A modified OMP method for multi-orbit three dimensional ISAR imaging of the space target

The conventional two dimensional(2D)inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR)imaging fails to provide the targets'three dimensional(3D)information.In this paper,a 3D ISAR imaging method for the space target is proposed based on mutliorbit observation data and an improved orthogonal matching pursuit(OMP)algorithm.Firstly,the 3D scattered field data is converted into a set of 2D matrix by stacking slices of the 3D data along the elevation direction dimension.Then,an improved OMP algorithm is applied to recover the space target's amplitude information via the 2D matrix data.Finally,scattering centers can be reconstructed with specific three dimensional locations.Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed 3D imaging method.

Target rotation parameter estimation for ISAR imaging via frame processing

Frame processing method offers a model-based approach to Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar(ISAR) imaging. It also provides a way to estimate the rotation rate of a non-cooperative target from radar returns via the frame operator properties. In this paper, the relationship between the best achievable ISAR image and the reconstructed image from radar returns was derived in the framework of Finite Frame Processing theory. We show that image defocusing caused by the use of an incorrect target rotation rate is interpreted under the FP method as a frame operator mismatch problem which causes energy dispersion. The unknown target rotation rate may be computed by optimizing the frame operator via a prominent point. Consequently, a prominent intensity maximization method in FP framework was proposed to estimate the underlying target rotation rate from radar returns. In addition, an image filtering technique was implemented to assist searching for a prominent point in practice. The proposed method is justified via a simulation analysis on the performance of FP imaging versus target rotation rate error.Effectiveness of the proposed method is also confirmed from real ISAR data experiments.

Research on spatial-variant property of bistatic ISAR imaging plane of space target

The imaging plane of inverse synthetic aperture radar （ISAR） is the projection plane of the target. When taking an image using the range-Doppler theory, the imaging plane may have a spatial-variant property, which causes the change of scatter＇s projection position and results in migration through resolution cells, In this study, we focus on the spatial-variant property of the imaging plane of a three-axis-stabilized space target. The innovative contributions are as follows. 1） The target motion model in orbit is provided based on a two-body model. 2） The instantaneous imaging plane is determined by the method of vector analysis. 3） Three Euler angles are introduced to describe the spatial-variant property of the imaging plane, and the image quality is analyzed. The simulation results confirm the analysis of the spatial-variant property. The research in this study is significant for the selection of the imaging segment, and provides the evidence for the following data processing and compensation algorithm.

ISAR imaging based on improved phase retrieval algorithm

Traditional inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR)imaging methods for maneuvering targets have low resolution and poor capability of noise suppression. An ISAR imaging method of maneuvering targets based on phase retrieval is proposed,which can provide a high-resolution and focused map of the spatial distribution of scatterers on the target. According to theoretical derivation, the modulus of raw data from the maneuvering target is not affected by radial motion components for ISAR imaging system, so the phase retrieval algorithm can be used for ISAR imaging problems. However, the traditional phase retrieval algorithm will be not applicable to ISAR imaging under the condition of random noise. To solve this problem, an algorithm is put forward based on the range Doppler(RD) algorithm and oversampling smoothness(OSS) phase retrieval algorithm. The algorithm captures the target information in order to reduce the influence of the random phase on ISAR echoes, and then applies OSS for focusing imaging based on prior information of the RD algorithm. The simulated results demonstrate the validity of this algorithm, which cannot only obtain high resolution imaging for high speed maneuvering targets under the condition of random noise, but also substantially improve the success rate of the phase retrieval algorithm.

Fast ISAR imaging method based on scene segmentation

Although compressed sensing inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR) imaging methods are widely used in radar signal processing, its reconstructing time and memory storage space requirements are very high. The main reason is that large scene reconstruction needs a higher dimension of the sensing matrix. To reduce this limitation, a fast high resolution ISAR imaging method,which is based on scene segmentation for random chirp frequencystepped signals, is proposed. The idea of scene segmentation is used to solve the problems aforementioned. In the method,firstly, the observed scene is divided into multiple sub-scenes and then the sub-scenes are reconstructed respectively. Secondly, the whole image scene can be obtained through the stitching of the sub-scenes. Due to the reduction of the dimension of the sensing matrix, the requirement of the memory storage space is reduced substantially. In addition, due to the nonlinear superposition of the reconstructed time of the segmented sub-scenes, the reconstruction time is reduced, and the purpose of fast imaging is achieved.Meanwhile, the feasibility and the related factors which affect the performance of the proposed method are also analyzed, and the selection criterion of the scene segmentation is afforded. Finally,theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Approach for ISAR imaging of near-field targets based on coordinate conversion and image interpolation

Inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR)imaging of near-field targets is potentially useful in some specific applications,which makes it very important to efficiently produce highquality image of the near-field target.In this paper,the simplified target model with uniform linear motion is applied to the near-field target imaging,which overcomes the complexity of the traditional near-field imaging algorithm.According to this signal model,the method based on coordinate conversion and image interpolation combined with the range-Doppler(R-D)algorithm is proposed to correct the near-field distortion problem.Compared with the back-projection(BP)algorithm,the proposed method produces better focused ISAR images of the near-field target,and decreases the computation complexity significantly.Experimental results of the simulated data have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

Evaluation of Trajectory Error Effects in BP Based Space Target ISAR Imaging

The space target imaging is important in the development of space technology.Due to the availability of trajectory information of the space targets and the arising of rapid parallel processing hardware,the back projection (BP) method has been applied to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and shows a number of advantages as compared with conventional Fourier-domain imaging algorithms.However,the practical processing shows that the insufficient accuracy of the trajectory information results in the degrading of the imaging results.On the other hand,the autofocusing algorithms for BP imaging are not well developed,which is a bottleneck for the application of BP imaging.Here,an analysis of the effect of trajectory errors on the space target imaging using microlocal technology is presented.Our analysis provides an explicit quantitative relationship between the trajectory errors of the space target and the positioning errors in the reconstructed images.The explicit form of the position errors for some typical trajectory errors is also presented.Numerical simulations demonstrate our theoretical findings.The measured position errors obtained from the reconstructed images are consistent with the analytic errors calculated by using the derived formulas.Our results will be used in the development of effective autofocusing methods for BP imaging.

基于特征提取的ISAR成像欺骗干扰评估方法研究

雷达成像欺骗干扰是雷达对抗装备的一种重要干扰手段,在弹载、机载等多种武器平台上具有广泛应用。在分析ISAR成像欺骗干扰技术的基础上,研究了ISAR图像特性的提取方法,提出了一种基于ISAR图像特征提取的雷达成像欺骗干扰效果评估方法,解决了雷达对抗装备成像欺骗干扰能力评估难题,可为相关雷达干扰对抗试验及评估等提供参考。

A fast decoupled ISAR high-resolution imaging method using structural sparse information under low SNR

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image can be represented and reconstructed by sparse recovery (SR) approaches. However, the existing SR algorithms, which are used for ISAR imaging, have suffered from high computational cost and poor imaging quality under a low signal to noise ratio (SNR) condition. This paper proposes a fast decoupled ISAR imaging method by exploiting the inherent structural sparse information of the targets. Firstly, the ISAR imaging problem is decoupled into two sub-problems. One is range direction imaging and the other is azimuth direction focusing. Secondly, an efficient two-stage SR method is proposed to obtain higher resolution range profiles by using jointly sparse information. Finally, the residual linear Bregman iteration via fast Fourier transforms (RLBI-FFT) is proposed to perform the azimuth focusing on low SNR efficiently. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method has better performence to efficiently implement higher-resolution ISAR imaging under the low SNR condition.

某型舰载机目标的ISAR成像算法研究

逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)成像技术因其能够提供目标的高分辨率二维图像,已经成为军事侦察、地球观测和灾害监测等领域的重要工具,但是,由于目标的复杂运动,传统的ISAR成像方法往往会出现图像模糊和失真的问题。距离多普勒(RD)算法通过对雷达回波数据进行二维傅里叶变换,可以有效地抑制目标的复杂运动对ISAR图像的影响,从而获得更清晰、更精确的图像,然而,在处理目标加速度和微动方面存在局限性。文中首先说明了ISAR的成像原理,介绍了运动补偿中的包络对齐,在此基础上,提出一种改进的包络对齐方法,通过某卫星成像对该算法进行验证,证明了该方法的适用性和灵活性,运用改进的包络对齐方法对某型舰载机成像,发现该方法可以有效地提高ISAR图像的质量和分辨率。

天基ISAR空间目标的去斜回波相参性恢复方法及其基于FPGA的快速实现技术

逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)具备二维高分辨成像能力,可实现对空间目标的高精度探测和监视。相比于地基ISAR,天基ISAR能够对空间目标进行更灵活、更大范围的探测成像,为实现空间态势感知提供有利支撑。去斜接收回波体制可以大幅降低采样率,减轻系统硬件负担,现有ISAR系统通常采用此种方式。然而在观测时间内空间目标相对于星载ISAR的相对斜距变化大,雷达需要不断改变录取波门以保证对空间高速目标的稳定跟踪,这严重破坏了雷达回波的相参性。同时,星载ISAR相对空间目标的复杂运动几何导致运动补偿精度下降。针对空间目标ISAR成像问题,文中提出了一种去斜回波相参性恢复方法,此方法可以逐脉冲处理回波,能有效恢复不同距离波门的回波相参性,并利用估计的参数对回波进行精确的运动补偿。基于此方法,设计了一种基于现场可编程逻辑门阵列的去斜接收相参性恢复快速实现方案。仿真实验验证了所提方法及其现场可编程逻辑门阵列实现方案的有效性。

Optimal ship imaging for shore-based ISAR using DCF estimation

The optimal imaging time selection of ship targets for shore-based inverse synthetic aperture radar （ISAR） in high sea conditions is investigated. The optimal imaging time includes opti- mal imaging instants and optimal imaging duration. A novel method for optimal imaging instants selection based on the estimation of the Doppler centroid frequencies （DCFs） of a series of images obtained over continuous short durations is proposed. Combined with the optimal imaging duration selection scheme using the image contrast maximization criteria, this method can provide the ship images with the highest focus. Simulated and real data pro- cessing results verify the effectiveness of the proposed imaging method.

ISAR imaging of high-speed moving targets in short-range using impulse radar

In order to improve the measurement accuracy of weapons, ultra-wideband(UWB) inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR) imaging of high-speed moving targets in short-range is studied. In the scheme, because the positions of scatters vary with the radar line-of-sight(LOS) angle when the high-speed target is passing through the closest point of the approach, the concept of equivalent scattering point(ESP) is proposed. The Hough transform is employed to implement ESP motion parameter estimation,while the target translational motion is compensated by using the ESP time delay, and the angle spanned by the target is estimated by utilizing geometric relationship of ESP motion. Finally, the twodimensional image of the target is restructured by using the near field time-domain back-projection algorithm. Simulation results confirm that the proposed method is efficient.

结合最近邻图模型的稀疏ISAR成像方法

逆合成孔径雷达(Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar,ISAR)稀疏成像方法可提供图像对比度高、旁瓣干扰少的成像结果 .稀疏成像以场景或目标散射率分布具有稀疏性为前提,待成像目标场景的稀疏特性决定了最终成像质量. ISAR目标场景的自然稀疏特性着重刻画点状特征,变换域稀疏表示可增强目标图像的纹理等通用特征.通过学习获得的稀疏变换字典,可自适应于待成像的ISAR目标场景,找到面向ISAR目标图像块的特有稀疏表示.但是,图像块的特有稀疏表示中忽略了待成像目标场景中目标的几何特征信息.最近邻图模型可建立给定数据的几何特征描述算子,刻画出给定数据的几何特征信息.本文利用最近邻图模型来刻画待成像目标场景中目标的几何特征信息,并映射到待成像目标场景的特有稀疏表示中;提出结合最近邻图模型的ISAR稀疏成像方法,用于不同类别实测ISAR数据成像.相比已有的ISAR稀疏成像方法,所提成像方法可获得目标轮廓更清晰的成像结果,成像所需时间平均减少10.4%.

Sparse Bayesian learning in ISAR tomography imaging

Inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR) imaging can be regarded as a narrow-band version of the computer aided tomography(CT). The traditional CT imaging algorithms for ISAR, including the polar format algorithm(PFA) and the convolution back projection algorithm(CBP), usually suffer from the problem of the high sidelobe and the low resolution. The ISAR tomography image reconstruction within a sparse Bayesian framework is concerned. Firstly, the sparse ISAR tomography imaging model is established in light of the CT imaging theory. Then, by using the compressed sensing(CS) principle, a high resolution ISAR image can be achieved with limited number of pulses. Since the performance of existing CS-based ISAR imaging algorithms is sensitive to the user parameter, this makes the existing algorithms inconvenient to be used in practice. It is well known that the Bayesian formalism of recover algorithm named sparse Bayesian learning(SBL) acts as an effective tool in regression and classification,which uses an efficient expectation maximization procedure to estimate the necessary parameters, and retains a preferable property of the l0-norm diversity measure. Motivated by that, a fully automated ISAR tomography imaging algorithm based on SBL is proposed.Experimental results based on simulated and electromagnetic(EM) data illustrate the effectiveness and the superiority of the proposed algorithm over the existing algorithms.

多视角观测的ISAR融合成像技术综述

针对基于稀疏表示的多雷达信号互相干处理和相关领域的研究现状,利用多部逆合成孔径雷达(inverse synthetic aperture radar,ISAR)对目标进行探测以提高成像效率的方法。阐明多雷达成像存在的线性误差和夹角估计误差,提出基于信号稀疏表示的多雷达信号互相干处理方法;利用幅度和相位补偿参数的稀疏特性,通过信号稀疏重构方法来估计补偿参数,并对下一步研究方向进行展望。结果表明,该方法能够提高稀疏条件下ISAR多雷达的实用能力。

基于PSO联合运动补偿的ISAR成像算法

在传统的逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)成像中,目标的运动补偿通常需要先进行包络对齐实现一维距离像对准,再进行相位校正,这种补偿方法称为级联运动补偿。低信噪比下的级联运动补偿容易增加误差积累,最终导致图像模糊散焦,严重影响成像质量,针对该问题文中提出了一种基于粒子群优化(PSO)联合运动补偿的ISAR成像算法,该算法分解目标的运动模型,通过高阶次展开,设置参数向量,通过图像的锐化度作为代价函数,寻找向量参数的最优值进行目标的联合运动补偿,使得ISAR成像得到最佳效果。在最优参数求解过程中,本文采用PSO算法,运算时实现更快收敛,该算法提高了模型的求解速度,得到聚焦效果更好的ISAR成像。通过仿真数据和外场实测数据验证了算法的有效性。

基于调频斜率变化的ISAR成像干扰方法研究

为对抗先进体制逆合成孔径雷达(inverse synthetic aperture radar,ISAR)等成像识别雷达,提出基于调频斜率变化的ISAR成像干扰新方法。首先,根据ISAR宽带线性调频(linear frequency modulation,LFM)信号模型及解线频调信号处理流程,分析调频斜率变化对ISAR成像结果的影响,揭示其变化特性可用于干扰的基本机理。然后,利用LFM信号带宽、脉宽在一定范围内伪随机变化,形成调频斜率伪随机变化的ISAR干扰信号,与雷达回波信号混合进入雷达接收机形成干扰。最后,利用仿真实验验证调频斜率变化的影响以及所提干扰方法在ISAR成像干扰方面的有效性。

天基ISAR对空间轨道目标高分辨率成像问题分析

对空间轨道目标高分辨率成像是空间态势感知计划的重要组成部分。本文讨论天基逆合成孔径雷达(inverse synthetic aperture radar,ISAR)对空间目标进行高分辨率成像的概念。基于雷达和空间轨道目标相对运动场景,研究减少天基ISAR回波数据量的方法;分析天基ISAR对空间目标可成像时间段的限制因素,推导天基ISAR与目标轨道高度差及天基ISAR波束扫描角度的噪声等效后向散射系数(noise equivalent sigma zero,NESZ)公式,探讨满足方位分辨率的天基ISAR在轨可成像时间段,并利用NESZ衡量可成像时刻内回波信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR),为天基ISAR系统设计提供依据。此外,还推导天基ISAR对空间轨道目标回波表达式,并研究二维图像散焦原因,提出ISAR图像二维相位误差具体补偿模型,通过仿真结果验证了分析的正确性。

基于Multitask⁃YOLO网络的卫星帆板ISAR图像快速分割

随着空间技术的飞速发展,空间态势感知能力需求不断增加。与传统光学传感器相比,逆合成孔径雷达(Inverse synthetic aperture radar,ISAR)具有全天候、远距离高分辨率成像的能力,且成像不受光照条件的影响。此外,空间态势感知系统需要对周围航天器进行准确的评估,因此对空间目标部件识别能力的需求日益迫切。本文提出了一种基于YOLOv5结构的Multitask⁃YOLO网络,用于卫星ISAR图像中卫星帆板的识别和分割。首先,本文添加了分割解耦头来实现网络的分割功能。然后用空间金字塔池快速算法(Spatial pyramid pooling fast,SPPF)和距离交并比算法(Distance intersection over union,DIoU)代替原有结构,避免图像失真,加快收敛速度。通过在通道中引入注意机制,提高了分割和识别的准确性。最后使用模拟卫星的ISAR图像进行实验。结果表明,所提出的Multitask⁃YOLO网络高效、准确地实现了部件的识别和分割。与其他的识别和分割网络相比,该网络的平均精度(mean Average precision,mAP)和平均交并比(mean Intersection over union,mIoU)提高了约5%。此外,该网络的运行速度高达16.4 GFLOP,优于传统的多任务网络的性能。