The low-density imaging performance of a zone plate-based nano-resolution hard x-ray computed tomography(CT)system can be significantly improved by incorporating a grating-based Lau interferometer. Due to the diffract...The low-density imaging performance of a zone plate-based nano-resolution hard x-ray computed tomography(CT)system can be significantly improved by incorporating a grating-based Lau interferometer. Due to the diffraction, however,the acquired nano-resolution phase signal may suffer splitting problem, which impedes the direct reconstruction of phase contrast CT(nPCT) images. To overcome, a new model-driven nPCT image reconstruction algorithm is developed in this study. In it, the diffraction procedure is mathematically modeled into a matrix B, from which the projections without signal splitting can be generated invertedly. Furthermore, a penalized weighted least-square model with total variation(PWLSTV) is employed to denoise these projections, from which nPCT images with high accuracy are directly reconstructed.Numerical experiments demonstrate that this new algorithm is able to work with phase projections having any splitting distances. Moreover, results also reveal that nPCT images of higher signal-to-noise-ratio(SNR) could be reconstructed from projections having larger splitting distances. In summary, a novel model-driven nPCT image reconstruction algorithm with high accuracy and robustness is verified for the Lau interferometer-based hard x-ray nano-resolution phase contrast imaging.展开更多
This paper gives the relation between spatial ray and its projection on paper plane based on the vector form of reflective law. Using the method of prism expansion, it obtains the exact expression of the exit height. ...This paper gives the relation between spatial ray and its projection on paper plane based on the vector form of reflective law. Using the method of prism expansion, it obtains the exact expression of the exit height. The exit height can ensure that the incident rays, at arbitrary direction and arbitrary angle, after several transmission and reflection in the two right-angle reflectors, finally pass through the exit surface. Furthermore, it analyses the effects of different parameters on the exit height through computer simulation, and some important conclusions are obtained. The physical meaning of the sign of exit height is described, and the exact expression of the minimal thickness of the large optical path difference wind imaging interferometer is gained. This work is of great scientific significance to the static, real- time simultaneous detection of atmospheric wind field, and it will provide a theoretical and practical guidance for the miniaturization design and engineering realization of wind imaging interferometer.展开更多
A general theoretical framework is presented to explain the formation of the phase signal in an x-ray microscope integrated with a grating interferometer,which simultaneously enables the high spatial resolution imagin...A general theoretical framework is presented to explain the formation of the phase signal in an x-ray microscope integrated with a grating interferometer,which simultaneously enables the high spatial resolution imaging and the improved image contrast.By using this theory,several key parameters of phase contrast imaging can be predicted,for instance,the fringe visibility and period,and the conversion condition from the differential phase imaging(DPI)to the phase difference imaging(PDI).Additionally,numerical simulations are performed with certain x-ray optical components and imaging geometry.Comparison with the available experimental measurement[Appl.Phys.Lett.113063105(2018)]demonstrates the accuracy of this developed quantitative analysis method of x-ray phase-sensitive microscope imaging.展开更多
We present a novel noncontact ultrasound(US)and photoacoustic imaging(PAI)system,overcoming the limitations of traditional coupling media.Using a long coherent length laser,we employ a homodyne free-space Mach-Zehnder...We present a novel noncontact ultrasound(US)and photoacoustic imaging(PAI)system,overcoming the limitations of traditional coupling media.Using a long coherent length laser,we employ a homodyne free-space Mach-Zehnder setup with zero-crossing triggering,achieving a noise equivalent pressure of 703 Pa at 5 MHz and a-6 dB bandwidth of 1 to8.54 MHz.We address the phase uncertainty inherent in the homodyne method.Scanning the noncontact US probe enables photoacoustic computed tomography(PACT).Phantom studies demonstrate imaging performance and system stability,underscoring the potential of our system for noncontact US sensing and PAI.展开更多
A system for measuring terahertz spectrum is proposed based on optical interferometer theory, and is experimentally demonstrated by using a backward-wave oscillator as the terahertz source. A high-resolution, high-pre...A system for measuring terahertz spectrum is proposed based on optical interferometer theory, and is experimentally demonstrated by using a backward-wave oscillator as the terahertz source. A high-resolution, high-precision interferometer is constructed by using a pyroelectric detector and a chopper. The results show that the spectral resolution is better than 1 GHz and the relative error of frequency is less than 3%. The terahertz energy density distribution is calculated by an inverse Fourier transform and tested to verify the feasibility of the interferometric approach. Two kinds of carbon-fiber composites are imaged. The results confirm that the interferometer is useful for transmission imaging of materials with different thickness values.展开更多
X-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer has been used most widely to perform x-ray phase-contrast imaging with a con- ventional low-brilliance x-ray source, and it yields high-sensitivity phase and dark-field images of sample...X-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer has been used most widely to perform x-ray phase-contrast imaging with a con- ventional low-brilliance x-ray source, and it yields high-sensitivity phase and dark-field images of samples producing low absorption contrast, thus beating tremendous potential for future clinical diagnosis. In this work, by changing the accel- erating voltage of the x-ray tube from 35 kV to 45 kV, x-ray phase-contrast imaging of a test sample is performed at each integer value of the accelerating voltage to investigate the characteristic of an x-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer (located in the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Japan) versus tube voltage. Ex- perimental results and data analysis show that within a range this x-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer is not sensitive to the accelerating voltage of the tube with a constant fringe visibility of ~ 44%. This x-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer research demonstrates the feasibility of a new dual energy phase-contrast x-ray imaging strategy and the possibility to collect a refraction spectrum.展开更多
A new interferometer for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation with a laser produced plasma (LPP) laboratory source is under construction. The LPP source is operated with a Sn solid rod target on which pulsed YAG laser ...A new interferometer for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation with a laser produced plasma (LPP) laboratory source is under construction. The LPP source is operated with a Sn solid rod target on which pulsed YAG laser is focused to produce high temperature plasma emitting EUV radiation. The source is equipped with a newly designed debris stopper protecting a condenser multilayer mirror from the particle debris of the target. The condenser mirror focuses the light onto an EUV beam-splitter to form transmitted and reflected paths for producing interference fringes of a sharing type. The optical configuration is of a common path based on a triangular path type with a focusing at the beam-splitter, which is enabled to produce fringes by a low coherence radiation with a standard optical quality beam-splitter. The fringes are recorded by an imaging plate with pixels as small as 25μm. The dynamic range of linearity in detection of the EUV light was found to be more than 10 4 with sensitivity of 10 4 photons/pixel, enough for the purpose of interferogram recording, possibly with one laser shot.展开更多
Grating-based X-ray imaging can make use of conventional tube sources to provide absorption, refraction and scattering contrast images from a single set of projection images efficiently. In this paper, a fresh cherry ...Grating-based X-ray imaging can make use of conventional tube sources to provide absorption, refraction and scattering contrast images from a single set of projection images efficiently. In this paper, a fresh cherry tomato and a dried umeboshi are imaged by using X-ray Talbot–Lau interferometer. The seed distribution in the scattering image of the cherry tomato, and the wrinkles of epicarp in the refraction image of the umeboshi, are shown distinctly. The refraction and scattering images provide more information on subtle features than the absorption image. Also, the contrast-to-noise ratio values show distinguishing capacity of the three kinds of imaging techniques. The results confirm that grating-based X-ray imaging is of great potential in non-destructive fruit testing.展开更多
In theory, we find that the actual function of the analyzer grating in the Talbot–Lau interferometer is segmenting the self-images of the phase grating and choosing integral areas, which make sure that each period of...In theory, we find that the actual function of the analyzer grating in the Talbot–Lau interferometer is segmenting the self-images of the phase grating and choosing integral areas, which make sure that each period of self-images in one detector pixel contributes the same signal to the detector. Furthermore, in the case of the lack of an analyzer grating, the shifting curves are still existent in theory as long as the number of fringes is non-integral in a detector pixel, which is a sufficient condition for creating shifting curve. The sufficient condition is available for not only the Talbot–Lau interferometer and the inverse geometry of Talbot–Lau interferometer, but also the x-ray phase contrast imaging system based on geometrical optics. In practical applications, we propose a method to improve the performances of the existing systems by employing the sufficient condition. This method can shorten the system length, is applicable to large period gratings, and can use the detectors with large pixels and large field of view. In addition, the experimental arrangement can be simplified due to the lack of an analyzer grating. In order to improve detection sensitivity and resolution, we also give an optimal fringe period.We believe that the theory and method proposed here is a step forward for x-ray phase contrast imaging.展开更多
The distribution of titanium abundance on the lunar surface is important knowledge for lunar geologic studies and future resource utilization.In this paper,we develop a preliminary model based on"ground truths&qu...The distribution of titanium abundance on the lunar surface is important knowledge for lunar geologic studies and future resource utilization.In this paper,we develop a preliminary model based on"ground truths"from Apollo and Luna sample-return sites to produce a titanium abundance map from Chang’E-1 Imaging Interferometer(IIM) images.The derived TiO2 abundances are validated with Clementine UVVIS results in several regions,including lunar highlands neighboring the Apollo 16 landing site,and high-Ti and low-Ti maria near the standard site of Mare Serenitatis(MS2) .The validation results show that TiO2 abundances modeled with Chang’E-1 IIM data are overestimated for highlands(~0.7 wt.%) and low-Ti maria(~1.5 wt.%) and underestimated for high-Ti maria(~0.8 wt.%).展开更多
Two phase extraction methods which are based separately on phase-stepping and shifting curve are mainly used in phase-sensitive imaging in gating interferometry to determine the x-ray phase shift induced by an object ...Two phase extraction methods which are based separately on phase-stepping and shifting curve are mainly used in phase-sensitive imaging in gating interferometry to determine the x-ray phase shift induced by an object in the beam. In this paper, the authors perform a full comparative analysis and present the main virtues and limitations of these two methods according to the theoretical analysis of the grating interferometry.展开更多
Information about the variability,and spatial distribution of iron abundance is important to understand lunar geological history and for future resource utilization. In this paper we present a preliminary model to pro...Information about the variability,and spatial distribution of iron abundance is important to understand lunar geological history and for future resource utilization. In this paper we present a preliminary model to produce an iron abundance map using images taken by an Imaging Interferometer on board the satellite Chang'E-1. Compared with the Clementine UVVIS images,the images from the Chang'E-1 satellite also allowed for the extraction of FeO abundance distributions on the Moon. However,the prelimi-nary model results suggest an underestimation of ~2 wt.% for the FeO content of the mare region and an overestimation of ~3 wt.% for the highland region.展开更多
Dual phase grating x-ray interferometry is compatible with common imaging detectors,and abandons the use of an absorption analyzer grating to reduce the radiation dose.When using x-ray tubes,an absorbing source gratin...Dual phase grating x-ray interferometry is compatible with common imaging detectors,and abandons the use of an absorption analyzer grating to reduce the radiation dose.When using x-ray tubes,an absorbing source grating must be introduced into the dual phase grating interferometer.In order to attain a high fringe visibility,in this work we conduct a quantitative coherence analysis of dual phase grating interferometry to find how the source grating affects the fringe visibility.Theoretical analysis shows that with the generalized Lau condition satisfied,the fringe visibility is influenced by the duty cycle of the source grating and the transmission through the grating bar.And the influence of the source grating profile on the fringe visibility is independent of the phase grating type.Numerical results illustrate that the maximum achievable fringe visibility decreases significantly with increasing transmission in the grating bar.Under a given transmission,one can always find an optimal duty cycle to maximize the fringe visibility.These results can be used as general guidelines for designing and optimizing dual phase grating x-ray interferometers for potential applications.展开更多
Lunar absolute reflectance, which describes the fraction of solar radiation reflected by the Moon, is fundamental for the Chang'E-1 Imaging Interferometer(IIM) to map lunar mineralogical and elemental distribution...Lunar absolute reflectance, which describes the fraction of solar radiation reflected by the Moon, is fundamental for the Chang'E-1 Imaging Interferometer(IIM) to map lunar mineralogical and elemental distributions. Recent observations made by the Spectral Irradiance Monitor(SIM) onboard the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment(SORCE) spacecraft indicate that temporal variation in the solar radiation might have non-negligible influence on reflectance calculation, and the SIM measurements are different from the two previously used solar irradiances, i.e., ATLAS3 and Newkur. To provide reliable science results, we examined solar irradiance variability with the SIM daily observations, derived lunar absolute reflectances from the IIM 2A radiance with the SIM, ATLAS3 and Newkur data, and compared them with the Chandrayaan-1 Moon Mineralogy Mapper(M3), the Robotic Lunar Observatory(ROLO) and the Kaguya Multispectral Imager(MI) results. The temporal variability of the SIM solar irradiance is 0.25%–1.1% in the IIM spectral range, and less than 0.2% during the IIM observations. Nevertheless, the differences between the SIM measurements and the ATLAS3 and Newkur data can respectively rise up to 8% and 5% at particular IIM bands, resulting in discrepancy between which might affect compositional mapping. The IIM absolute reflectance we derived for the Moon using the SIM data, except for the last two bands, is consistent with the ROLO and the MI observations, although it is lower.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12027812)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No.2021A1515111031)。
文摘The low-density imaging performance of a zone plate-based nano-resolution hard x-ray computed tomography(CT)system can be significantly improved by incorporating a grating-based Lau interferometer. Due to the diffraction, however,the acquired nano-resolution phase signal may suffer splitting problem, which impedes the direct reconstruction of phase contrast CT(nPCT) images. To overcome, a new model-driven nPCT image reconstruction algorithm is developed in this study. In it, the diffraction procedure is mathematically modeled into a matrix B, from which the projections without signal splitting can be generated invertedly. Furthermore, a penalized weighted least-square model with total variation(PWLSTV) is employed to denoise these projections, from which nPCT images with high accuracy are directly reconstructed.Numerical experiments demonstrate that this new algorithm is able to work with phase projections having any splitting distances. Moreover, results also reveal that nPCT images of higher signal-to-noise-ratio(SNR) could be reconstructed from projections having larger splitting distances. In summary, a novel model-driven nPCT image reconstruction algorithm with high accuracy and robustness is verified for the Lau interferometer-based hard x-ray nano-resolution phase contrast imaging.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40537031)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40875013)+2 种基金the National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China (Grant No. A1420080187)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (GrantNo. 2006AA12Z152)Xianyang Normal University Research Fund (Grant No. 06XSYK268)
文摘This paper gives the relation between spatial ray and its projection on paper plane based on the vector form of reflective law. Using the method of prism expansion, it obtains the exact expression of the exit height. The exit height can ensure that the incident rays, at arbitrary direction and arbitrary angle, after several transmission and reflection in the two right-angle reflectors, finally pass through the exit surface. Furthermore, it analyses the effects of different parameters on the exit height through computer simulation, and some important conclusions are obtained. The physical meaning of the sign of exit height is described, and the exact expression of the minimal thickness of the large optical path difference wind imaging interferometer is gained. This work is of great scientific significance to the static, real- time simultaneous detection of atmospheric wind field, and it will provide a theoretical and practical guidance for the miniaturization design and engineering realization of wind imaging interferometer.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12027812 and 11804356)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2021362).
文摘A general theoretical framework is presented to explain the formation of the phase signal in an x-ray microscope integrated with a grating interferometer,which simultaneously enables the high spatial resolution imaging and the improved image contrast.By using this theory,several key parameters of phase contrast imaging can be predicted,for instance,the fringe visibility and period,and the conversion condition from the differential phase imaging(DPI)to the phase difference imaging(PDI).Additionally,numerical simulations are performed with certain x-ray optical components and imaging geometry.Comparison with the available experimental measurement[Appl.Phys.Lett.113063105(2018)]demonstrates the accuracy of this developed quantitative analysis method of x-ray phase-sensitive microscope imaging.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFE0104200)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.JQ18023)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81421004 and 61971447)the National Key Instrumentation Development Project of China(No.2013YQ030651)。
文摘We present a novel noncontact ultrasound(US)and photoacoustic imaging(PAI)system,overcoming the limitations of traditional coupling media.Using a long coherent length laser,we employ a homodyne free-space Mach-Zehnder setup with zero-crossing triggering,achieving a noise equivalent pressure of 703 Pa at 5 MHz and a-6 dB bandwidth of 1 to8.54 MHz.We address the phase uncertainty inherent in the homodyne method.Scanning the noncontact US probe enables photoacoustic computed tomography(PACT).Phantom studies demonstrate imaging performance and system stability,underscoring the potential of our system for noncontact US sensing and PAI.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61377109 and 11374007)
文摘A system for measuring terahertz spectrum is proposed based on optical interferometer theory, and is experimentally demonstrated by using a backward-wave oscillator as the terahertz source. A high-resolution, high-precision interferometer is constructed by using a pyroelectric detector and a chopper. The results show that the spectral resolution is better than 1 GHz and the relative error of frequency is less than 3%. The terahertz energy density distribution is calculated by an inverse Fourier transform and tested to verify the feasibility of the interferometric approach. Two kinds of carbon-fiber composites are imaged. The results confirm that the interferometer is useful for transmission imaging of materials with different thickness values.
基金Project supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(Grant No.2012CB825800)the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups,China(Grant No.11321503)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11179004,10979055,11205189,and 11205157)the Japan–Asia Youth Exchange Program in Science(SAKURA Exchange Program in Science)Administered by the Japan Science and Technology Agency
文摘X-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer has been used most widely to perform x-ray phase-contrast imaging with a con- ventional low-brilliance x-ray source, and it yields high-sensitivity phase and dark-field images of samples producing low absorption contrast, thus beating tremendous potential for future clinical diagnosis. In this work, by changing the accel- erating voltage of the x-ray tube from 35 kV to 45 kV, x-ray phase-contrast imaging of a test sample is performed at each integer value of the accelerating voltage to investigate the characteristic of an x-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer (located in the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Japan) versus tube voltage. Ex- perimental results and data analysis show that within a range this x-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer is not sensitive to the accelerating voltage of the tube with a constant fringe visibility of ~ 44%. This x-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer research demonstrates the feasibility of a new dual energy phase-contrast x-ray imaging strategy and the possibility to collect a refraction spectrum.
文摘A new interferometer for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation with a laser produced plasma (LPP) laboratory source is under construction. The LPP source is operated with a Sn solid rod target on which pulsed YAG laser is focused to produce high temperature plasma emitting EUV radiation. The source is equipped with a newly designed debris stopper protecting a condenser multilayer mirror from the particle debris of the target. The condenser mirror focuses the light onto an EUV beam-splitter to form transmitted and reflected paths for producing interference fringes of a sharing type. The optical configuration is of a common path based on a triangular path type with a focusing at the beam-splitter, which is enabled to produce fringes by a low coherence radiation with a standard optical quality beam-splitter. The fringes are recorded by an imaging plate with pixels as small as 25μm. The dynamic range of linearity in detection of the EUV light was found to be more than 10 4 with sensitivity of 10 4 photons/pixel, enough for the purpose of interferogram recording, possibly with one laser shot.
基金supported by Japan-Asia Youth Exchange program in Science administered by the Japan Science and Technology Agencythe National Basic Research Program of China(No.2012CB825801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11505188 and 11179004)
文摘Grating-based X-ray imaging can make use of conventional tube sources to provide absorption, refraction and scattering contrast images from a single set of projection images efficiently. In this paper, a fresh cherry tomato and a dried umeboshi are imaged by using X-ray Talbot–Lau interferometer. The seed distribution in the scattering image of the cherry tomato, and the wrinkles of epicarp in the refraction image of the umeboshi, are shown distinctly. The refraction and scattering images provide more information on subtle features than the absorption image. Also, the contrast-to-noise ratio values show distinguishing capacity of the three kinds of imaging techniques. The results confirm that grating-based X-ray imaging is of great potential in non-destructive fruit testing.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11074172 and 11674232)the National Key Basic Research Program,China(Grant No.2012CB825804)the National Special Foundation for Major Science Instrument,China(Grant No.61227802)
文摘In theory, we find that the actual function of the analyzer grating in the Talbot–Lau interferometer is segmenting the self-images of the phase grating and choosing integral areas, which make sure that each period of self-images in one detector pixel contributes the same signal to the detector. Furthermore, in the case of the lack of an analyzer grating, the shifting curves are still existent in theory as long as the number of fringes is non-integral in a detector pixel, which is a sufficient condition for creating shifting curve. The sufficient condition is available for not only the Talbot–Lau interferometer and the inverse geometry of Talbot–Lau interferometer, but also the x-ray phase contrast imaging system based on geometrical optics. In practical applications, we propose a method to improve the performances of the existing systems by employing the sufficient condition. This method can shorten the system length, is applicable to large period gratings, and can use the detectors with large pixels and large field of view. In addition, the experimental arrangement can be simplified due to the lack of an analyzer grating. In order to improve detection sensitivity and resolution, we also give an optimal fringe period.We believe that the theory and method proposed here is a step forward for x-ray phase contrast imaging.
基金supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(2008AA12A212/211/213,2009AA122201, 2010AA122203)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(20090450580)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11003012)
文摘The distribution of titanium abundance on the lunar surface is important knowledge for lunar geologic studies and future resource utilization.In this paper,we develop a preliminary model based on"ground truths"from Apollo and Luna sample-return sites to produce a titanium abundance map from Chang’E-1 Imaging Interferometer(IIM) images.The derived TiO2 abundances are validated with Clementine UVVIS results in several regions,including lunar highlands neighboring the Apollo 16 landing site,and high-Ti and low-Ti maria near the standard site of Mare Serenitatis(MS2) .The validation results show that TiO2 abundances modeled with Chang’E-1 IIM data are overestimated for highlands(~0.7 wt.%) and low-Ti maria(~1.5 wt.%) and underestimated for high-Ti maria(~0.8 wt.%).
基金Project supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10490194 and 10734070) the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10504033,10774144 and 10979055)+2 种基金the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KJCX2-YW-N42)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2009CB930804)the National Outstanding Youth Fund(Grant No.10125523)
文摘Two phase extraction methods which are based separately on phase-stepping and shifting curve are mainly used in phase-sensitive imaging in gating interferometry to determine the x-ray phase shift induced by an object in the beam. In this paper, the authors perform a full comparative analysis and present the main virtues and limitations of these two methods according to the theoretical analysis of the grating interferometry.
基金supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (2008AA12A212/211/213)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (20090450580)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11003012)the Young Researcher Grant of the National Astronomical Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Information about the variability,and spatial distribution of iron abundance is important to understand lunar geological history and for future resource utilization. In this paper we present a preliminary model to produce an iron abundance map using images taken by an Imaging Interferometer on board the satellite Chang'E-1. Compared with the Clementine UVVIS images,the images from the Chang'E-1 satellite also allowed for the extraction of FeO abundance distributions on the Moon. However,the prelimi-nary model results suggest an underestimation of ~2 wt.% for the FeO content of the mare region and an overestimation of ~3 wt.% for the highland region.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1532113,11475170,and 11905041)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.PA2020GDKC0024)。
文摘Dual phase grating x-ray interferometry is compatible with common imaging detectors,and abandons the use of an absorption analyzer grating to reduce the radiation dose.When using x-ray tubes,an absorbing source grating must be introduced into the dual phase grating interferometer.In order to attain a high fringe visibility,in this work we conduct a quantitative coherence analysis of dual phase grating interferometry to find how the source grating affects the fringe visibility.Theoretical analysis shows that with the generalized Lau condition satisfied,the fringe visibility is influenced by the duty cycle of the source grating and the transmission through the grating bar.And the influence of the source grating profile on the fringe visibility is independent of the phase grating type.Numerical results illustrate that the maximum achievable fringe visibility decreases significantly with increasing transmission in the grating bar.Under a given transmission,one can always find an optimal duty cycle to maximize the fringe visibility.These results can be used as general guidelines for designing and optimizing dual phase grating x-ray interferometers for potential applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11003012,41373068,41473065 and U1231103)
文摘Lunar absolute reflectance, which describes the fraction of solar radiation reflected by the Moon, is fundamental for the Chang'E-1 Imaging Interferometer(IIM) to map lunar mineralogical and elemental distributions. Recent observations made by the Spectral Irradiance Monitor(SIM) onboard the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment(SORCE) spacecraft indicate that temporal variation in the solar radiation might have non-negligible influence on reflectance calculation, and the SIM measurements are different from the two previously used solar irradiances, i.e., ATLAS3 and Newkur. To provide reliable science results, we examined solar irradiance variability with the SIM daily observations, derived lunar absolute reflectances from the IIM 2A radiance with the SIM, ATLAS3 and Newkur data, and compared them with the Chandrayaan-1 Moon Mineralogy Mapper(M3), the Robotic Lunar Observatory(ROLO) and the Kaguya Multispectral Imager(MI) results. The temporal variability of the SIM solar irradiance is 0.25%–1.1% in the IIM spectral range, and less than 0.2% during the IIM observations. Nevertheless, the differences between the SIM measurements and the ATLAS3 and Newkur data can respectively rise up to 8% and 5% at particular IIM bands, resulting in discrepancy between which might affect compositional mapping. The IIM absolute reflectance we derived for the Moon using the SIM data, except for the last two bands, is consistent with the ROLO and the MI observations, although it is lower.