reduction after treatment with the PDO-sensitive drugs and successfully underwent radical surgical resection.Postoperatively,pCR was observed.CONCLUSION PDOs contributes to screening sensitive drugs for HCC patients to realize the personalized treatment and improve the conversion therapy efficacy.

Cascade utilization of full spectrum solar energy for achieving simultaneous hydrogen production and all-day thermoelectric conversion

Solar-driven photocatalytic water/seawater splitting holds great potential for green hydrogen production.However,the practical application is hindered by the relatively low conversion efficiency resulting from the inadequate utilization of solar spectrum with significant waste in the form of heat.Moreover,current equipment struggles to maintain all-day operation subjected to the lack of light during nighttime.Herein,a novel hybrid system integrating photothermal catalytic(PTC)reactor,thermoelectric generator(TEG),and phase change materials(PCM)was proposed and designed(named as PTC-TEG-PCM)to address these challenges and enable simultaneous overall seawater splitting and 24-hour power generation.The PTC system effectively maintains in an optimal temperature range to maximize photothermal-assisted photocatalytic hydrogen production.The TEG component recycles the low-grade waste heat for power generation,complementing the shortcoming of photocatalytic conversion and achieving cascade utilization of full-spectrum solar energy.Furthermore,exceptional thermal storage capability of PCM allow for the conversion of released heat into electricity during nighttime,contributing significantly to the overall power output and enabling PTC-TEG-PCM to operate for more than 12 h under the actual condition.Compared to traditional PTC system,the overall energy conversion efficiency of the PTC-TEG-PCM system can be increased by∼500%,while maintaining the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency.The advancement of this novel system demonstrated that recycling waste heat from the PTC system and utilizing heat absorption/release capability of PCM for thermoelectric application are effective strategies to improve solar energy conversion.With flexible parameter designing,PTC-TEG-PCM can be applied in various scenarios,offering high efficiency,stability,and sustainability.