Characterisation and separation of infectious bursal disease virus-like particles using aqueous two-phase systems

Infectious bursal disease(IBD)causes considerable economic losses in the commercial poultry industry worldwide.The principal way to control IBD virus(IBDV),the causative agent of IBD,is still through vaccination programs.Virus-like particles(VLPs)are recognised as a safe and potent recombinant vaccine platform.This research work explores the characterisation and separation of infectious bursal disease virus-like particles(IBD-VLPs)from crude feedstock.Various characteristics were studied with highperformance size-exclusion chromatography(HP-SEC),sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses.Subsequently,the separation of IBD-VLPs using polyethylene glycol(PEG)/sodium citrate-based aqueous two-phase systems(ATPSs)was conducted and optimised.Moreover,a scale-up study of the best ATPS constituted of 15%PEG 6000,11%sodium citrate and 10%crude feedstock was performed to compare the separation performance of IBD-VLPs with and without centrifugation-assisted.The results indicated that the optimised ATPS with centrifugation-assisted for both 5 g and 50 g systems showed good recovery of IBDVLPs of>97%in the interphase between the PEG-rich top and salt-rich bottom phases.These optimised systems also showed high removal efficiencies of impurities of>95%.The results demonstrated that aqueous two-phase extraction could be a promising technology for efficient VLPs separation.

Experiments on two-phase flow in hydraulic jump on pebbled rough bed:Part 1–Turbulence properties and particle chord time and length

This study reported and discussed turbulence characteristics,such as turbulence intensity,correlation time scales,and advective length scales.The characteristic air–water time scale,including the particle chord time and length and their probability density functions(PDFs),was investigated.The results demonstrated that turbulence intensity was relatively greater on a rough bed in the roller length,whereas further downstream,the decay rate was higher.In addition,the relationship between turbulence intensity and dimensionless bubble count rate reflected an increase in turbulence intensity associated with the number of entrained particles.Triple decomposition analysis(TDA)was performed to determine the contributions of slow and fast turbulent components.The TDA results indicated that,regardless of bed type and inflow conditions,the sum of the band-pass(T'_(u))and high-pass(T″_(u))filtered turbulence intensities was equal to the turbulence intensity of the raw signal data(T_(u)).T″_(u) highlighted a higher turbulence intensity and larger vorticities on the rough bed for an identical inflow Froude number.Additional TDA results were presented in terms of the interfacial velocity,auto-and cross-correlation time scales,and longitudinal advection length scale,with the effects of low-and high-frequency signal components on each highlighted parameter.The analysis of the air chord time indicated an increase in the proportion of small bubbles moving downstream.The second part of this research focused on the basic properties of particle grouping and clustering.

A Test Study of 50% Lightning Impulse Breakdown Voltage on Rod-Plane Gap with Two-Phase Mixture of Gas and Solid Particles

A test study on 50% lightning impulse breakdown voltage in two-phase mixture of gas and solid particles has been carried out in a specially designed discharge cabinet. A mechanical sieve is set up for sifting different solid particles into the discharge space uniformly. The lightning impulse voltage according with international electro-technical commission （IEC） standard is applied to the electrodes inside the discharge cabinet by the rule of up-down method in a total of 40 times. The results showed that the 50% lightning impulse breakdown voltage in two-phase mixture of gas and solid particles has its own features and is much different from that in air.

Two-Phase Flow of Blood with Magnetic Dusty Particles in Cylindrical Region: A Caputo Fabrizio Fractional Model

The present study is focused on the unsteady two-phase flow of blood in a cylindrical region.Blood is taken as a counter-example of Brinkman type fluid containing magnetic(dust)particles.The oscillating pressure gradient has been considered because for blood flow it is necessary to investigate in the form of a diastolic and systolic pressure.The transverse magnetic field has been applied externally to the cylindrical tube to study its impact on both fluids as well as particles.The system of derived governing equations based on Navier Stoke’s,Maxwell and heat equations has been generalized using the well-known Caputo–Fabrizio(C–F)fractional derivative.The considered fractional model has been solved analytically using the joint Laplace and Hankel(L&H)transformations.The effect of various physical parameters such as fractional parameter,Gr,M and
γ on blood and magnetic particles has been shown graphically using the Mathcad software.The fluid behaviour is thinner in fractional order as compared to the classical one.

Numerical simulation of predicting and reducing solid particle erosion of solid-liquid two-phase flow in a choke

Chokes are one of the most important components of downhole flow-control equipment. The particle erosion mathematical model, which considers particle-particle interaction, was established and used to simulate solid particle movement as well as particle erosion characteristics of the solid-liquid two-phase flow in a choke. The corresponding erosion reduction approach by setting ribs on the inner wall of the choke was advanced. This mathematical model includes three parts： the flow field simulation of the continuous carrier fluid by an Eulerian approach, the particle interaction simulation using the discrete particle hard sphere model by a Lagrangian approach and calculation of erosion rate using semiempirical correlations. The results show that particles accumulated in a narrow region from inlet to outlet of the choke and the dominating factor affecting particle motion is the fluid drag force. As a result, the optimization of rib geometrical parameters indicates that good anti-erosion performance can be achieved by four ribs, each of them with a height （H） of 3 mm and a width （B） of 5 mm equaling the interval between ribs （L）.

Particle modulations to turbulence in two-phase round jets

The particle modulations to turbulence in round jets were experimentally studied by means of two-phase velocity measurements with Phase Doppler Anemometer （PDA）. Laden with very large particles, no significant attenuations of turbulence intensities were measured in the farfields, due to small two-phase slip velocities and particle Reynolds number. The gas-phase turbulence is enhanced by particles in the near-fields, but it is significantly attenuated by the small particles in the far-fields. The smaller particles have a more profound effect on the attenuation of turbulence intensities. The enhancements or attenuations of turbulence intensities in the far-fields depends on the energy production, transport and dissipation mechanisms between the two phases, which are determined by the particle prop- erties and two-phase velocity slips. The non-dimensional parameter CTI is introduced to represent the change of turbulence intensity.

Boundary Estimation in Annular Two-Phase Flow Using Electrical Impedance Tomography with Particle Swarm Optimization

In this study we consider the boundary estimation of annular two-phase flow in a pipe with the potential distribution on the electrodes mounted on the outer boundary of the pipe, by taking use of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) technique with the numerical solution obtained from an improved boundary distributed source (IBDS) method. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to iteratively seek the boundary configuration. The simulation results showed that PSO and EIT technique with numerical solution obtained from IBDS has been successfully applied to the monitoring of an annular two-phase flow.

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Solid-liquid Two-phase Flow in Centrifugal Pump

The flow with solid-liquid two-phase media inside centrifugal pumps is very complicated and the relevant method for the hydraulic design is still immature so far. There exist two main problems in the operation of the two-phase flow pumps, i.e., low overall efficiency and severe abrasion. In this study, the three-dimensional, steady, incompressible, and turbulent solid-liquid two-phase flows in a low-specific-speed centrifugal pump are numerically simulated and analyzed by using a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code based on the mixture model of the two-phase flow and the RNG k-~ two-equation turbulence model, in which the influences of rotation and curvature are fully taken into account. The coupling between impeller and volute is implemented by means of the frozen rotor method. The simulation results predicted indicate that the solid phase properties in two-phase flow, especially the concentration, the particle diameter and the density, have strong effects on the hydraulic performance of the pump. Both the pump head and the efficiency are reduced with increasing particle diameter or concentration. However, the effect of particle density on the performance is relatively minor. An obvious jet-wake flow structure is presented near the volute tongue and becomes more remarkable with increasing solid phase concentration. The suction side of the blade is subject to much more severe abrasion than the pressure side. The obtained results preliminarily reveal the characteristics of solid-liquid two-phase flow in the centrifugal pump, and are helpful for improvement and empirical correction in the hydraulic design of centrifugal pumps.

RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF CYLINDER PARTICLES ON THE TURBULENT PROPERTIES IN PARTICULATE FLOWS

The fluid fluctuating velocity equations which include the term of cylinder particles were established. The turbulent intensity and Reynolds stress of fluid were obtained by averaging fluctuating velocity based on the solution of the fluctuating velocity equations. Above approach was used to solve the channel turbulent flows, and computational results were compared with the experimental ones for the case of single phase flow. The effects of volume fraction of particles, the ratio of particle length to diameter and the particle relaxation time on turbulent properties were illustrated by changing cylinder particle parameters. It is shown that particles play a restraining role to turbulent properties in the flows. The degree of restraint is directly proportional to the volume fraction of particle, the ratio of particle length to diameter and inversely proportional to particle relaxation time.

Introduction to investigations of the negative corona and EHD flow in gaseous two-phase fluids

Research interests have recently been directed towards electrical discharges in multi-phase environments.Natural electrical discharges,such as lightning and coronas,occur in the Earth＇s atmosphere,which is actually a mixture of gaseous phase（air） and suspended solid and liquid particulate matters（PMs）.An example of an anthropogenic gaseous multi-phase environment is the flow of flue gas through electrostatic precipitators（ESPs）,which are generally regarded as a mixture of a post-combustion gas with solid PM and microdroplets suspended in it.Electrical discharges in multi-phase environments,the knowledge of which is scarce,are becoming an attractive research subject,offering a wide variety of possible discharges and multi-phase environments to be studied.This paper is an introduction to electrical discharges in multi-phase environments.It is focused on DC negative coronas and accompanying electrohydrodynamic（EHD） flows in a gaseous two-phase fluid formed by air（a gaseous phase） and solid PM（a solid phase）,run under laboratory conditions.The introduction is based on a review of the relevant literature.Two cases will be considered：the first case is of a gaseous two-phase fluid,initially motionless in a closed chamber before being subjected to a negative corona（with the needle-toplate electrode arrangement）,which afterwards induces an EHD flow in the chamber,and the second,of a gaseous two-phase fluid flowing transversely with respect to the needle-to-plate electrode axis along a chamber with a corona discharge running between the electrodes.This review-based introductory paper should be of interest to theoretical researchers and modellers in the field of negative corona discharges in single-or two-phase fluids,and for engineers who work on designing EHD devices（such as ESPs,EHD pumps,and smoke detectors）.

THE EFFECT OF PARTICLES ON FLUID TURBULENCE IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OVER A CYLINDER

The turbulent fluid and particle interaction in the turbulent boundary layer for cross how over a cylinder has been experimentally studied. A phase-Doppler anemometer was used to measure the mean and fluctuating velocities of both phases. Two size ranges of particles (30 mu m similar to 60 mu m and 80 mu m similar to 150 mu m) at certain concentrations were used for considering the effects of particle sizes on the mean velocity profiles and on the turbulent intensity levels. The measurements clearly demonstrated that the larger particles damped fluid turbulence. For the smaller particles, this damping effect was less noticeable. The measurements further showed a delay in the separation point for two phase turbulent cross how over a cylinder.

Solid Particles Injection in Gas Turbulent Channel Flow

This paper represents a review of the recent researches that investigate the behavior of the gas turbulent flow laden with solid particles. The significant parameters that influence the interactions between the both phases, such as particle size, loading ratio and the gas velocity, have been extensively reviewed. Those parameters are presented in dimensionless numbers in which the applicability of studying its effect in terms of all circumstances of the gas turbulent channel flow at different condition is possible. The represented results show that the turbulence degree is proportional to the particle size. It was found that at the most flow conditions even at low mass ratio, the particle shape, density and size significantly alter the turbulence characteristics. However, the results demonstrate that the particle Reynolds number is a vital sign: the turbulence field becomes weaker if particle Reynolds number is lower than the critical limit and vies verse. The gas velocity has a strong effect on the particles settling along the channel flow and as a result, the pressure drop will be affected.

Numerical analysis on the transport properties and residence time distribution of ribbon biomass particles in a riser reactor based on CFD-DEM approach

A bended ribbon biomass particle model was developed to explore the dynamic transport properties inside a riser reactor.Residence time distribution(RTD)of the particles was analyzed by using the Eulerian-Lagrange method.The effects of sampling height,particle density,particle size and gas-to-solid mass ratio on RTD were investigated.The coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Discrete Element Method(CFD-DEM)model was verified firstly by experimental data on pressure drop and residence time distribution density function.The simulation results demonstrated that the ribbon biomass particles display a typical annular-core spatial distribution during transportation.The RTD of particles exhibit an approximate single-peaked normal distribution.The mean residence time(MRT)can reach up to 0.7 s when the particle density is 1200 kg/m^(3).Particle with higher density has longer mean residence time.The flow patterns are closer to plug flow if particle length over 12 mm.The particle flow pattern is not sensitive to changes in particle density and size,while the gas-to-material mass ratio has a significant impact on it.

Effects of Particle Concentration on the Dynamics of a Single-Channel Sewage Pump under Low-Flow-Rate Conditions

Single-channel sewage pumps are generally used to transport solid-liquid two-phase media consisting of a fluid and solid particles due to the good non-clogging property of such devices.However,the non-axisymmetric structure of the impeller of this type of pumps generally induces flow asymmetry,oscillatory outflow during operations,and hydraulic imbalance.In severe cases,these effects can jeopardize the safety and stability of the overall pump.In the present study,such a problem is investigated in the framework of a Mixture multiphase flow method coupled with a RNG turbulence model used to determine the structure of the flow field and the related motion of transported particles.It is shown that under different inlet particle concentrations,the flow field in the pump exhibits periodic variations of the pressure.The volume fraction of solid particles at the trailing edge of the suction surface of the blade is the largest,and solid particles tend to be concentrated at the outer edge of the pump body.With a rise in import particle content,the pressure and volume fraction of particles in the sewage pump also increase;for a fixed inlet particle concentration,the pressure pulsation amplitude increases with an increase in the flow rate.In addition,under small flow conditions,as the inlet particle concentration increases,the flow field leaving the sewage pump diaphragm near the outlet of the volute becomes more turbulent,and even a secondary back-flow vortex appears.

Particle sizing in dense two-phase droplet systems by ultrasonic attenuation and velocity spectra

Size and size distribution of particles in particulate two-phase flow play an important role in a wide variety of industrial areas,while their measurement still remains a hard task till now.Ultrasonic wave as a mechanical vibration contains plenty of information about medium when it passes through.Thus the size distribution could be extracted from the measured ultrasonic attenuation and velocity spectra by means of well established models and data processing techniques.This paper contributes to the extraction of information of droplet size of a two-phase fat emulsion simultaneously from signals of broad-band ultrasonic attenuation and velocity spectra.According to the formulated single particle scattering model,the relationship between particle size distribution and ultrasonic spectrum is estab-lished.The sensitivities of ultrasonic spectra to the variation of particle size are illustrated.Distin-guishing features for attenuation and velocity spectra are summarized.Demonstration calculations of inversion by optimum regularization factor method are carried out to yield the typical numerical results for discussion.Based on the proposed inversion algorithm and theoretical model,a fat emulsion sam-ple with a volume fraction up to 20% is measured and analyzed.To validate the proposed ultrasonic spectrum particle sizing method,the results are compared to those obtained from optical measure-ment.

PDA MEASUREMENTS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW STRUCTURE AND PARTICLE DISPERSION FOR A PARTICLE-LADEN JET IN CROSSFLOW

The two-phase flow structure and particle dispersion for a dilute particle-laden jet in crossflow （JICF） were experimentally investigated by means of Phase Doppler Anemometry （PDA） measurement. The two-phase flow experiments were conducted for different flow conditions and solid particle parameters, including the ratio of the jet velocity to crossflow velocity, the particle size and mass loading. The experimental results indicate that the fine particles with the size of 70 micron and the mass loading of 0.05% have a minor influence on the mean and fluctuation velocity fields of the two-phase JICF. However, the fine particle transport by the two-phase JICF is dominantly and preferentially affected by the shear layer vortices and exhibits a somewhat enhanced dispersion as compared to the fluid. For the coarse particles with the particle size ranging from 300 micron to 700 micron and the mass loading less than 0.16%, the effect of the particle parameters on the fluid phase is associated with both the anisotropic properties of the flow field and the trajectory deviation of the settling particles from the fluid. Compared to the single-phase JICF, the two-phase JICF laden with the coarse particles is recognized to possess more pronounced mean velocity alteration and turbulence modulation of the fluid phase in the presence of the particles with the larger particle size and higher mass loading.

Extension of the low diffusion particle method for near-continuum two-phase flow simulations

The low diffusion （LD） particle method, proposed by Burt and Boyd, is modified for the near-continuum two-phase flow simulations. The LD method has the advantages of easily coupling with the direct simulation Monte Carlo （DSMC） method for multi-scale flow simulations and dramatically reducing the numerical diffusion error and statistical scatter of the equilibrium particle methods. Liquidor solid-phase particles are introduced in the LD method. Their velocity and temperature updating are respectively, calculated from the motion equation and the temperature equation according to the local gas properties. Coupling effects from condensed phase to gas phase are modeled as momentum and energy sources, which are respectively, equal to the negative values of the total momentum and energy increase in liquid or solid phase. The modified method is compared with theoretical results for unsteady flows, and good agreements are obtained to indicate the reliability of the one-way gas-to-particle coupling models. Hybrid LD-DSMC algorithm is implemented and performed for nozzle discharging gas-liquid flow to show the prospect of the LD-DSMC scheme for multi-scale two-phase flow simulations.

大气中冰水两相粒子的电磁散射特性研究

为了研究大气中冰水两种相态共同存在时粒子的电磁散射特性,本文从Aden-Kerker散射理论出发,分别计算了外包水膜冰球和外包冰膜水球在S波段、C波段和X波段的电磁散射特性,讨论外层覆膜相态和厚度对粒子散射特性的影响;并在MP粒子谱分布和Gamma粒子谱分布的基础上,讨论了融化冰球和冻雨群粒子在S波段、C波段和X波段的衰减、散射、吸收和后向散射特性.结果表明,粒子的衰减截面和后向散射截面并不随外包膜厚度的增大呈现单调变化的趋势,而是与粒子的尺度参数有关,且在不同波段呈现不同的变化特征;融化冰球和过冷却雨的衰减系数、散射系数、吸收系数和后向散射系数与频率和降水强度呈正相关关系,其中MP分布的传播系数要比Gamma分布的传播系数大.此结论对于研究冰水两相粒子对电磁波的散射机制、提高天气雷达探测精度、改善冰水两相粒子的探测效果等具有重要意义.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON GAS-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOWS IN AN AREATION TANK BY USING IMAGE TREATMENT METHOD

Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） technique was employed to study experimentally gas-liquid two-phase flow in an aeration tank. In terms of the PIV principles, an algorithm of PIV based on the Fast Fourier Transformation （FFT） was worked out. The PIV program was developed and verified, and then was used to measure three kinds of states in the testing device. The program was also used to calculate and analyze the related parameters. The experimental data indicate that the bubbles in testing device have the longest resident time and stronger turbulent intensity for the gas-liquid two-phase flow in a special case （Case 3）, resulting in great increase of the oxygen transferring speed and efficiency, whereby providing the basis for the selection design of aeration tank.

Two-phase SPH simulation of vertical water entry of a two-dimensional structure

In view of the fact that the SPH model is easy to handle the flows with the free surface of large deformation, a 2-D flow induced by vertical water entry of a 2-D structure is simulated using the two-phase SPH model. The local pressure of the boundary particles is obtained by pressure of the fluid particles nearby through a modified kernel approximation. To evaluate the accuracy of the method, water entry of a 2-D symmetric wedge with fixed separation point of the free surface on the wedge surface is simulated. The pressure distribution of the wedge at the initial stage agrees well with the analytical results available. Evolution of the free surface and the air flow in the cavity induced by the water entry are obtained. A higher speed air jet is found at the neck of the cavity when the neck of the cavity becomes smaller. For the case of a horizontal cylinder entering the water with an unknown separation point of flow on the model surface, the early stage of the water entry is simulated for the rigid body with different density. Evolution of the free surface deformation of the half-buoyant cylinder and neutrally buoyant cylinder water entry is compared with the experimental data. The effects of the density ratio and Froude number on the pinch-off of the cavity are discussed. It is found that the pinch-off time remains almost constant for different density ratio and Froude number. Meanwhile, for a given Froude number, the dimensionless pinch-off depth and the location of the cylinder at the time of pinch-off increase with the density ratio. Further, for a given density ratio, these two parameters increase with the Froude number and, however, the relative cavity shape appears to be a self-similar shape when Fr ≥8.35.