OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuroprotective effects of TGR5 agonist INT-777 in the Aβ_(1-42)-treated mouse model of acute neurotoxicity.METHODS Cognitive impairment was induced by single intracerebroventricular inje...OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuroprotective effects of TGR5 agonist INT-777 in the Aβ_(1-42)-treated mouse model of acute neurotoxicity.METHODS Cognitive impairment was induced by single intracerebroventricular injection of aggregated Aβ_(1-42)(410 pmol per mouse;5 μL)into the mouse brain in normal ICR mice.After3 d,INT-777(0.75,1.5 or 3.0 μg per mouse) was infused into the same site.Another 3 d later,the cognition function was evaluated by Morris water maze(MWM),novel objective recognition(NOR),and Y maze tests.Furthermore,the levels of TGR5,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,NF-κB p65,Iba1,caspase 3,Bcl-2,Bax,PSD95,and synaptophysin in the hippocampus and frontal cortex were detected using Western blotting.Microglia activation in the hippocampal CA1,CA3 and DG regions and frontal cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry.TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptotic cells.The number of spines in the hippocampal CA1,CA3 and DG regions and frontal cortex was detected by GolgiCox staining.RESULTS INT-777(1.5 or 3.0 μg per mouse) significantly ameliorated memory impairment in the Aβ_(1-42)-treated mice,evidenced by increased the time spent in the target quadrant(P<0.05),and the number of target crossings(P<0.05) in the MWM test,increased the discrimination index in the NOR test(P<0.05),and increased the number of correct choices(P<0.05,P<0.01) and decreased the latency(P<0.05) to enter the shock-free compartment in the Y-maze test.Importantly,this treatment reversed Aβ_(1-42)-induced TGR5 down-regulation(P<0.05,P<0.01),suppressed the increase of nuclear NF-κB p65(P<0.05,P<0.01) and mitigated neuroinflammation,evidenced by lower proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α(P<0.05),IL-1β(P<0.05),IL-6(P<0.05,P<0.01),and less Iba1-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1,CA3 and DG regions and frontal cortex(P<0.05,P<0.01) as well as the protein level of Iba1.INT-777(1.5 or3.0 μg per mouse) also pronouncedly suppressed apoptosis through the reduction of TUNEL-positive cells(P<0.05,P<0.01),decreased activation of caspase 3(P<0.05),increased ratio of Bcl-2/Bax(P<0.05,P<0.01),and ameliorated synaptic dysfunction via promoting dendritic spines generation(P<0.05,P<0.01) with the upregulation of PSD95(P<0.05) and synaptophysin proteins(P<0.05).CONCLUSION INT-777 has potent neuroprotective effects against Aβ_(1-42)-induced neurotoxicity,which suggests that the activation of TGR5 could be a novel and promising strategy for the treatment of AD.展开更多
TGR5(Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5)is a bile acid G protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in liver,gallbladder,intestine,spleen,and brain and activated by bile acids.(AD).Herein,we evaluated the neuroprot...TGR5(Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5)is a bile acid G protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in liver,gallbladder,intestine,spleen,and brain and activated by bile acids.(AD).Herein,we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of TGR5 agonist,6α-ethyl-23(S)methylcholic acid(S-EMCA,INT-777),in the Aβ1-42-treated mouse model of acute neurotoxicity.Single intracerebroventricular(i.c.v.)injection of aggregated Aβ1-42(410 pmol/mouse;5μL)into the mouse brain induced cognitive impairment,neuroinflammation,apoptosis,and synaptic dysfunction.In contrast,INT-777(1.5 or 3.0μg/mouse,i.c.v.)significantly improved Aβ1-42-induced cognitive impairment,as reflected by better performance in memory tests.Importantly,INT-777 treatment reversed Aβ1-42-induced TGR5 down-regulation,suppressed the increase of nuclear NF-κB p65,and mitigated neuroinflammation,as evidenced by lower proinflammatory cytokines and less Iba1-positive cells in the hippocampus and frontal cortex.INT-777 treatment also pronouncedly suppressed apoptosis through the reduction of TUNEL-positive cells,decreased activation of caspase-3,increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax,and ameliorated synaptic dysfunction by promoting dendritic spine generation with the upregulation of postsynaptic(PSD95)and presynaptic proteins in Aβ1-42-treated mice.Our results indicate that INT-777 has potent neuroprotective effects against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity.Taken together,these findings suggest that TGR5 might participate in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
TGR5(Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5)is a bile acid G protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in liver,gallbladder,intestine,spleen,and brain and activated by bile acids.(AD).Herein,we evaluated the neuroprot...TGR5(Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5)is a bile acid G protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in liver,gallbladder,intestine,spleen,and brain and activated by bile acids.(AD).Herein,we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of TGR5 agonist,6α-ethyl-23(S)-methylcholic acid(S-EMCA,INT-777),in the Aβ1-42-treated mouse model of acute neurotoxicity.Single intracerebroventricular(i.c.v.)injection of aggregated Aβ1-42(410 pmol/mouse;5μL)into the mouse brain induced cognitive impairment,neuroinflammation,apoptosis,and synaptic dysfunction.In contrast,INT-777(1.5 or 3.0μg/mouse,i.c.v.)significantly improved Aβ1-42-induced cognitive impairment,as reflected by better performance in memory tests.Importantly,INT-777 treatment reversed Aβ1-42-induced TGR5 down-regulation,suppressed the increase of nuclear NF-κB p65,and mitigated neuroinflammation,as evidenced by lower proinflammatory cytokines and less Iba1-positive cells in the hippocampus and frontal cortex.INT-777 treatment also pronouncedly suppressed apoptosis through the reduction of TUNEL-positive cells,decreased activation of caspase-3,increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax,and ameliorated synaptic dysfunction by promoting dendritic spine generation with the upregulation of postsynaptic(PSD95)and presynaptic(synaptophysin)proteins in Aβ1-42-treated mice.Our results indicate that INT-777 has potent neuroprotective effects against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity.Taken together,these findings suggest that TGR5 might participate in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(8157341381773714+3 种基金8127349781603113)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20150705)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2632017PT01).
文摘OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuroprotective effects of TGR5 agonist INT-777 in the Aβ_(1-42)-treated mouse model of acute neurotoxicity.METHODS Cognitive impairment was induced by single intracerebroventricular injection of aggregated Aβ_(1-42)(410 pmol per mouse;5 μL)into the mouse brain in normal ICR mice.After3 d,INT-777(0.75,1.5 or 3.0 μg per mouse) was infused into the same site.Another 3 d later,the cognition function was evaluated by Morris water maze(MWM),novel objective recognition(NOR),and Y maze tests.Furthermore,the levels of TGR5,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,NF-κB p65,Iba1,caspase 3,Bcl-2,Bax,PSD95,and synaptophysin in the hippocampus and frontal cortex were detected using Western blotting.Microglia activation in the hippocampal CA1,CA3 and DG regions and frontal cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry.TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptotic cells.The number of spines in the hippocampal CA1,CA3 and DG regions and frontal cortex was detected by GolgiCox staining.RESULTS INT-777(1.5 or 3.0 μg per mouse) significantly ameliorated memory impairment in the Aβ_(1-42)-treated mice,evidenced by increased the time spent in the target quadrant(P<0.05),and the number of target crossings(P<0.05) in the MWM test,increased the discrimination index in the NOR test(P<0.05),and increased the number of correct choices(P<0.05,P<0.01) and decreased the latency(P<0.05) to enter the shock-free compartment in the Y-maze test.Importantly,this treatment reversed Aβ_(1-42)-induced TGR5 down-regulation(P<0.05,P<0.01),suppressed the increase of nuclear NF-κB p65(P<0.05,P<0.01) and mitigated neuroinflammation,evidenced by lower proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α(P<0.05),IL-1β(P<0.05),IL-6(P<0.05,P<0.01),and less Iba1-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1,CA3 and DG regions and frontal cortex(P<0.05,P<0.01) as well as the protein level of Iba1.INT-777(1.5 or3.0 μg per mouse) also pronouncedly suppressed apoptosis through the reduction of TUNEL-positive cells(P<0.05,P<0.01),decreased activation of caspase 3(P<0.05),increased ratio of Bcl-2/Bax(P<0.05,P<0.01),and ameliorated synaptic dysfunction via promoting dendritic spines generation(P<0.05,P<0.01) with the upregulation of PSD95(P<0.05) and synaptophysin proteins(P<0.05).CONCLUSION INT-777 has potent neuroprotective effects against Aβ_(1-42)-induced neurotoxicity,which suggests that the activation of TGR5 could be a novel and promising strategy for the treatment of AD.
文摘TGR5(Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5)is a bile acid G protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in liver,gallbladder,intestine,spleen,and brain and activated by bile acids.(AD).Herein,we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of TGR5 agonist,6α-ethyl-23(S)methylcholic acid(S-EMCA,INT-777),in the Aβ1-42-treated mouse model of acute neurotoxicity.Single intracerebroventricular(i.c.v.)injection of aggregated Aβ1-42(410 pmol/mouse;5μL)into the mouse brain induced cognitive impairment,neuroinflammation,apoptosis,and synaptic dysfunction.In contrast,INT-777(1.5 or 3.0μg/mouse,i.c.v.)significantly improved Aβ1-42-induced cognitive impairment,as reflected by better performance in memory tests.Importantly,INT-777 treatment reversed Aβ1-42-induced TGR5 down-regulation,suppressed the increase of nuclear NF-κB p65,and mitigated neuroinflammation,as evidenced by lower proinflammatory cytokines and less Iba1-positive cells in the hippocampus and frontal cortex.INT-777 treatment also pronouncedly suppressed apoptosis through the reduction of TUNEL-positive cells,decreased activation of caspase-3,increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax,and ameliorated synaptic dysfunction by promoting dendritic spine generation with the upregulation of postsynaptic(PSD95)and presynaptic proteins in Aβ1-42-treated mice.Our results indicate that INT-777 has potent neuroprotective effects against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity.Taken together,these findings suggest that TGR5 might participate in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.
文摘TGR5(Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5)is a bile acid G protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in liver,gallbladder,intestine,spleen,and brain and activated by bile acids.(AD).Herein,we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of TGR5 agonist,6α-ethyl-23(S)-methylcholic acid(S-EMCA,INT-777),in the Aβ1-42-treated mouse model of acute neurotoxicity.Single intracerebroventricular(i.c.v.)injection of aggregated Aβ1-42(410 pmol/mouse;5μL)into the mouse brain induced cognitive impairment,neuroinflammation,apoptosis,and synaptic dysfunction.In contrast,INT-777(1.5 or 3.0μg/mouse,i.c.v.)significantly improved Aβ1-42-induced cognitive impairment,as reflected by better performance in memory tests.Importantly,INT-777 treatment reversed Aβ1-42-induced TGR5 down-regulation,suppressed the increase of nuclear NF-κB p65,and mitigated neuroinflammation,as evidenced by lower proinflammatory cytokines and less Iba1-positive cells in the hippocampus and frontal cortex.INT-777 treatment also pronouncedly suppressed apoptosis through the reduction of TUNEL-positive cells,decreased activation of caspase-3,increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax,and ameliorated synaptic dysfunction by promoting dendritic spine generation with the upregulation of postsynaptic(PSD95)and presynaptic(synaptophysin)proteins in Aβ1-42-treated mice.Our results indicate that INT-777 has potent neuroprotective effects against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity.Taken together,these findings suggest that TGR5 might participate in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.
