Substrate is an important abiotic factor for burrowing shellfish,as it not only provides them with shelter,but also impose significant effect on their physiological metabolism.However,the physiological responses of bu...Substrate is an important abiotic factor for burrowing shellfish,as it not only provides them with shelter,but also impose significant effect on their physiological metabolism.However,the physiological responses of burrowing clams within various substrates get less attention due to difficulty in carrying out physiological tests in buried conditions.Consequently,this study investigated the burrowing behavior,feeding physiology and energy budget of Paphia undulata,which is an important aquaculture bivalve species in south China.The clams were exposed to mud and sand substrates with variable physical properties in the laboratory,to determine the suitable substrate conditions for this species.The results showed that the percentage of burrowing clams,digging index,burrowing time,burrowing depth and scope for growth(SFG)were higher in mud substrates with≥40%water content.Likewise,burrowing percentage,digging index,and burrowing depths were higher in substrates with≤40%sand content.Moreover,the burrowing depth had significant effect on the feeding physiology and SFG of P.undulata as clams burrowed at 6.3±1.8 cm had higher clearance rates and SFG as compared to other buried depths.This study further revealed that low water content in the sediment inhibited physiological performances of P.undulata by impairing feeding or absorption,hence reducing the SFG.In conclusion,mud substrate with≥40%water content or with≤40%sand content is suitable for proper burrowing and growth of P.undulata.Our findings therefore provide fundamental knowledge that will be applicable in the improvement of bottom aquaculture and conservation of P.undulata.展开更多
Euclea undulata(E. undulata) is traditionally used for the treatment of body pains, chest complaints, cough, diabetes, diarrhoea, headaches, heart diseases and toothaches in southern Africa. This study was aimed at re...Euclea undulata(E. undulata) is traditionally used for the treatment of body pains, chest complaints, cough, diabetes, diarrhoea, headaches, heart diseases and toothaches in southern Africa. This study was aimed at reviewing the botany, ethnopharmacology and biological activities of E. undulata in southern Africa. Results presented in this study are based on review of literature using search engines such as Science Direct, Springerlink,Scopus, Pub Med, Web of Science, Bio Med Central and Google Scholar. Herbal medicine is prepared from the decoctions of the roots, bark and leaves, and extracts of these plant parts have demonstrated anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antiplasmodial, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities. Multiple classes of phytochemical compounds such alkaloids, diterpenes, fatty acids, flavonoids, glycosides, naphthoquinones, phenolics, phytosterols, reducing sugars, saponins and tannins have been isolated from the species. E. undulata has a lot of potential as herbal medicine in tropical Africa, and advanced research is required aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties.展开更多
Four generalised diameter-height equations were developed and compared for pure and even-aged stands of Tecomella undulata in hot arid region of Rajasthan State in India. The data used to fit the equations consisted o...Four generalised diameter-height equations were developed and compared for pure and even-aged stands of Tecomella undulata in hot arid region of Rajasthan State in India. The data used to fit the equations consisted of 1 540 diameter-height observations collected from the plots laid out in uniformly stocked stands of varying age and density. The performance of four equations was tested by non-linear least squares regression and evaluated using different statistical criteria. Finally, these equations, with the same values of coefficients ob- tained during the fitting phase, were validated by an independent data set consisting of 854 diameter-height observations. Overall, equation （4） （Hui and Gadow function） was found to perform best for both the fitting data set as well as validation data set.展开更多
Increasingly,exogenous stressors such as pathogen infections,variable water conditions,and pollution are resulting in high mortality of Paphia undulata,deleteriously affecting the quality of clam harvests.The foot is ...Increasingly,exogenous stressors such as pathogen infections,variable water conditions,and pollution are resulting in high mortality of Paphia undulata,deleteriously affecting the quality of clam harvests.The foot is a burrowing organ in clams.Physical damage and constant contact with the external environment cause the foot to be highly sensitive to pathogen invasion and water condition variation.In the present study,the foot tissue transcriptome was analyzed to identify genes involved in immune and stress responses.The P.undulata transcriptome included 5 286 668 078 bp reads generated by Illumina Hiseq 2000 sequencing and were assembled into 1 785 226 contigs by de novo method.The contigs were clustered into 99 339 transcripts and further grouped into 60 201 unigenes.Of them,22 260 unigenes were successfully annotated using public databases.Twelve genes that were response to immune and stress were identified with abundant expression levels,including heat shock protein 70,cold shock protein,complement C3,cathepsin L,ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L5,and translationally controlled tumor protein.Furthermore,566 unigenes were found homologous to genes involved in the immune response systems of pathogen discrimination,signal transduction,and immune effector,such as lectins,toll-like receptors,complement pathway,toll-like receptor signaling pathway,heat shock proteins,antioxidant enzymes,lysozymes,and mucins,indicating that P.undulata could have a complete set of innate immune mechanisms.In addition,4 270 microsatellite markers(SSRs)were identified from 60 201 unigenes,of which trinucleotide repeats were most abundant and 16 SSRs were tested to be polymorphic.The present study provides a new insight into innate immunity and stress response mechanisms in P.undulata.展开更多
The chemical composition of the volatile components of the dried roots of Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa collected from Algeria was determined by GC and GC/MS. The obtained results showed that the extracted oil con...The chemical composition of the volatile components of the dried roots of Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa collected from Algeria was determined by GC and GC/MS. The obtained results showed that the extracted oil contained nine fatty acids. The major compounds were hexadecanoic acid (42.2%), n-tetradecanoic acid (16.1%), 9-octadecenoic acid (7.7%) and 9-hexadecenoic acid (4.5%).展开更多
Quassia undulata is a plant that belongs to the Simaroubaceae family. In Africa, it occurs in the wooded savannah from Senegal in the west to the Central African Republic in the east. The seeds from the plant are very...Quassia undulata is a plant that belongs to the Simaroubaceae family. In Africa, it occurs in the wooded savannah from Senegal in the west to the Central African Republic in the east. The seeds from the plant are very rich in oil. The traditional extraction of this oil involves a phase of boiling the powder from the seeds in a decoction of Piliostigma thonningii leaves. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the impact of Piliostigma thonningii leaves on the extraction yield, to assess the phytochemical profile of seeds and oilcake and, to determine the nutritional value of the cakes obtained after extraction. Thus, the traditional extraction of oil was carried out in the laboratory and physico-chemical and phytochemical analyses were carried out on the water decoction, the oil and, the oilcake. The results showed that the traditional extraction gives a low extraction yield (5.18% with PD and 6.12% without PD) compared to the Soxhlet extraction (56.9%). On the other hand, it was found that oil obtained by traditional extraction in the presence of Piliostigma thonningii leaves was of better physicochemical quality. Finally, oilcake very rich in proteins (36.71% - 42.69%) and mineral elements (110.9 - 152.33 mg/100g of calcium, 544.75 - 620.77 mg/100g of Potassium and 331.11 - 459.68 mg/100g of Magnesium) justify their use in human food. However, investigations should point to the impact of this traditional technique on the elimination of quassinoids, toxins and antihelminth compounds present in the seeds.展开更多
[Objectives]To study the chemical constituents of the fruit of Embelia undulata(Wall.)Mez.[Methods]Silica gel column chromatography,gel column chromatography,recrystallization,high-performance preparative liquid chrom...[Objectives]To study the chemical constituents of the fruit of Embelia undulata(Wall.)Mez.[Methods]Silica gel column chromatography,gel column chromatography,recrystallization,high-performance preparative liquid chromatography and other modern separation methods and techniques were used to separate and purify the chemical components of the ethyl acetate fraction of the fruit of E.undulata(Wall.)Mez,and based on the physical and chemical properties and spectral data,their structure was identified.[Results]Six compounds were isolated from the fruit of E.undulata(Wall.)Mez,including trimethyl citrate(1),vanillic acid(2),5-hydroxymethylfurfural(3),1,5-dimethyl citrate(4),1,6-dimethyl-5-ethyl citrate(5)and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid(6).[Conclusions]Compounds 1-6 are all isolated from E.undulata(Wall.)Mez for the first time.展开更多
Plant extracts could turn out to be herbicides used in weed control. We evaluated the herbicidal effect of seven plants from the Al-Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia on germination and growth of Phalaris minor, Echinochlo...Plant extracts could turn out to be herbicides used in weed control. We evaluated the herbicidal effect of seven plants from the Al-Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia on germination and growth of Phalaris minor, Echinochloa crusgalli, Portulaca oleracea and Lactuca sativa. In the laboratory, plant extracts at 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/L inhibited the germination and seedling growth of test seeds. P. minor and P. oleracea were more sensitive to the extracts than L. sativa and E. crusgalli. The germination of either P. minor or P. oleracea were completely inhibited by Prosopisjuliflora at 10 g/L and by Rumex vesicarius and Teucrium baccatus at 20 g/L. Extract of Pulicaria undulate completely inhibited germination of target seeds at concentrations ranged from l 0 g/L to 40 g/L. The rank order of bioactivity was Prosopis jul（17ora 〉 Pulicaria undulata 〉 Rumex vesicarius 〉 Withania somnifera 〉 Teucrium baccatus 〉 Artemisia monosperma 〉 Anvillea garcinii. In the greenhouse trial, the extracts of seven plant species at 30, 60 and 90 g/L reduced growth of six-weeks-old target plants. Anvillea garcinii and Prosopisjuliflora showed the greatest effects. At 90 g/L, the reduction in the growth of target species reached between 20% and 30% for Anvillea garcinii and between I 1% and 25% for Prosopis juliflora. Overall, Prosopis juliflora, Pulicaria undulata, Anvillea garcinii and Rumex vesicarius had potential for use as natural herbicides or for development as novel plant-derived herbicides.展开更多
基金Supported by the Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Special Project (No.AD23026114)。
文摘Substrate is an important abiotic factor for burrowing shellfish,as it not only provides them with shelter,but also impose significant effect on their physiological metabolism.However,the physiological responses of burrowing clams within various substrates get less attention due to difficulty in carrying out physiological tests in buried conditions.Consequently,this study investigated the burrowing behavior,feeding physiology and energy budget of Paphia undulata,which is an important aquaculture bivalve species in south China.The clams were exposed to mud and sand substrates with variable physical properties in the laboratory,to determine the suitable substrate conditions for this species.The results showed that the percentage of burrowing clams,digging index,burrowing time,burrowing depth and scope for growth(SFG)were higher in mud substrates with≥40%water content.Likewise,burrowing percentage,digging index,and burrowing depths were higher in substrates with≤40%sand content.Moreover,the burrowing depth had significant effect on the feeding physiology and SFG of P.undulata as clams burrowed at 6.3±1.8 cm had higher clearance rates and SFG as compared to other buried depths.This study further revealed that low water content in the sediment inhibited physiological performances of P.undulata by impairing feeding or absorption,hence reducing the SFG.In conclusion,mud substrate with≥40%water content or with≤40%sand content is suitable for proper burrowing and growth of P.undulata.Our findings therefore provide fundamental knowledge that will be applicable in the improvement of bottom aquaculture and conservation of P.undulata.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)Govan Mbeki Research and Development Centre(GMRDC),University of Fort Hare
文摘Euclea undulata(E. undulata) is traditionally used for the treatment of body pains, chest complaints, cough, diabetes, diarrhoea, headaches, heart diseases and toothaches in southern Africa. This study was aimed at reviewing the botany, ethnopharmacology and biological activities of E. undulata in southern Africa. Results presented in this study are based on review of literature using search engines such as Science Direct, Springerlink,Scopus, Pub Med, Web of Science, Bio Med Central and Google Scholar. Herbal medicine is prepared from the decoctions of the roots, bark and leaves, and extracts of these plant parts have demonstrated anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antiplasmodial, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities. Multiple classes of phytochemical compounds such alkaloids, diterpenes, fatty acids, flavonoids, glycosides, naphthoquinones, phenolics, phytosterols, reducing sugars, saponins and tannins have been isolated from the species. E. undulata has a lot of potential as herbal medicine in tropical Africa, and advanced research is required aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties.
文摘Four generalised diameter-height equations were developed and compared for pure and even-aged stands of Tecomella undulata in hot arid region of Rajasthan State in India. The data used to fit the equations consisted of 1 540 diameter-height observations collected from the plots laid out in uniformly stocked stands of varying age and density. The performance of four equations was tested by non-linear least squares regression and evaluated using different statistical criteria. Finally, these equations, with the same values of coefficients ob- tained during the fitting phase, were validated by an independent data set consisting of 854 diameter-height observations. Overall, equation （4） （Hui and Gadow function） was found to perform best for both the fitting data set as well as validation data set.
基金Supported by the Open Program of Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province(No.2015fjscq05)the Guangdong Province Program,China(Nos.2014B020202011,2016A020208011,A201601A04,20168020233005,2016TQ03N905)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China(No.2017B030314052)the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-49)
文摘Increasingly,exogenous stressors such as pathogen infections,variable water conditions,and pollution are resulting in high mortality of Paphia undulata,deleteriously affecting the quality of clam harvests.The foot is a burrowing organ in clams.Physical damage and constant contact with the external environment cause the foot to be highly sensitive to pathogen invasion and water condition variation.In the present study,the foot tissue transcriptome was analyzed to identify genes involved in immune and stress responses.The P.undulata transcriptome included 5 286 668 078 bp reads generated by Illumina Hiseq 2000 sequencing and were assembled into 1 785 226 contigs by de novo method.The contigs were clustered into 99 339 transcripts and further grouped into 60 201 unigenes.Of them,22 260 unigenes were successfully annotated using public databases.Twelve genes that were response to immune and stress were identified with abundant expression levels,including heat shock protein 70,cold shock protein,complement C3,cathepsin L,ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L5,and translationally controlled tumor protein.Furthermore,566 unigenes were found homologous to genes involved in the immune response systems of pathogen discrimination,signal transduction,and immune effector,such as lectins,toll-like receptors,complement pathway,toll-like receptor signaling pathway,heat shock proteins,antioxidant enzymes,lysozymes,and mucins,indicating that P.undulata could have a complete set of innate immune mechanisms.In addition,4 270 microsatellite markers(SSRs)were identified from 60 201 unigenes,of which trinucleotide repeats were most abundant and 16 SSRs were tested to be polymorphic.The present study provides a new insight into innate immunity and stress response mechanisms in P.undulata.
文摘The chemical composition of the volatile components of the dried roots of Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa collected from Algeria was determined by GC and GC/MS. The obtained results showed that the extracted oil contained nine fatty acids. The major compounds were hexadecanoic acid (42.2%), n-tetradecanoic acid (16.1%), 9-octadecenoic acid (7.7%) and 9-hexadecenoic acid (4.5%).
文摘Quassia undulata is a plant that belongs to the Simaroubaceae family. In Africa, it occurs in the wooded savannah from Senegal in the west to the Central African Republic in the east. The seeds from the plant are very rich in oil. The traditional extraction of this oil involves a phase of boiling the powder from the seeds in a decoction of Piliostigma thonningii leaves. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the impact of Piliostigma thonningii leaves on the extraction yield, to assess the phytochemical profile of seeds and oilcake and, to determine the nutritional value of the cakes obtained after extraction. Thus, the traditional extraction of oil was carried out in the laboratory and physico-chemical and phytochemical analyses were carried out on the water decoction, the oil and, the oilcake. The results showed that the traditional extraction gives a low extraction yield (5.18% with PD and 6.12% without PD) compared to the Soxhlet extraction (56.9%). On the other hand, it was found that oil obtained by traditional extraction in the presence of Piliostigma thonningii leaves was of better physicochemical quality. Finally, oilcake very rich in proteins (36.71% - 42.69%) and mineral elements (110.9 - 152.33 mg/100g of calcium, 544.75 - 620.77 mg/100g of Potassium and 331.11 - 459.68 mg/100g of Magnesium) justify their use in human food. However, investigations should point to the impact of this traditional technique on the elimination of quassinoids, toxins and antihelminth compounds present in the seeds.
基金Independent Research Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards(Gui Zhong Zhong Zi 201503).
文摘[Objectives]To study the chemical constituents of the fruit of Embelia undulata(Wall.)Mez.[Methods]Silica gel column chromatography,gel column chromatography,recrystallization,high-performance preparative liquid chromatography and other modern separation methods and techniques were used to separate and purify the chemical components of the ethyl acetate fraction of the fruit of E.undulata(Wall.)Mez,and based on the physical and chemical properties and spectral data,their structure was identified.[Results]Six compounds were isolated from the fruit of E.undulata(Wall.)Mez,including trimethyl citrate(1),vanillic acid(2),5-hydroxymethylfurfural(3),1,5-dimethyl citrate(4),1,6-dimethyl-5-ethyl citrate(5)and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid(6).[Conclusions]Compounds 1-6 are all isolated from E.undulata(Wall.)Mez for the first time.
文摘Plant extracts could turn out to be herbicides used in weed control. We evaluated the herbicidal effect of seven plants from the Al-Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia on germination and growth of Phalaris minor, Echinochloa crusgalli, Portulaca oleracea and Lactuca sativa. In the laboratory, plant extracts at 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/L inhibited the germination and seedling growth of test seeds. P. minor and P. oleracea were more sensitive to the extracts than L. sativa and E. crusgalli. The germination of either P. minor or P. oleracea were completely inhibited by Prosopisjuliflora at 10 g/L and by Rumex vesicarius and Teucrium baccatus at 20 g/L. Extract of Pulicaria undulate completely inhibited germination of target seeds at concentrations ranged from l 0 g/L to 40 g/L. The rank order of bioactivity was Prosopis jul（17ora 〉 Pulicaria undulata 〉 Rumex vesicarius 〉 Withania somnifera 〉 Teucrium baccatus 〉 Artemisia monosperma 〉 Anvillea garcinii. In the greenhouse trial, the extracts of seven plant species at 30, 60 and 90 g/L reduced growth of six-weeks-old target plants. Anvillea garcinii and Prosopisjuliflora showed the greatest effects. At 90 g/L, the reduction in the growth of target species reached between 20% and 30% for Anvillea garcinii and between I 1% and 25% for Prosopis juliflora. Overall, Prosopis juliflora, Pulicaria undulata, Anvillea garcinii and Rumex vesicarius had potential for use as natural herbicides or for development as novel plant-derived herbicides.
